Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Equipment
Cooling Towers
Electrical Equipment/
Cooling Towers
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© UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Cooling Towers
Introduction
Electrical Equipment/
Cooling Towers
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© UNEP 2006
Introduction
enclosures
• Fill: facilitate heat transfer by
maximizing water / air contact
• Splash fill
• Film fill
air stream
• Air inlet: entry point of air
• Louvers: equalize air flow into the fill
and retain water within tower
• Nozzles: spray water to wet the fill
• Fans: deliver air flow in the tower
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© UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Cooling Towers
Introduction
Electrical Equipment/
Cooling Towers
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© UNEP 2006
Types of Cooling Towers
circulated water
• Water falls over fill surfaces:
maximum heat transfer
• Cooling rates depend on many
parameters
• Large range of capacities
• Can be grouped, e.g. 8-cell tower 9
© UNEP 2006
Types of Cooling Towers
Three types
• Forced draft
• Induced draft cross flow
• Induced draft counter flow
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© UNEP 2006
Types of Cooling Towers
• Two types
• Cross flow
• Counter flow
• Advantage: less recirculation than forced
draft towers
• Disadvantage: fans and motor drive
mechanism require weather-proofinh
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© UNEP 2006
Types of Cooling Towers
(GEO4VA)
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© UNEP 2006
Types of Cooling Towers
(GEO4VA)
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© UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Cooling Towers
Introduction
Electrical Equipment/
Cooling Towers
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© UNEP 2006
Assessment of Cooling Towers
Measured Parameters
Electrical Equipment/
Performance Parameters
Electrical Equipment/
1. Range
Cooling Towers
2. Approach
3. Effectiveness
4. Cooling capacity
5. Evaporation loss
6. Cycles of concentration
7. Blow down losses
8. Liquid / Gas ratio
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© UNEP 2006
Assessment of Cooling Towers
1. Range
Electrical Equipment/
Range
(In) to the Tower
(Out) from the
Range (°C) = CW inlet Tower
performance
Wet Bulb Temperature (Ambient)
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© UNEP 2006
Assessment of Cooling Towers
2. Approach
Electrical Equipment/
Range
(In) to the Tower
temperature: (Out) from the
Tower
Approach (°C) =
CW outlet temp – Wet Cold Water Temperature
(Out)
Approach
bulb temp
Wet Bulb Temperature
Low approach = good (Ambient)
performance 19
© UNEP 2006
Assessment of Cooling Towers
3. Effectiveness
Electrical Equipment/
= Range / (Range +
Approach)
Range
(In) to the Tower
(Out) from the
Tower
= 100 x (CW temp – CW
out temp) / (CW in
temp – Wet bulb temp) Cold Water Temperature
(Out)
Approach
High effectiveness =
Wet Bulb Temperature
good performance (Ambient)
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© UNEP 2006
Assessment of Cooling Towers
4. Cooling Capacity
Electrical Equipment/
Range
(In) to the Tower
(Out) from the
= mass flow rate of water Tower
X specific heat X
temperature difference
Cold Water Temperature
(Out)
High cooling capacity = Approach
5. Evaporation Loss
Electrical Equipment/
Range
= theoretically, 1.8 m3 for (In) to the Tower
(Out) from the
every 10,000,000 kCal heat Tower
rejected
Cold Water Temperature
= 0.00085 x 1.8 x circulation (Out)
Approach
rate (m3/hr) x (T1-T2) Wet Bulb Temperature
(Ambient)
T1-T2 = Temp. difference
between inlet and outlet water 22
© UNEP 2006
Assessment of Cooling Towers
Blow Down =
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Evaporation Loss / (C.O.C. – 1)
© UNEP 2006
Assessment of Cooling Towers
Introduction
Electrical Equipment/
Cooling Towers
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Electrical Equipment/ Energy Efficiency Opportunities
2. Fills
3. Pumps and water distribution
4. Fans and motors
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© UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Capacity
• Heat dissipation (kCal/hour)
• Circulated flow rate (m3/hr)
• Other factors
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© UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Range
Cooling Towers
Approach
• Closer to the wet bulb temperature
Heat Load
Cooling Towers
• Determined by process
• Required cooling is controlled by
the desired operating temperature
• High heat load = large size and cost
of cooling tower
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© UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
temperature
• If approach stays the same (e.g. 4.45 oC)
• Higher wet bulb temperature (26.67 oC)
= more heat picked up (15.5 kCal/kg air)
= smaller tower needed
• Lower wet bulb temperature (21.11 oC)
= less heat picked up (12.1 kCal/kg air)
= larger tower needed 32
© UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
2. Fill media
Electrical Equipment/
Cooling Towers
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© UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
2. Fill media
Electrical Equipment/
efficient
Splash Fill Film Fill Low Clog
Film Fill
Possible L/G Ratio 1.1 – 1.5 1.5 – 2.0 1.4 – 1.8
Effective Heat Exchange 30 – 45 150 m2/m3 85 - 100 m2/m3
Area m2/m3
Fill Height Required 5 – 10 m 1.2 – 1.5 m 1.5 – 1.8 m
Pumping Head 9 – 12 m 5–8m 6–9m
Requirement
Quantity of Air Required High Much Low Low
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(BEE India, 2004; Ramarao; and Shivaraman) © UNEP 2006
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Electrical Equipment/
Cooling Towers
Cooling Towers
THANK YOU
FOR YOU ATTENTION
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© UNEP 2006
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