6

3
5

1
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Characteristics and
functions of
Communication
•Communication is a dynamic process—it is not static.everything is
accumulative. We communicate as long as we live
•Communication is unrepeatable and irreversible=“ you can never step into the
same river twice.” because the experience changes both you and the river
forever
•Self/other understanding= we depend on communication to develop self-
awareness, “ to understand himself man needs to be understood by another.
To be understood by another he needs to understand the other.
•Establish meaningful relationships= communication offers each of us the
chance to satisfy our “need for inclusion, control, and affection. Social
contact gives us the felling of acceptance and being valued by others.
•Examine the change in attitudes and behaviors= we spend much time trying
to persuade one another to think as “we” think, do what “we” do, like what
“we” like. Sometimes our efforts meet with success, and sometimes they do
not. In any case, our persuasion experience afford each of us the chance to
influence another so that we may try to realize our goals.
Congruent communication

A process by which a message is understood by its

sender, is transmitted through a Medium to a receiver
and thence to an audience which responds to it , all within
a system whose elements are congruent with each other
and environment
Effectiveness criteriion

Intervening variable are

1. Exposure- access and attention given to communication
message.
2. The differential character of communication.
3. The content of message – its forms, presentation and
appeals.
4. The receiver's predisposition that causes acceptance,
modification or rejection.
5. Interpersonal relationships of individuals as members of
group
Incoming –out going channels

•V.C
•Eye-contact
•Body stand
•General •Smell
appearance •Taste
•Body noise •Touch
•Odor •Sound
•Kinesis – •Signal
facial •Eye contact
expressions
•gestures
 communication

Conversational tone
•Talk as if you expect a
1. Content – what? & why?
reply
2. Process – how?
•Talk with heart and not
3. Interaction –when & how?
with mouth

Watch your voice

Feedback
•Tone/pitch
•Shuffling
•Loudness
•Drumming
•Rate
•Looking aside
•Timber
•Resonance
•Grace
•Rhythm
•Gumption
•Breathing
•Grit
•Pronunciation
•guts
•articulation
 Need –attitude- feelings

Knowledge – info’ Objectives –results -

-meaning respectability

Covert
behavior
Overt behavior

Decision making
process Personality memorability
factors
Value consonance

Value – attitude –needs - expectation

V V
A A
A N N
B
E E

Perception Perception
Emotion Emotion
cognition cognition
 Self •Self fulfillment
actualizatio •Adequacy-
ns competence
ta
l •Naturalness-

Pr
creativity
en

e-
In
nm

growth

te

re
elf
iro

l le

qu
–s
nv

ct

isi
Self respect

ua
–e

te
ns eech

recognition

lf

s
ho

Belonging- approval- acceptance

re
de ee sp
yc

ed
Ps

om
Security-stability-order
fe
Fr

Dislike of violence, harm,

anxiety,
Selffear
preservation,
food shelter, rest
sex etc.
Honesty orderliness
justice
Dynamics of NVC
Communication
(Gerald Miller)

referent Source = Encoder Verbal Receiver =

Stimuli Decoder
Communication
Skills Physical Communication
Stimuli Skills
Attitudes
Vocal Attitudes
experience stimuli experience

feedback

Referent= object, act, situation, or idea

Verbal stimuli= words
Physical stimuli=gestures, facial expressions, movements
Vocal=loudness, pitch, emphasis etc.
 Model 2
(Wilbur schramm)

message
Encoder Decoder

Interpreter Interpreter

Decoder encoder

message

This model is more explicit and shows that human communication is circular
rather than one way event. Each party acts as interpreter, understanding the
messages received in some what different way. This is so because of the effect
of field of experience or psychological frame of reference (a form of noise)
that we carry with us where ever we go.
Dr Zwicky

MESSAGE

con
con

Sub con TRUST

Sub
con

FEEDBACK