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Inductive & Deductive Research Approach 06032008
Inductive & Deductive Research Approach 06032008
RESEARCH APPROACH
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Research Methods
In research, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning
as the deductive and inductive approaches.
Research
Types
Deductive Inductive
Approach Approach
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Deductive Research Approach
Deductive reasoning works
THEORY
from the more general to
the more specific.
Sometimes this is
HYPOTHESIS informally called a
"top-down" approach.
Conclusion follows
OBSERVATION logically from premises
(available facts)
Waterfall
CONFIRMATION
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Inductive Research Approach
Inductive reasoning works
THEORY
the other way, moving
from specific observations
to broader generalizations
and theories. TENTATIVE
HYPOTHESIS
Informally, we sometimes
call this a "bottom up"
approach Hill
PATTERN Climbing
Conclusion is likely based
on premises.
Involves a degree of
uncertainty OBSERVATION
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Deductive Vs. Inductive
THEORY THEORY
TENTATIVE
HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION PATTERN
CONFIRMATION OBSERVATION
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Deductive Vs. Inductive
Induction is usually described as moving from
the specific to the general, while deduction
begins with the general and ends with the
specific.
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Reasoning methods and
Argumentation
The main division between forms of reasoning that is
made in philosophy is between deductive reasoning and
inductive reasoning.
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http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/cdic-mcc/18-3/d_e.html
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Automated Reasoning
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72/98
Logic and Reasoning
Using given knowledge and
Reasoning truth value help us to solve,
understand real life problems.
Logical Probabilistic
Reasoning Reasoning
Bayesian
Networks
Subjective Objective
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EXAMPLE
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TRUTH TABLE
Truth Table for the formulae built with the Logical Operators
p q r pΛ
Λq ~(pΛ
Λq) ~(pΛ
Λq)Vr
T T T T F T
T T F T F F
T F T F T T
T F F F T T
F T T F T T
F T F F T T
F F T F T T
F F F F T T
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If r is the conclusion, and we know that p and q
are true simultaneously then r is valid statement.
In real life, the statements are true or false, here
statement means an atomic statement, thus
statements may be simple (atomic) or
component. If p, q and r are independent
statements, then we need to prove: p∧q → r
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Commitment
Ontological Commitment:
What exists in the world: Language of reasoning (Formal).
Epistemological Commitment
What an intelligent entity believes about the fact.
Believe System: True, False, Unknown, degree of believe,
degree believe with ranks (known values)
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Formal Ontology Epistemology
Language What exists)
Propositional facts True/False
Logic /Unknown
Predicate Facts, objects, True/False
Logic relations /Unknown
Probability Facts with change Degree of believe
Theory on [0,1]
Temporal Facts, objects, True/False
Logic relation and time /Unknown
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Fuzzy Logic Facts with degree Known interval
of believe value
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Evolution of Neuro-Fuzzy Logic
Functional Approximation/
Approximate Reasoning Randomized Search
Neuro-Fuzzy
Systems
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“ The whole of science is nothing
more than
a refinement of everyday thinking”.
- Albert Einstein
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References:
William M.K. Trochim, “Research Methods Knowledge Base”
2006.
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