INTERMODAL FREIGHT AND FLEET

MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS

-V. G. Gujarathi
(Sr. G. M. Electronics)
TATA Motors Ltd. - Pune

1
 OVERVIEW

• INTRODUCTION

• KEY DRIVING FACTORS

• SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

• TRADITIONAL vs INTERMODAL OPERATIONS

• CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES IN INTERMODAL FREIGHT MANAGEMENT

• INTERMODAL FREIGHT MANAGEMENT

• EMERGING AND FUTURE TRENDS FOR INTERMODAL FREIGHT AND FLEET

MANAGEMENT OPERTAIONS

PAGE 2..

2
 OVERVIEW
• INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (ITS)
• PHYSICAL ARCHITECTURE OF COMMERCIAL FLEET AND FREIGHT MANAGEMENT
USING ITS
• HIGH LEVEL ARCHITECTURE OF ITS
• CLASSIFICATION OF ITS TECHNOLOGIES
• SENSING/ SURVEILLANCE CATEGORIES
• INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES CATEGORIES

• TATA MOTORS INITIATIVE

• INTERMODAL CONTAINER TECHNOLOGIES

• TERMINAL AUTOMATION AND DESIGN

• ADVANCED CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

• BENEFITS OF INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS

• ISSUES – INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS

• CONCLUSION
3
 INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION
Intermodal Freight Transportation is the concept of transporting freight using more
than one mode of travel in such a way that all parts of the transportation process are
effectively connected and coordinated, safe, environmentally sound, and offering
flexibility.

An intermodal system includes both the points of connections (e.g. ports,

warehouses, etc.) and the links between them (e.g. roads, rails, etc.)

The era of Intermodal Freight Transportation started in earnest back in the mid-l980s
when ocean carriers and railroads teamed up to provide double-stack rail container
service.

4
 KEY DRIVING FACTORS
• Traditionally transportation policies have focused mainly on the individual modes of
transport like railways, ships, road goods carriers etc. There exists a need to
interconnect such systems in a seamless intermodal transportation system that is
efficient, safe, flexible, and environmentally sound, and meets the needs of the
travelers and shippers.

FROM AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

• Road/ Rail infrastructure across the country is continually improving, whereas in the
cities, The constraint on the available space, growing vehicle population and number
of trips led to severe traffic congestion, resulting in environmental degradation.

• Technological advancements in communication technology and information

technology has brought down the costs of implementing systems providing real-time
control, travel information and incident detection and response.

• Increased trucks in the cities cause major traffic congestions leading to time delays
and environmental issues like air pollution, noise pollution, etc.

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 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The system architecture of intermodal freight transportation is composed of three
interconnected layers:

• Logistics: refers to various approaches that describe the complex structures of

logistics systems in terms of flow of freight, operations, intermodal facilities, flow of
messages as well as the data required to operate the system.

• Institutional/ organizational: explains or illustrates how the industry and

government proceed in developing and improving information infrastructure and how
these actions influence the design of information systems.

• Information: refers to inter-computer communications technology and procedures

that facilitate dialogues between machines and enable them to cooperate.

Recent advancements have transformed the highly hierarchical information systems

into architectures consisting of local networks which connected by gateways mainly
consisting of client/server machines.

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 ILLUSTRATION – SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Success of an inter-modal freight transportation system depends on the degree of
interaction between the three layers.
LOGISTICS INSTITUTIONAL
1. Dynamic Logistic 1. Automated Toll
Software with decision INSTITUTIONAL/
Collection System
LOGISTICS
making and control for ORGANIZATIONAL 2. Intelligent Traffic
efficiency Management System
2. RF Tags 3. Emergency Services
3. Bar Coding 4. Fleet Management
4. Real-time Cargo and System
Vehicle Tracking GPS 5. Weight-in-Motion
based systems System
5. Magnetic card or Many More….
strip readers
Many More…
INFORMATION
INTERMODAL INFORMATION
FREIGHT SYSTEM 1. ERP Systems like SAP, etc.
2. RDBMS like Oracle, SQL Server, etc.
3. Internet, on-line systems
4. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Systems
5. OTA Diagnostics and Prognosis
Many More….

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 TRADITIONAL vs INTERMODAL OPERATIONS
TRADITIONAL OPERATION INTERMODAL OPERATIONS
• This is the current operation in the • Highly flexible system to adapt to
Indian scenario. unpredictable situations.
• Lacks flexibility to adapt to • Communications using ITS or other
unpredictable situations. Advanced Systems
FREIGHT FREIGHT
FORWARDER ORDER
FORWARDER
AND
PAYMENT
COST ASSESSMENT

FINANCE AND FINANCE AND

SALES SALES

FREIGHT AND FREIGHT AND SCHEDULING/

FLEET
FLEET TRANSPORTER ROUTING
MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT WORK
CONDITION DISPATCH
DISPATCH (OPTIMIZING
SECTION CARGO &
LOCATION DATA: VEHICLES)
TRACKING AND
TRACING
MESSAGE
TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION
MODES MODES

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 CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES IN INTERMODAL FREIGHT
MANAGEMENT
• VEHICLE AND CARGO TRACKING TECHNOLOGIES
Cargo Tracking Technologies include Bar Code with Laser Readout, Magnetic Card
and Strip Reader, Smart Cards, Radio Frequency Cards, Transponders and
Readers.
Vehicle Tracking Technologies mainly employ the use of the positional information
from the Global Position System (GPS) which provides real-time tracking of the
vehicle and cargo.

• BETTER INTERMODAL FLEET MANAGEMENT THROUGH TRACKING AND

LOGISTICS
Radiolocation or Navigational Systems have emerged with well developed cellular or
communication channels. This combines Automated Vehicle Location (AVL) with
paging, voice and data communication to a national or regional dispatch and logistics
node.

• ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI)

EDI systems take information from all available sources and make decisions and
performs controls to maximize efficiency. EDI systems can minimize unnecessary
paperwork by providing facility to perform transactions on-line.
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INTERMODAL
FREIGHT FREIGHT
ASSET TRACKING
OPERATIONS TRACKING

INTERNATIONAL INTERMODAL FREIGHT

BORDER FREIGHT TERMINAL
CROSSING OPERATIONS PROCESSES
PROCESSES

FREIGHT
HIGHWAY DRAYAGE
CONNECTOR OPERATIONS
SYSTEM

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 DETAILS OF FREIGHT OPERATIONS
FREIGHT TRACKING
Freight Tracking applications monitor, detect and
ASSET TRACKING
communicate freight status information to ensure containers
Asset Tracking technologies monitor the location and
remain sealed while en route.
identity of containers in real- time.
Advantage: Improves customer satisfaction. Studies have
Advantage: Improves customer satisfaction.
shown that users find real- time cargo shipment information
over the Internet very beneficial.

FREIGHT TERMINAL PROCESSES

Freight Terminal Processes improve operations at freight
transfer stations, using information technology to expedite
procedures, to reduce shipment processing time and to
increase the productivity of the freight transportation
system.
DRAYAGE OPERATIONS
Drayage Operations promotes efficient transfer of cargo by
truck around major port facilities with IT providing real- time
information of the port facilities like vessel traffic, delay at
terminal entrances, etc.

Advantage: Improves Productivity and Security can be Advantage: Improves Mobility of Freight.
enhanced by the use of tracking devices.

FREIGHT HIGHWAY CONNECTOR SYSTEM

INTERNATIONAL BORDER CROSSING PROCESSES
Systems optimize traffic control and coordinate transfers
At international border crossings, automating revenue
near intermodal ports of entry to help reduce the strain of
transactions and faster, more efficient confirmation of cargo
increased freight movement on the nation's freight highway
manifest information can reduce delays associated with
connector system.
customs and tax collection processes.
Advantage: Improves Mobility from Ports to various City
Advantage: Reduce delivery times.
Delivery Points.

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 EMERGING AND FUTURE TRENDS FOR INTERMODAL
FREIGHT AND FLEET MANAGEMENT OPERTAIONS
A few of emerging trends and systems that will help improve the Intermodal Freight
and Fleet Management Operations in the future are covered in this presentation:

• Intelligent Transportation System (ITS): It applies advanced and emerging

technologies in such fields as information processing, communications, control and
electronics to service transportation needs.

• Intermodal Container Technologies: It incorporates Standardization, Modernization

and Modularization of the container design for achieving easy handling and
increasing durability.

• Terminal Automation and Design: It calls for technology that promote efficient
handling of cargo at various ports and freight centers.

• Advanced Control and Communication for Freight trains and trucks: It exploits
technologies like tracking, control and communication to form integrated carriers like
FedEx.

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 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (ITS)
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a system that improves transportation
safety and mobility and enhances productivity through the use of advanced
communications technologies.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) encompass a broad range of wireless and

wire-line communications-based information and electronics technologies. When
integrated into the transportation system's infrastructure, and in vehicles themselves,
these technologies relieve congestion, improve safety and enhance productivity.

ITS is one of the major emerging Intermodal Freight and Fleet Management
Operations technology.

ITS offers the following benefits:

• Increase of operational efficiency and capacity of the transportation system.
• Enhancement of personal mobility, convenience, and comfort.
• Improvement of safety of the transportation system.
• Reduction of energy consumption and environmental costs.
• Enhancement of the present and future economic productivity of individuals,
organizations and the economy as a whole

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PHYSICAL ARCHITECTURE OF COMMERCIAL FLEET AND
FREIGHT MANAGEMENT USING ITS
• Vehicle information, Intermodal Freight
FREIGHT
DEPOT
FORWARDER Depot information and Intermodal
Freight Shipper Information are
INFORMATION
FLOW THROUGH
continuously available with the Fleet
WIRELESS OR and Freight Management System (ITS)
WIRELINE LINKS

FREIGHT AND FLEET MANAGEMENT • Driver can request data and status
information from the Fleet and Freight
Management System (ITS).
DRIVER AND VEHICLE
WIRELESS LINK
INFORMATION AS WELL
AS DRIVER UPDATES
• Automated updates about traffic,
weather, or schedule updates are
provided via messages or alerts to the
driver from the Fleet and Freight
Management System (ITS).
MESSAGES
DRIVER AND UPDATES
VEHICLE MOUNTED
WITH TELEMATICS UNIT

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HIGH LEVEL ARCHITECTURE OF ITS

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 CLASSIFICATION OF ITS TECHNOLOGIES
ITS Technologies can be classified into:
• Communication Technologies
COMMUNICATION
• Sensing and Surveillance
Technologies
• Information Technologies
VOICE OR DATA (USING
• Traffic Control Technologies DATA CALL, CDMA- P
I,
GPRS, EDGE, BLUE
ADAPTIVE TOOTH, ETC).
CLOSED LOOP SIGNAL
CONTROL
WIRELESS LINK WIRELESS LINK

PRIVATE/ PUBLIC/ CELLULAR/ RADIO

TRAFFIC CONTROL/ ENFORCEMENT NETWORKS (GSM,
SHARED
NETWORKS LIKE CDMA, SATELLITE
ISDN, ETHERNET, RADIO, RADIO
ETC. BROADCAST,
ETC.)
IMAGE
PROCESSING SIGNAL
FOR LICENCE PRIORITY
COMMUNICATION CATEGORIES
PLATE
RECOGNITION TRAFFIC CONTROL
CATEGORIES
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 SENSING/ SURVEILLANCE CATEGORIES

EMBEDDED
SENSORS LIKE IN
- ROAD SIDE
MAGNETOMETERS, SURVEILLANCE
INDUCTIVE LOOP AND SENSING
DETECTORS, ETC.

VEHICLE BASED
USING RFID, GPS
ROAD BASED SENSING/ BASED TRACKING
SURVEILLANCE AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS, DATA
SENSING
LOGGERS OR
TACHOGRAPHS

CAMERAS BASED
ROAD SIDE
SURVELILLANCE
SURVEILLANCE
LIKE CCTV, LASER,
AND SENSING
INFRARED, ETC.
SENSING/ SURVEILLANCE CATEGORIES

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 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES CATEGORIES
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
CATEGORIES

INFORMATION
SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY

DATA FUSION ANALYSIS AND

CONTROL LIKE AI SYSTEMS,
FIGURE OF MERIT, ETC.
ELECTRONIC PAYMENTS LIKE
ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION,
INTERNET AND WEB BASED SMART CARDS, ETC.
SERVICES

INCIDENT DETECTION AND

GIS, GEO
- FENCING, ETC. VERIFICATION USING CELL
BASED RADIO, ETC.

INCIDENT DETECTION LIKE

PATTERN RECOGNITION, ETC. ON
- BOARD TERMINAL – MOBILE
DATA TERMINAL

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD)

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 ITS ACTIVITIES AND FUNCTIONAL AREAS
INFORMATION
DECIPHERING AND
Major Functional Areas for the DISPLAY
Application of the ITS are:
• Advanced Public Transport FLEET
MANAGEMENT
Systems (APTS) – Fleet
Management Systems (FMS) TOLL
TRAVELLER ADMINISTRATION
• Advanced Traffic Management DATA INFORMATION
Systems (ATMS) SUVEILLANCE
AND
• Advanced Traveler CORRECTION TRAFFIC
INCIDENCE CONTROL
Information Systems (ATIS) RESPONSE

• Electronic Toll Collection and COMMERCIAL

Traffic Management (ETTM) VEHICLE
REGULATION
• Commercial Vehicle
Operations (CVO)
COMMUNICATION

CATEGORIZATION OF ITS ACTIVITIES

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 TATA MOTORS INITIATIVE
Tata Motors manufactures vehicles for all the product segments namely SCVs,
LCVs, MCVs and HCVs, which play an important role in Intermodal Freight and Fleet
Management. LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE
TATA 207DI, TATA 407 MEDIUM COMMERCIAL VEHICLE
SMALL COMMERCIAL VEHICLE TATA 709, 909, 1109, 1613, 1615 ETC.
TATA ACE

HIGH COMMERCIAL VEHICLE

TATA 2515, 2518 ETC.
TRACTOR TRAILER TIPPERS – TATA NOVUS

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 FLEET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM – TATA MOTORS
In addition to the wide range of vehicles manufactured, Tata Motors has launched a
Commercial Fleet Management System called TRAKit, for most of their range of
commercial vehicles.

TRAKit is one of the stepping stones towards the implementation of ITS in India.

The objective of TRAKit is:

• To create value for customer by adding solutions for Fleet Management of
commercial vehicle based on Telematics.
• To maintain industry leadership by providing life cycle support by vehicle health
monitoring for Diagnostics/ Prognostics of the vehicle.
• To provide a low cost solution customized for Indian drivers and operating conditions.
• To provide interface capabilities with future systems - which could form the basis for
ITS

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 ARCHITECTURE OF A FLEET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
DATA TRANSFER TERMINATED AT VEHICLE

TWO WAY VOICE, SMS AND DATA

COMMUNICATION DATA TRANSFER ORIGINATED FROM VEHICLE

GPS SATELLITE GSM OR CDMA

NETWORKS
ellite
SERVICE
PROVIDER –
GPS Satellite ASP + CONTACT
M-ENABLED
CENTER

WEB BASED
Base Station Web Server User
Cellular Tower
VEHICLE WITH CELLULAR TELEMATICS USER
TELEMATICS TOWER/ BASESTATION AND
UNIT BASESTATION WEB SERVER
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 SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
• Telematics Control Unit with Vehicle Data Interface fitted on vehicle for receiving
location information from satellites and vehicle data from sensors.
• GSM or CDMA network used to send information from vehicle to Base Station
provided by IT service provider.
• Base station for storing Digital Maps of roads, cities as well as vehicle information
received through GSM/CDMA networks.
• Users can access information / reports from Base station through Internet
applications or mobile handsets.

ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
• Digital Maps in MapInfo/ESRI/Autocad formats & GIS Software.
• GSM / CDMA Wireless networks for voice & data communication.
• Internet Client-server Applications frameworks, JAVA/Microsoft.

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 FEATURES OF TELEMATICS CONTROL UNIT
TCU SALIENT FEATURES
• On demand request of vehicle position
• Real time vehicle position update with configurable update frequency using SMS,
GPRS/Data Calls.
• Two-way message communication between vehicle, its driver, base station & owner
via SMS, GPRS/ Data Calls
• FM radio for driver's entertainment.
• Hands-free 2-way voice communication.
• 20 (Alpha Numeric Characters) x 2 (lines) LCD screen

DIAGNOSTIC DATA LOGGER

Logs other parameters like date, time, vehicle speed and warnings like engine
overheating, low oil pressure, vehicle over speeding, low fuel, sensor failures, door
open, seat belt not used

FUEL MONITORING SYSTEM

Calculates and logs fuel consumed, detection of sudden changes in fuel level for fuel
loss prevention, fuel efficiency calculations, total distance traveled and calculation of
fuel for trip.

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FLEET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WEB PORTAL - REPORTS

ANALYZED DATA FOR FLEET OWNER

COMMERCIAL WEB PORTAL

25
 FLEET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WEBPORTAL - MAPS
LAST RECEIVED
VEHICLE
POSITION

VEHICLE DISPLAYED ON MAPS ACTUAL VEHICLE DATA

26
 BENEFITS OF THE FLEET MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR
USERS
• Easy to use Human Interface for Indian drivers.

• Lower cost of ownership.

• Messaging for effective communication in case of emergencies.

• Voice communication useful for multi-lingual Indian scene.

• Monitoring of vehicle performance for proactive diagnostics of potential failures.

• Monitoring fuel usage & thefts.

• Monitoring route violations.

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 INTERMODAL CONTAINER TECHNOLOGIES
• Along with the development of the transportation systems there is also a need for the
standardization and modularization of container design.

• Not only is the container sizes increasing but also the design is evolving to make
containers stackable, rollable and solidable onto freight carriers like ships, trucks,
etc.

• Recent innovations have included the use of advanced materials for higher capacity,
lower weight, better performance and life.

• Other innovations have incorporated various electronic and mechanical design

changes for transportation of different kinds of goods. Examples: Refrigeration for
perishable goods, thermal protection, climate control, etc.

• A common standard for containers would help ports to have standardized equipment
resulting in streamline of the transfer processes.

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 TERMINAL AUTOMATION AND DESIGN

• Technologies that promote efficient loading and unloading of container cargo, and
cargo sorting and routing at intermodal terminals are the result of integration of
container design, equipment, computer software and staff operations.

• Transfer equipment is highly specialized: maritime cranes, gantry cranes, straddle

carriers, sidelifts, terminal chassis, and intermodal hybrids, and appropriate mode
conversion equipment transfer time.

• Current terminals should be modified to provide Road improvements, Railway

connections to the terminals (esp. place of loading and unloading), Route
restrictions, Tunnel improvements, Trackage improvements, Consolidated terminals
or operations and Rail/truck corridor consolidation.

29
 ADVANCED CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES

• Technologies have been integrated with real-time control and logistics decision-
making software; this approach is becoming widely adopted by trucking firms and
distribution service providers. This concept has produced successful organizations
like Fed-Ex, DHL, UPS etc.

• Technology-based improvements such as real-time grade crossing supervision and

warning systems, supervisory control distributed networks, solid-state interlocking
controls will enhance railroad safety operational efficiency.

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 BENEFITS OF INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS
BENEFITS – COMMECIAL VEHICLE OPERATION (CVO):
Fleet Administration, Freight Administration, Electronic Clearance, International
Border Electronic Clearance, Weigh-In-Motion, Roadside-CVO Safety, On-board
CVO Safety and HAZMAT Management.

BENEFITS – ADMINISTRATION:
Reduced operation cost, increased efficiency and productivity and improve safety.

FREIGHT
ADMINISTRATION

DECREASE IN DECREASE IN DECREASE IN DECREASE IN DECREASE IN

ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATORY OPERATING INSURANCE PRODUCTIVE
COSTS COSTS COSTS COSTS COSTS

INCREASED
EFFICIENCY AND IMPROVED SAFETY
PRODUCTIVITY

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 ISSUES – INTERMODAL FREIGHT OPERATIONS

• Need for nationwide capital markets and understanding of the benefits of Intermodal
Freight Operation in a competing global markets.

• Industry fragmentation and lack of coordination to close technology-organization gap.

• Under-realized potential of the large amounts of information available from the

Electronic Systems.

• Need to form multi-beneficiary freight strategic alliances (private/ public).

• Need for an analytical framework for performance standards and benefits

assessment.

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 CONCLUSION
Intermodal Freight and Fleet Management Operation is the future of the
transportation that promises a seamless intermodal transportation system that is
efficient, safe, flexible, and environmentally sound, and meets the needs of the
travelers and industry alike.

Intermodal Freight and Fleet Management Operations offers limitless possibilities for
an economically developing nation like India. Government realizing this has been
investing heavily in road and railway infrastructure development. Industry has also
been chipping in with fragmented efforts to achieve this goal.

There has been a big economic boom in India of late and India is soon becoming a
economic and a manufacturing hub. Due to this, there is an urgent need for the
development of infrastructure and systems to improve the efficiency of transportation.
A coordinated effort from the various industries and the Government to setup
Intermodal Freight and Fleet Management Operations in India will help sustain this
growth.

33
Alternate Powertrain Systems for
Vehicles

Engineering Research Centre

Tata Motors Limited

34
 Alternate Powertrain Systems for Vehicles
• Alternate Propulsion Systems
• Integrated Starter Generator
• Hybrid Electric Car
• Hybrid Bus
• Electric Trolley Bus
• Fuel Cell Bus
• Alternate Fuels
• Bio-diesel Engines
• Ethanol-Gasoline Engines
• Hydrogen-CNG IC Engines
• Hydrogen IC Engines

35
Alternate Propulsion Systems

36
 Tata Motors Alternate Propulsion Systems Roadmap

Air H2

M/G

H2 O

Tata Fuel Cell Bus

Reduction in Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Reduction in HC, CO, NOx Emissions

M/G
Independence from Fossil Fuels

Tata Trolley Bus

G M/G

Tata Hybrid Bus

Tata Indica Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Tata Indica with Integrated Starter Generator

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
37
 Integrated Starter Generator
• Features
• Combines the starter motor and alternator in a vehicle into one component
• Stops the engine as soon as the vehicle comes to a stop – no idling
• Starts the engine as the driver presses the clutch pedal
• Status
• Concept vehicle demonstrated
• Prototypes under development
• Impact on environment
• 10 % improvement in fuel economy
• Reduce pollution in high traffic areas
• Faster, quieter starting compared to conventional starter motors

Engine ISG Battery Engine ISG Battery

Starting
Starting –– Battery
Battery drives
drives the
the ISG
ISG Running
Running –– Engine
Engine charges
charges the
the
to
to start
start the
the engine
engine battery
battery through
through ISG
ISG

38
 Hybrid Electric Car
• Features
• Petrol-Electric Hybrid Car
• Series/Parallel Configuration with manual transmission
• Status
• Concept vehicle demonstrated
• Prototypes under development
• Impact on the environment
• Targeted reduction fuel consumption by 30 – 40 %
• Targeted reduction in emissions by around 30 %

Generator Motor

G M/G

Battery

IC Engine Clutch

Gearbox

39
 Hybrid Bus
• Features
• Diesel-electric hybrid bus for intra-city public transportation
• Series hybrid configuration with down-sized engine
• Status
• Prototype of series hybrid bus under development
• Impact on environment
• Reduction in pollution in cities

G M/G

IC Engine Generator Battery Motor

40
 Electric Trolley Bus
• Features
• Pure electric traction with electricity sourced
from overhead current collectors
• Battery back-up for line outages and garage
runs Overhead Current Collector

• Status
• Concept prototype of trolley bus under
development
• Impact on environment
• Zero pollution urban transport M/G
• Sustainable transport solution if coupled with
renewable electricity
Battery Motor

41
 Fuel Cell Bus
• Features
• Hydrogen fuel cell for electrical power source
• Ultracapacitors for improved acceleration and regenerative capability
• Status
• Project initiated
• Development of fuelcell control system in progress
• Impact on Environment
• Zero pollution urban transport
• Non-fossil-fuel transportation
• Sustainable public transport solution with hydrogen produced using renewable energy

Air H2

M/G

H2 O
UC Motor
Fuel Cell

42
Alternate Fuels

43

Features
„ Trials with 5 to 20% bio-
diesel blend without engine
modification
„ Eco-friendly vehicle
Bio-diesel Engines
• Product Deliverables
• Bio-diesel blend (up to 20%) Compliant vehicle
• Timing
• Project Start – October 2004
• Project Completion – March 2007
• Continuous evaluation till mandating by government
• Consultant / Suppliers
• M/s IOC R &D, Faridabad
• M/s MICO/Bosch & M/s Delphi Diesel Systems
• Benefits
• Vehicle using bio-fuel
• Reduced emissions such as HC,CO,PM,CO2
• Can be used in existing diesel engines
• In 10% blend smoke reduction observed about 7 to 10 % and no
deterioration in fuel economy
• Application
• Initially Indica, LCV 709, LP1510 buses & later on can be
commonised for all diesel vehicles
44

Features
• Trials with 7% & 10% ethanol
mixed petrol without
modification to engine & EMS
• Anti-corrosive additives are
being added in the fuel.
Ethanol-Gasoline IC Engines
• Product Deliverables
• Ethanol blend Compliant vehicle (5 to 10% blend)
• Timing
• Project Start – April 2004
• Project Completion for engine development – March 2007
• Consultant / Suppliers
• Joint trials with M/s ARAI / BPCL
• Ethanol supplier - M/s Sterling Chemicals
• Benefits
• Alternate fuel driven eco-friendly vehicle meeting
government regulations
• Better emissions
• Partial Displacement of fossil-fuels.
• Application
• Indica MPFI and Indica family vehicles.
45
 Hydrogen-CNG IC Engines
• Product Deliverables
• Demonstration of Hydrogen
- CNG (up to 30%) Fueled Engine for LCV
407.

• Timing
• Project Start – October 2005
• Project Completion – March 2009

• Consultant / Suppliers
• IOC R & D
• Kit supplier- M/s MINDA IMPCO

• Benefits
• Fuel efficient vehicle
• Very low emission Vehicle
Features • Stepping stone for creating hydrogen infrastructure for dedicated
hydrogen IC engine / fuel cell vehicle.
„ Hydrogen Fuelled
CNGEngine. • Application
„ Reduced NOx emissions. • LCV 407

„ Better fuel economy.

„ Very low emissions.

46
 Hydrogen IC Engines
• Product Deliverables
• Demonstration of 697 Hydrogen Fueled Engine for LP 1510
Bus.

• Timing
• Project Start – August 2005
• Project Completion – March 2008

• Consultant / Suppliers
• Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
• Kit supplier: M/s Minda Impco
Features
„ Hydrogen Fuelled Engine. • Benefits
„ Manifold Injection of • Zero Emission Vehicle
Hydrogen
„ Indigenous Combustion
• Application
Modeling for ECU
developed by IIT-M • LP 1510
„ Zero Emission, Non
Polluting Vehicle.

47
Thank You

48