The Mole

Q: how long would it take to spend a mole of $1 coins if

they were being spent at a rate of 1 billion per second?
 Background: atomic masses
• Look at the “atomic masses” on the periodic
table. What do these represent?
• E.g. the atomic mass of C is 12 (atomic # is 6)
• We know there are 6 protons and 6 neutrons
• Protons and neutrons have roughly the same
mass. So, C weighs 12 u (atomic mass units).
• What is the actual mass of a C atom?
• Answer: approx. 2 x 10-23 grams (protons and
neutrons each weigh about 1.7 x10-24 grams)
Two problems
1. Atomic masses do not convert easily to grams
2. They can’t be weighed (they are too small)
 The Mole
With these problems, why use atomic mass at all?
1. Masses give information about # of p+, n0, e–
2. It is useful to know relative mass
E.g. Q - What ratio is needed to make H2O?
A - 2:1 by atoms, but 2:16 by mass
• It is useful to associate atomic mass with a mass
in grams. It has been found that
1 g H, 12 g C, or 23 g Na have 6.02 x 1023 atoms
• 6.02 x 1023 is a “mole” or “Avogadro’s number”
• “mol” is used in equations, “mole” is used in
writing; one gram = 1 g, one mole = 1 mol.
• Read 4.3 (167-9). Stop after text beside fig 2.
• Do Q1-6. Challenge: 1st slide (use reasonable units)
 The Mole: Answers
1. A mole is a number (like a dozen). Having
this number of atoms allows us to easily
convert atomic masses to molar masses.
2. 6.02 x 1023
3. 602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
4. 3.00 x 6.02 x 1023 = 18.06 x 1023 or 1.81 x 1024
(note: there are 3 moles of atoms in one mole
of CO2 molecules. In other words, there are
5.42 x 1024 atoms in 3.00 mol CO2)
5. 3.01 x 1023
6. a) 1.43 kg  12 = 0.119 kg per orange
b) 1.01 g  6.02 x 1023 = 1.68 x 10 –24 g
 Mollionaire
Q: how long would it take to spend a mole of
$1 coins if they were being spent at a rate of
1 billion per second?
A: $ 6.02 x 1023 / $1 000 000 000
= 6.02 x 1014 payments = 6.02 x 1014 seconds
6.02 x 1014 seconds / 60 = 1.003 x 1013 minutes
1.003 x 1013 minutes / 60 = 1.672 x 1011 hours
1.672 x 1011 hours / 24 = 6.968 x 109 days
6.968 x 109 days / 365.25 = 1.908 x 107 years

A: It would take 19 million years

Comparing sugar (C12H22O11) & H2O
Same 1 gram each 1 mol each
No, they have dif. No, molecules
volume?
densities. have dif. sizes.
Yes, that’s what No, molecules
mass?
grams are. have dif. masses
No, they have dif. Yes.
# of moles? molar masses

# of No, they have dif. Yes (6.02 x 1023

molecules? molar masses in each)
No, sugar has
# of atoms? No more (45:3 ratio)
 Molar mass
• The mass of one mole is called “molar mass”
• E.g. 1 mol Li = 6.94 g Li
• This is expressed as 6.94 g/mol
• What are the following molar masses?
S SO 32.06
2 g/mol 64.06 g/mol
Cu3(BO3)2 308.27 g/mol
Calculate molar masses (to 2 decimal places)
CaCl2 Cu x 3 = 63.55 x 3 = 190.65
(NH4)2CO3 B x 2 = 10.81 x 2 = 21.62
O2 O x 6 = 16.00 x 6 = 96.00
Pb3(PO4)2 308.27
C6H12O6
 Molar mass
• The mass of one mole is called “molar mass”
• E.g. 1 mol Li = 6.94 g Li
• This is expressed as 6.94 g/mol
• What are the following molar masses?
S SO 32.06
2 g/mol 64.06 g/mol
Cu3(BO3)2 308.27 g/mol
Calculate molar masses (to 2 decimal places)
CaCl2 110.98 g/mol (Ca x 1, Cl x 2)
(NH4)2CO3 96.11 g/mol (N x 2, H x 8, C x 1, O x 3)
O2 32.00 g/mol (O x 2)
Pb3(PO4)2 811.54 g/mol (Pb x 3, P x 2, O x 8)
C6H12O6 180.18 g/mol (C x 6, H x 12, O x 6)
Converting between grams and moles
• If we are given the # of grams of a compound
we can determine the # of moles, & vise-versa
• In order to convert from one to the other you
must first calculate molar mass
g
g = mol x g/mol
mol = g  g/mol mo g/mo
• This can be represented in an “lequation
l triangle”
Formula g/mol g mol (n) Equation
HCl 36.46 9.1 0.25 g= g/mol x mol
H2SO4 98.08 53.15 0.5419 mol= g  g/mol
NaCl 58.44 207 3.55 g= g/mol x mol
Cu 63.55 1.27 0.0200 mol= g  g/mol
 Simplest and molecular formulae
Consider NaCl (ionic) vs. H2O2 (covalent)

Na Cl Na Cl H

H
O
O O
Cl Na Cl Na H O H

O
H O

H
• Chemical formulas are either “simplest” (a.k.a.
“empirical”) or “molecular”. Ionic compounds
are always expressed as simplest formulas.
• Covalent compounds can either be molecular
formulas (I.e. H2O2) or simplest (e.g. HO)
Q - Write simplest formulas for propene (C 3H6),
C2H2, glucose (C6H12O6), octane (C8H14)
Q - Identify these as simplest formula, molecular
formula, or both H2O, C4H10, CH, NaCl
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Answers www.chalkbored.com

Q - Write simplest formulas for propene (C 3H6),

C2H2, glucose (C6H12O6), octane (C8H14)
Q - Identify these as simplest formula, molecular
formula, or both H2O, C4H10, CH, NaCl
A - CH2 CH CH2O C4H7
A - H2O is both simplest and molecular
C4H10 is molecular (C2H5 would be simplest)
CH is simplest (not molecular since CH can’t
form a molecule - recall Lewis diagrams)
NaCl is simplest (it’s ionic, thus it doesn’t