Productivity is the ratio of

output to the input.

Output in Units
1.Overall Labour Productivity:
Gross man hours

Output in Units
2. Net Labour Productivity:
Net man hours
 Total production in
length, weight,
volume or number
3. Machine Productivity:
Machine hours worked

Total production in
length, weight,
volume or number
4. Material Productivity:
Material consumed in
length, weight, volume or
number
Total production in
length, weight,
volume or number
5. Land Productivity:
Area of land used
Total Total
Productivity
Index =
output
Input of labour + Material
+ energy+machine etc
Approach Types of Means Cost How Extent of The role of
improveme quickly improvem work
nt result can ent in study
be productivi
achieved? ty
Development 1. Basic high Generally not obvious Method
of new basic research. years limit study to
process or 2. Applied improve
Fundamental research. ease of
improvement 3. Pilot operation
of existing palant. and
process maintenanc
e at design
Capital stage
investment Install more 1. Purchase high Immediately not obvious Method
modern or 2. Process after limit study to
high capacity research installation improve
plant or ease of
modernize operation
the existing when
plant modernizati
on.
Approach Types of Means Cost How quickly Extent of The role of
improvement result can be improvement work study
achieved? in
productivity

Reduce Product Not high Generally Limit of Method

work Research. compare months same study to
Better content of Product to 1 &2 order as improve
manageme the developme that to be design for
nt product nt . expected ease of
Quality from 4 &5 production
manageme .
nt.
Method
study
value
analysi
s
Approach Types of Means Cost How quickly Extent of The role of
improvement result can be improvement work study
achieved? in
productivity

Reduce Process low Immediate Limited Method

work research . but often study to
content Pilot of a high reduce
Better of the plant. order. wasted
manageme
process Process effort and
nt
planning. time in
Method operating
study. the
Operator process by
training. eliminating
Value unnecessar
analysis y
movement
Approach Types of Means Cost How quickly Extent of The role of
improvement result can be improvement work study
achieved? in
productivity

Reduce Work Low May start Limited Work

measurement
ineffectiv measure slowly but but often to investigate
e time ment effect of a high existing
(marketing practice,
Better
grows order locate
policy,
manageme product quickly. ineffective
development, time and set
nt production standards of
planning and performance
control, as a basis of
material
control , Planning and
planned control.
maintenance ,
personal Utilization of
policy, plant
improved
working Labour cost
condition, control.
operator
training, Incentive
incentive schemes.
schemes.)
 Basic
work content
of product and/or operation
TOTAL
TOTAL WORK
WORK work content Added
CONTENT
OF
CONTENT A By deffects in design or
specification of product

work content Added

B
OPERATION
UNDER By inefficient methods of
operation
EXISTING
Ineffective time
CONDITIONS
TOTAL
C Due to shortcoming of
INEFFECTIVE the management
TIME
D Ineffective time
Within the control of
the worker
1. Bad design
of product
prevents use of most
economic processes

2. Lack of
standardization
prevents use of high
production process work content Added
By defects in design or
3. Incorrect quality specification of product
standards
Cause unnecessary work

4. Design demand
Removal of
Excess material
1. Wrong
machine
used

2. Process not
operated correctly
Or in bad conditions

3. Wrong tools work content Added

By inefficient methods of
used operation

3. Bad layout
Causing
Wasted movement
3. Bad working
Methods
1. Excessive product
variety
Adds idle time due to short runs

2. Lack of standardization
Adds idle time due to short runs
3. Design changes
Adds ineffective time due to
stoppages and rework
4. Bad planning
Of work and order adds idle time
of man and machine
Ineffective time
5. lack of raw materials Due to shortcoming of
Due to bad planning adds idle time the management
of man and machine
6. Plant breakdowns
Adds idle time of man and machine

7. Bad working condition

Adds ineffective time due to scrap
and rework
6. Accidents
Adds ineffective time through
stoppage and absence
1. Absence ,
Lateness &
idleness

2. Careless
workmanship Ineffective time
Adds ineffective time due to Within the control of
the worker
scrape and rework

3. Accidents due to
carelesness or
mishandling of
machine and
equipment
1.Reducing the wok content
due to the product.
2.Reducing the work content
due to the process or
methods.
3.Reducing ineffective time
due to the management.
 Reducing the work content
due to
product
• Product development and value
analysis.
Reduce excess work content due to design defects

• Specialization and standardization

Enable high production process to be used.
• Market, consumer and product research
Ensure correct quality standards.

• Product development and value analysis

Reduce work content due to excess material.
 Reducing the work content
due to
the process or methods
• Process planning.
Ensure the selection of correct machines.

• Process planning and reasearch

Ensure correct operation of process..
• Process planning and method study
Ensure correct selection of tools.

• Metod study
Reduce work content due to bad layout.

• Metod study and operators taraining

Reduce work content due to bad working metods.
 Work Study
Work study is a generic term of those
techniques, Particularly method study and
work measurement , which are used in
the examination of human work in all its
contexts, and which lead systematically
to the investigation of all the factors
which affect the efficiency and economy
of the situation being reviewed, in order
to effect improvement.
Work study: A direct means
of raising productivity
•It assumed that productivity would be
raised by using existing resource.
•The productivity can raised by the
better management of time and method
of doing work.
•The improved method of doing work
increase the efficiency of man
and machine .
•The optimum use of time obviously
raise the wok time and decrease the
idle time.
Method study is the systematic
recording and critical examination of
existing and proposed ways of doing
work , as a means of developing and
applying easier and more effective
methods and reducing cost
Work measurement is the application of
techniques designed to establish the
time for a qualified worker to carry a
specified job at a defined level of
performance.
 Method
study
To
specify the job and
develop more
economical method
of doing wok

Work
study Work
measurement
To
determine how long it
should take to carry out

Higher
productivity
 Method study is the systematic
recording and critical examination of
existing and proposed ways of doing
work, as a means of developing and
applying easier and more effective
methods and reducing costs
•To improvement of process and procedures.
•The improvement of factory, shop and workplace
layout and of the design of plant and equipment.
•Economy in human effort and the reduction of
necessary fatigue.
•Improvement in the use of the materials,
machine and manpower.
•To the development of a better physical working
environment.
 After selecting the work to be
studied , is to record all the facts
relating to the existing method
•Accuracy
•clear
•sequential
Steps in Recording
1. A rough sketch / charting of the job being studied
whether the recorded information is of use.
2. More formal and accurate chart or diagram to
include in a report or presentation.
The most commonly used of these
recording techniques are charts and
diagram.
1. Process sequence : those which are
used to record a process sequence.
i.e. a series of events or happenings in
the order in which do not depict the
events to scale.
2. Event : those which record events,
also in sequence but on a time scale,
so that the integration of related even
may be more easily studied.
 List of method study charts and
diagrams

A. charts Indicating process SEQUENCE

OUTLINE PROCESS CHART
Flow process chart- Worker type
Flow process chart- material type
Flow process chart-equipment
Two handed process chart
Procedure flow charts
B. charts Using time scale
Multiple activity chart
Simo chart

C. Diagrams Indicating movement

Falow diagram
String diagram
Cyclegraph
Chronocycle graph
Travel chart
Operation Permanent
Storage

Inspection Combined
Activity

Transport

Temporary
Storage or
Delay
 Outline Process Chart
An outline Process chart is a process
chart giving an overall picture by
recording in sequence only the main
operations.

Outline Process Chart

Of

Switch Rotor Assembly

Stop pin Plastic Moulding Spindle
5mm dia P.F. resin Moulding 10mm dia
BSS32/4 steel S69 steel

0.025 0.008 0.025

0.005 0.022 0.010

No time No time No time

0.0015 0.070

0.006 0.020
No time No time
0.0015
0.008
No time

0.020

0.045

No time
 Flow Process Chart
Flow Process Chart is a process chart setting
out the sequence of the fallow of a product or
a procedure by recording all events under
review using the appropriate process chart
symbol
•Flow process chart- worker/Man type – A flow process
chart which records what the operator does.

•Flow process chart- Material type – A flow process chart

which records how material is handled or treated.

•Falow process chart- Equipment type – A flow process

chart which records how the equipment is used.
 Falow Process Chart
Of

Falow process chart: Material type

Worker/ material/ Equipment Type

Chart no-1 Sheet no-1 of 1 Summary

Subject Charted: Activity Present Proposed saving

Activity: Operation
Transport
Method: Delay
Inspection
Location: Storage

Operator(s): Time: Distance (m)

Time(Work in minute)
Charted by: date:
Cost
Labour
Approved by: date:
Material
Total
Desciption Qua Dis Tim Symbol Remark
ntity tan e
ce
Judge the every activity
by using the available
techniques and resource
to obtain optimum
method, good layouts,
and optimum use of
manpower.
Purpose: What is done?
Why is it done?
What else might be done ?
What should be done?
Place: Where is it done ?
Why is it done there?
Where else might be done?
Where should be done?
Sequence: When is it done?
Why is it done then?
When might it be done ?
When should it be done?
Person: Who does it?
Why does that person do
it?
who else might do it?
Who should do it?

Means: How is it done ?

Why is it done that way?
How else might it be
done?
How should it be done?
 Develop
•Consider all relevant factors

•Develop new method, applying

minimum change

•Develop new method, applying

scientific method and
formulation

•Develop possibly more than

one method
•Flow and handling of material

•Movement of workers in the

working area.

• Method and Movement at the

workplace.
Flow and handling of material
Plant layout
Plant layout is the arrangement of
the desired machinery and
equipment of a plant, established or
contemplated, in the way which will
permit the easiest flow of
materials, at the lowest cost and
with the minimum of handling, in
processing the product from receipt
of raw materials to the dispatch of
the finished product.
Types of layout
1. Layout by fix position

2. Layout by process or function

3. Layout by product or
line layout

4. Group layout or group

production method
 Developing a layout
1. Equipment and machinery needed for
processing is determined by the types of
product or products.

2. Number of unit of each machine

4. Space for storage for raw material and finish

product

5. Provision is made for additional space

made for auxiliary services.

6. Total space requirement

7. The different department

 The handling of material
 Eliminating or reducing
handling

 Improving the efficiency of

handling

 Making the correct choice of

material-handling equipment
Movement of workers in the working area
Factory layout and the movement
of the worker

Bulk material is being removed

from continuous process.

 operative is looking after two or

more machines.

Labors are delivering materials

 Tools to measure the
Movement of workers in the working area

1.String diagram.
2.Man type flow
process chart.
3.Travel chart.
4.Multiple activity
chart .
Method and Movement
at
The workplace
Principles of motion Economy

1.Use of the human body.

2. Arrangement of the
work place.

3. Design of the tools and

the equipment.
 Use of the
human body
1. The two hand should begin and complete
their movement at the same time.
2. The two hand should not be idle.
3. motion of the arms should be symmetrical
and in opposite directions and should be
made simultaneously.
4. Hand and body motions should be made at
the lowest classification at which it is
possible to do the work satisfactorily.
5. Movement should be employed to help the
worker, but should be reduced to a
minimum whenever it has to be overcome
by muscular effort
Arrangement of the work place

1.Definite and fix station for tools

2.Tools and materials should be
preposioned to reduce searching.
3.Gravity feed.
4.Material and tools arrangement.
5.Drop deliveries.
6.Proper lighting.
7.Colour of the workplace.
 Design
of the
Tools and the equipment.

1.Easy to hold.
2. Combine two or more tools .
3.Distribution of load.
4.Surface of gripe.
 Micromotion Study
Therblings
Symbols Name Abbreviation Colour

Search Sh black

Find F grey

Select St Light grey

Grasp G red

Hold H Gold ochre

Transport load Tl Green

Position P blue
Symbols Name Abbreviation Colour

# Assemble A Voilet

Use U Purple

Disassemble DA Light voilet

Inspect I Burant orche

Pre-position
 Stages

1. Gaining acceptance by the

management .
2. Gaining acceptance of the change
by the departmental supervision .
3. Gaining acceptance of the
change by the workers and their
representatives.
4. Preparing to make their changes.
5. Controlling the change over .
1.Giving the credit to the people.
2.Lets the worker play as full a
part as possible.
3.workers view , idea ,suggestion
4.Trust
5.Resistance to change.
6.Proper planning.
1.Task identification
2.Various activity.
3.Method
4.Possibilities
Training and
retraing operatives.
Controlling the
change over.

Maintaining the
new methods.
Work measurement is the
application of techniques
designed to establish the
time for a qualified
worker to carry out a task
at defined rate of work.
1.Systematic investigation and critical
examination of existing methods and
process and the development and
installation of improved method.
2.Eliminating unnecessary movement.
3.Eliminating ineffective time.
1. To compare the efficiency of alternative
methods.
2. To balance the work of members of teams.
3. To determine the no of machine and operator
can run simultaneously
4. To provide basis for production planning.
5. To provide information that can enable
estimates to be made for tenders, selling
price and delivery date.
6. To set standards of machine utilization and
labor performance.
7. To provide information for labor cost control
and to enable standard cost to be fixed and
maintain.
 Select , Record , Examine and measure quantity of work performed
using either one or a combination of the fallowing methods.

Structured Predetermined
Work sampling Time study
estimating time standard

Compile Compile

With appropriate
allowances to get To establish
standard time of standard data banks
operation
 Work sampling

Work sampling is a
method of finding the
percentage
occurrence of a
certain activity by
statistical sampling
and random
observation.
 Needs for work sampling
In order to obtain a complete and
accurate picture of the productive
time and idle time.

•Activity sampling,
•Ratio delay study.
•Random observation
method
•Snap reading method
•Observation ratio study
Please read
book for THANKS
more detail.
S S
K K S
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A A N NK
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T TH HA
T
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