5.

ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES BY FORCE METHOD
5.1 ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
BY FORCE METHOD - AN OVERVIEW

• 5.1 ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES BY FORCE

METHOD - AN OVERVIEW
• 5.2 INTRODUCTION
• 5.3 METHOD OF CONSISTENT DEFORMATION
• 5.4 INDETERMINATE BEAMS
• 5.5 INDETRMINATE BEAMS WITH MULTIPLE DEGREES OF
INDETERMINACY
• 5.6 TRUSS STRUCTURES
• 5.7 TEMPERATURE CHANGES AND FABRICATION ERRORS
 5.2 INTRODUCTION

5.2 Introduction
• While analyzing indeterminate structures, it is necessary to satisfy (force)
equilibrium, (displacement) compatibility and force-displacement relationships
• (a) Force equilibrium is satisfied when the reactive forces hold the structure in
stable equilibrium, as the structure is subjected to external loads
• (b) Displacement compatibility is satisfied when the various segments of the
structure fit together without intentional breaks, or overlaps
• (c) Force-displacement requirements depend on the manner the material of the
structure responds to the applied loads, which can be linear/nonlinear/viscous
and elastic/inelastic; for our study the behavior is assumed to be linear and elastic
 5.2 INTRODUCTION (Cont’d)

• Two methods are available to analyze indeterminate structures, depending on

whether we satisfy force equilibrium or displacement compatibility conditions -
They are: Force method and Displacement Method
• Force Method satisfies displacement compatibility and force-displacement
relationships; it treats the forces as unknowns - Two methods which we will be
studying are Method of Consistent Deformation and (Iterative Method of)
Moment Distribution
• Displacement Method satisfies force equilibrium and force-displacement
relationships; it treats the displacements as unknowns - Two available methods
are Slope Deflection Method and Stiffness (Matrix) method
 5.3 METHOD OF CONSISTENT DEFORMATION

• Solution Procedure:
• (i) Make the structure determinate, by releasing the extra forces
constraining the structure in space
• (ii) Determine the displacements (or rotations) at the locations of released
(constraining) forces
• (iii) Apply the released (constraining) forces back on the structure (To
standardize the procedure, only a unit load of the constraining force is applied
in the +ve direction) to produce the same deformation(s) on the structure as
in (ii)
• (iv) Sum up the deformations and equate them to zero at the position(s) of
the released (constraining) forces, and calculate the unknown restraining
forces
Types of Problems to be dealt: (a) Indeterminate beams; (b) Indeterminate
trusses; and (c) Influence lines for indeterminate structures
 5.4 INDETERMINATE BEAMS

5.4.1 Propped Cantilever - Redundant vertical reaction released

(i) Propped Cantilever: The structure is indeterminate to the first degree; hence
has one unknown in the problem.

(ii) In order to solve the problem, release the extra constraint and make the
beam a determinate structure. This can be achieved in two different ways,
viz., (a) By removing the vertical support at B, and making the beam a
cantilever beam (which is a determinate beam); or (b) By releasing the
moment constraint at A, and making the structure a simply supported beam
(which is once again, a determinate beam).
 5.4 INDETERMINATE BEAMS (Cont’d)

(a) Release the vertical support at B:

y
P
P
x B B BB=RB*fBB
C B
= B + Applied in +ve
C direction
L/2 L/2 RB
L

The governing compatibility equation obtained at B is,

'
 B +  B B = 0
 B  (R B )  ( fB )  0
 R B
   B
/ fB
F r o m e a r lie r a n a ly s e s ,
 B   P ( L / 2 ) 3 /( 3 EI )  [  P ( L / 2 ) 2 /( 2 EI )]  ( L / 2 )
  PL 3
/( 24 EI )  PL 3
/( 16 EI )
  ( 5 / 48 )( PL 3
/ EI )
f B  L 3 /( 3 EI )
R B   [  ( 5 / 48 )( PL 3
/ EI )] /[ L 3 /( 3 EI )]  ( 5 / 16 ) P

fBB = displacement per unit load (applied in +ve direction)

 5.4 INDETERMINATE BEAM (Cont’d)
5.4.2 Propped cantilever - Redundant support moment released
L/2 P
A
L
B =
(b) Release the moment constraint at a:
P A
A B +M A=MAAA
B
A
A Redundant MA applied
Primary structure
G o v e r n in g c o m p a tib ility e q u a tio n o b ta in e d a t A is ,
  ( M )  ( )  ,  = r o t a t i o n p e r u n i t m o m e n t
A A AA AA


 M A   A

 AA

PL 2
F ro m k n o w n e a rlie r a n a ly s is ,  AA  
( 16 EI )
[u n d e r a c e n tra l c o n c e n tra te d
lo a d ]
 AA   ( 1 )[ L /( 3 EI )]

T h is is d u e to th e fa c t th a t + v e m o m e n t c a u s e s a – v e ro ta tio n
M A   [  PL 2
/(16 EI)] /[  L/(3 EI)]
  (3 / 16) PL
 5.4.3 OVERVIEW OF METHOD OF
CONSISTENT DEFORMATION
To recapitulate on what we have done earlier,
I. Structure with single degree of indeterminacy:
P
A B
RB
(a) Remove the redundant to make the structure determinate (primary
structure)
P
A B
Bo
(b) Apply unit force on the structure, in the direction of the redundant,
and find the displacement

fBB

(c) Apply compatibility at the location of the removed redundant

B0 + fBBRB = 0
5.5 INDETERMINATE BEAM WITH MULTIPLE DEGREES
OF INDETERMINACY

w/u.l

A E
B C D

RB RC RD

B0 C0 D0

(a) Make the structure determinate (by releasing the supports at B, C and
D) and determine the deflections at B, C and D in the direction of removed
redundants, viz., BO, CO and DO
(b) Apply unit loads at B, C and D, in a sequential manner and
determine deformations at B, C and D, respectively.

A
B C D E
fBB fCB fDB
1

A
B C D E
fBC fCC
1 fDC

A
B C D E
fBD fCD fDD
1
(c ) Establish compatibility conditions at B, C and D

BO + fBBRB + fBCRC + fBDRD = 0

CO + fCBRB + fCCRC + fCDRD = 0

DO + fDBRB + fDCRC + fDDRD = 0

5.4.2 When support settlements occur:

w / u. l.

A E
B C D

B C D Support settlements

Compatibility conditions at B, C and D give the following equations:

BO + fBBRB + fBCRC + fBDRD = B

CO + fCBRB + fCCRC + fCDRD = C

DO + fDBRB + fDCRC + fDDRD = D

 5.5 TRUSS STRUCTURES

80 kN
80 kN
60 kN
C 60 kN
C

D
D
A B
A 1 2 B

Primary structure

(a) (a) Remove the redundant member (say AB) and make the structure
a primary determinate structure
The condition for stability and indeterminacy is:
r+m>=<2j,
Since, m = 6, r = 3, j = 4, (r + m =) 3 + 6 > (2j =) 2*4 or 9 > 8  i = 1
5.5 Truss Structures (Cont’d)

(b)Find deformation ABO along AB:

ABO = (F0uABL)/AE
F0 = Force in member of the primary structure due to applied load
uAB= Forces in members due to unit force applied along AB
(c) Determine deformation along AB due to unit load applied along AB:
u2 L
f   AB
AB, AB AE

(d) Apply compatibility condition along AB:

ABO+fAB,ABFAB=0

(d) Hence determine FAB

(e) Determine the individual member forces in a particular member
CE by

FCE = FCE0 + uCE FAB

where FCE0 = force in CE due to applied loads on primary structure

(=F0), and uCE = force in CE due to unit force applied along AB (= uAB)
 5.6 TEMPERATURE CHANGES AND FABRICATION
ERROR

• Temperature changes affect the internal forces in a structure

• Similarly fabrication errors also affect the internal forces in a
structure
(i) Subject the primary structure to temperature changes and fabrication
errors. - Find the deformations in the redundant direction
(ii) Reintroduce the removed members back and make the deformation
compatible