The United Republic of Tanzania

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
THE NATIONAL SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

POLICY
2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................... ii

GLOSSARY OF TERMS .................................................................................................................................... iv
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................ vi
PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF STI IN TANZANIA ............................................................... 3
1.2.1 Overview of the performance of STI in Tanzania......................................................... 3
1.2.2 Coordination of Science, Technology and Innovation in Tanzania ........................... 4
1.2.3 Overview of STI Stakeholders ........................................................................................ 4
1.2.5 Limitations and Challenges during the Implementation of National S&T Policy of
1996 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................................. 13
RATIONALE, VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 13
2.1 RATIONALE ............................................................................................................................. 13
2.2 VISION AND MISSION ........................................................................................................... 14
2.2.1 Vision ................................................................................................................................ 14
2.2.2 Mission ............................................................................................................................. 14
2.3 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................. 14
2.3.1 Main objective ................................................................................................................. 14
2.3.2 Specific objectives .......................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................................................... 16
POLICY ISSUES AND STATEMENTS ............................................................................................................... 16
3.1 POLICY ISSUES ............................................................................................................................ 16
3.1.1 Policy Issue: Governance of Science, Technology and Innovation ........................ 16
3.1.2 Policy issue: National Innovation System ................................................................... 17
3.1.3 Policy issue: International Collaboration and Cooperation in STI ........................... 18
3.1.4 Policy issue: Critical Mass of Human Capital in STI .................................................. 19
3.1.5 Policy issue: ................................................................................................................................ 20
STI and Social Diversity ............................................................................................................................ 20
3.1.6 Policy issue: STI and Sustainable Environmental Conservation and Management
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....21
3.1.7 Policy issue: STI and natural disaters, communicable and non-communicable
diseases ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………23
3.1.7 Policy issue: Youth and Innovation ............................................................................. 24
CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................................................ 25
LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR THE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION SECTOR .... 25
4.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 25
4.2 CORE LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR STI ......................................... 25
4.2.1 The COSTECH Act No. 7 of 1986 ....................................................................................... 25
4.2.2 The Atomic Energy Commission (TAEC) Act No. 7 of 2003 .................................... 26
4.4 OTHER LAWS AND REGULATIONS FOR THE STI POLICY 2022 ................................ 27
4.4.1 Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Act No. CAP 260 R.E. 2020 .......................... 27
4.4.2 Tanzania Forestry Research Institute Act No. 5 of 1980 .......................................... 27
4.4.3 National Institute for Medical Research Act of 1979.................................................. 28
4.4.4 Tanzania Livestock Research Institute Act of 2012 .......................................................... 28
4.4.5 Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute Act No. 10 of 2016 .......................................... 29
4.4.6 The National Council for Vocational and Technical Education Act of 1997 .................. 29
4.4.7 The Small Industries Development Organization Act of 1973 ......................................... 29
4.4.8 Tanzania Commission for Universities Act Cap.346 ......................................................... 30
4.4.9 Tanzania Trade Development Authority Act No. 4 of 2009.............................................. 30
4.4.10 Vocational Educational and Training Authority Act No.1 of 1994 Cap.82 (Revised
2006) .................................................................................................................................................. 30
4.4.11 Business Registrations and Licensing Agency Act No. 30 of 1997 .............................. 31
4.4.12 The Copyright Society of Tanzania (COSOTA) Act No. 7 of 1999 ............................... 31
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4.4.13 The Copyright Act No.14 of 2003 ...................................................................................... 32
4.4.14 The Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC) Act No. 26 of 1997 .......................................... 32
4.4.15 Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004............................................................. 32
4.4.16The Non-Governmental Organizations Act No. 24 of 2002 ............................................ 33
4.4.17 Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Act No. 5 of 1979............................. 33
4.4.18 Tanzania Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Architecture TEMDO Act No. 23 of
1980 ................................................................................................................................................... 33
4.4.19 Centre for Agricultural Mechanization and Rural Technology Act No. 19 of 1981 ..... 34
4.4.20 The Electronic and Postal Communications Act, 2010 .................................................. 34
CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................................................. 35
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK, MONITORING AND EVALUATION ............................................................... 35
5.1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................................................... 35
5.2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF STI STAKEHOLDERS ........................................ 35
5.2.1 The Government's Higher Authority for the STI in the State (President’s Office or the
Prime Minister’s Office) ................................................................................................................... 35
5.2.2 Ministry responsible for Science, Technology and Innovation ........................................ 36
5.2.3 Ministry Responsible for Finance ................................................................................. 36
5.2.4 Ministry Responsible for Regional Administration and Local Government .................... 36
5.2.5 Ministry Responsible for Public Service Management .............................................. 37
5.2.6 Ministry Responsible for Industries and Trade ........................................................... 37
5.2.7 Ministry Responsible for Education .............................................................................. 37
5.2.8 Ministry Responsible for Energy ................................................................................... 37
5.2.9 Ministry Responsible for Minerals ........................................................................................ 37
5.2.10 The Agricultural Sector Lead Ministries ............................................................................ 38
5.2.11 Ministry Responsible for Economic Planning ................................................................... 38
5.2.12 Ministry responsible for Foreign Affairs ............................................................................ 38
5.2.13 Other Ministries .................................................................................................................... 38
5.2.14 Local Government Authorities ............................................................................................ 38
5.2.15 Institution responsible for Science, Technology and Innovation ................................... 39
5.2.16 HLI and R&D Institutions ..................................................................................................... 39
5.2.17 Development Partners ......................................................................................................... 39
5.2.18 Tanzania Investment Centre .............................................................................................. 40
5.2.19 National Environment Management Council.................................................................... 40
5.2.20 Non-State Actors .................................................................................................................. 40
MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................................................................ 42
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................... 43
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Agribusiness A broad concept that covers input suppliers, agro-processors,

& traders, exporters and retailers.
Agro-industry A broad concept that refers to the establishment of enterprises
and supply chains for developing, transforming and distributing
specific inputs and products in the agricultural sector.
For purposes of this policy, both terms refer to commercialization

and value addition in the agricultural sector with a focus on pre-
and post-production enterprises and building linkages among
enterprises (FAO, 2007).
Agro-enterprise A unit of economic organization that operates along the agro-
industry value chain.
Business cluster A geographic concentration of interconnected and related
companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in
related industries and associated institutions (e.g., universities,
standards agencies, trade associations) in a particular field that
compete but also cooperate.
Competition The process of individuals or businesses striving to gain a greater
share of the market to buy or sell goods and services.
Contract farming An agreement between farmers and processing and/or marketing
firms for the production and supply of agricultural products under
forward agreements, frequently at pre-determined prices.
Creativity Is the mental and social process–fueled by conscious or
unconscious insight of generating ideas, concepts, and
associations.
Enabling A set of interrelated conditions, external to firms, including the
environment policy, legal and regulatory framework, external trade policy;
governance and institutions, physical security, macro-economic
policies, access to financial and business services, and the
availability of physical and social infrastructure that impact on the
capacity of firms to engage in business in an effective manner.
Food security Refers to the state when all people, at all times, have access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meet their dietary needs
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and lead to an active and healthy life.
Incubator A type of business development service that leases space to new

business ventures and provides them with shared services,
technical assistance, and access to local financial, educational,
and business networks.
Infant industry Is one that is new and in its early stages of development and,
thus, not yet capable of competing against established industry
competitors. An infant industry is sometimes protected by its
Government so as it can attain economies of scale reached by
older competitors.
Innovation The process of translating an idea or invention into a good or
service that creates value for which customers will pay for. It may
be in the form of new or improved products, new or improved
services, or new organizational and managerial measures.
Public good A good that is commonly available to all people within a society or
community and that possess two specific qualities: it is non-
excludable and non-rivalrous. Everyone has access to using it,
and its use does not deplete its availability for future use.
Small and Medium Are companies whose headcount or turnover falls below certain
Enterprises (SMEs) limits. Size thresholds and the legal definition of an SME can vary
according to the sector of economic activity and country.
STI Diplomacy Entails the exploitation of scientific collaboration among nations
to address common interests in STI by building constructive
international partnership.
Transitional Is an economy which is changing from a centrally planned to a
economy free market economy. Transitional economies undergo economic
liberalization (letting market forces set prices and lowering trade
barriers), macroeconomic stabilization where immediate high
inflation is brought under control, restructuring and privatization in
order to create a financial sector and move from public to private
ownership of resources.
Value added The difference between the value of goods and services
produced and the material costs of those goods and services.
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
BRELA - Business Registration and Licensing Agency

CBOs - Community Based Organizations
COSTECH - Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology
CSOs - Civil Society Organizations
EPZA - Export Processing Zones Authority
FBOs - Faith Based Organizations
FDI - Foreign Direct Investment
GDP - Gross Domestic Product
IET - Institution of Engineers Tanzania
IP - Intellectual Property
IPR - Intellectual Property Rights
LGAs - Local Government Authorities
LTPP - Long Term Perspective Plan
MAT - Medical Association of Tanzania
MCST - Ministry of Communication, Science and Technology
MDAs - Ministries, Departments and Agencies
MDGs - Millennium Development Goals
MKUKUTA - Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umaskini,
Tanzania
MNEs - Multi-National Enterprises
MoEST – Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
MUHAS - Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences
NACP - National AIDS Control Program
NEMC - National Environment Management Council
NFAST - National Fund for Advancement of Science and Technology
NGOs - Non-Governmental Organisations
NSRC - National Scientific Research Council
NTEs - New Technology Enterprises
PBA - Plant Breeders Association
PWD - People with Disabilities
R&D - Research & Development
S&T - Science & Technology
STI - Science, Technology & Innovation
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SIDP - Sustainable Industrial Development Policy
SMEs - Small and Medium Enterprises
SoEs - Spin-off- Enterprises
TAAS - Tanzania Academy of Sciences
TACAIDS - Tanzania Commission for AIDS
TAREA - Tanzania Renewable Energy Association
TDV2025 - Tanzania Development Vision 2025
TIC - Tanzania Investment Centre
UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
URT - United Republic of Tanzania
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PREFACE
Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) are continuously evolving consequent to

structural shifts in the world economy, steady globalization of innovative activities as
well as the rise in new actors and new ways of innovating. Every passing day, new
innovations, technologies and services are emerging over the horizon. As STI
become the cornerstone of our daily activities; Governments, businesses and
individuals must keep on innovating and adapting to this new reality. Despite notable
importance of STI as enablers of socioeconomic development, Tanzania’s economic
growth shows over-dependence on imported high costs technologies and
innovations; and lagging high-tech and modern service industry as a result of weak
indigenous innovation capability. This trend needs to be reversed. The guiding
principles for our STI undertakings over the coming years are: indigenous
innovation, leapfrogging in priority fields, enabling development, and incubation of
both locally developed and imported technologies and innovations. In view of that
the government intends to promote original innovations, integrated innovations, and
re-innovation based on assimilation and absorption of imported technologies, in
order to improve our national innovation and technology capability. Special emphasis
should be directed towards technologies with direct impact on priority fields that are
linked with the national economy and peoples’ livelihood, to strive for breakthroughs
and realize leaping developments.
The pace of economic growth also depended on translation of results from the
scientific research and development work. In the same token the emergence of
disruptive and technologies poses new challenges and opportunities. Hence,
developing countries including Tanzania need to strengthen the governance,
coordination and increase investment to support STI development, for economic
growth and human development.
The new Policy is as a result of revision of the National Science and Technology
Policy of 1996. The broad objective of the policy is to provide a national framework
for promoting application of STI in solving societal challenges and enhancing
socioeconomic development. The National Science, Technology and Innovation
(STI) Policy, is expected to enhance; inter alia, the governance and coordination of
STI; stakeholder’s involvement; access to financial support; exploitation of disruptive
and impactful technologies; as well as government-academia-industry linkages.
The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MoEST), which is the custodian
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of this Policy, will pioneer its implementation in close collaboration with COSTECH,
other sectoral ministries, higher learning and research and development institutions,
regulatory authorities and local government authorities to name a few.
In conclusion, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to all individuals and institutions

who worked tirelessly in the development of this policy document. I call upon
continued support, collaboration and cooperation of all stakeholders to ensure that
the objectives of this Policy are fully realized in favour of transforming Tanzania’s
economy into a knowledge-led economy.
Hon. Prof. Adolf Mkenda (MP)

MINISTER
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) are key drivers for economic growth
and human development. The STI lies at the heart of productivity, growth and
job creation, and distinguishes traditional from modern economies. Traditional
economies obtain their competitive advantages from natural resources
including agricultural land, labour and capital. Modern economies obtain their
competitive advantages from a broader set of characteristics that prominently
include the capacity to utilize STI in favour of enhancing productivity and
economic growth. As such, the comparative and competitive advantage of a
country can be created through its human skills, organization, competence,
productivity of scientific and technological base guided by STI policy and
corporate decisions. The economic advancement and global competitive edge
of industrialized and emerging economies have resulted, to a great extent, from
integrating innovation in Science and Technology.
Historically, policy transition has evolved through approximately three eras:

the 1960s and early 1970s, regarded as, the era of science policies; the late
1970s and 1990s, the era of S&T policies; and the 2000s onwards, the era of
STI policies. Like in many countries, STI has been on the agenda of the
United Republic of Tanzania since 1960s. This is substantiated by the
establishment of National Science Research Council (NSRC) “UTAFITI” in
1968. The establishment of NSRC was preceded by the National S&T Policy
of 1985. This Policy was implemented during the period where
macroeconomic policies and strategies were under state ownership. During
that period, the country was also undertaking vast economic reforms
consequent to major political and economic hurdles that weakened the
country’s economy. Those hurdles included inter alia: the breakup of the East
African Community in 1977; Kagera war of 1978 to 1979; fluctuation of
international prices for exported commodities; and high variability in weather
conditions.
In order to cater for current demands and emerging challenges, the S&T policy
of 1985 was revised in 1996 by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher
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Education leading to the S&T Policy of 1996. This policy broadly aimed at
guiding inter alia; the development of national capabilities in S&T, spelling out
the priority areas of research and development, and setting up efficient
institutional framework and linkages. The implementation of the policy has
helped the country achieve a number of milestones including among others
establishment of National Fund for Advancement of Science and Technology
(NFAST); increase of annual budgetary allocation on STI; increase and
modernization of research infrastructures and facilities; increase in the number
of researchers; establishment of new S&T and research and development
institutions; as well as introduction of technology and innovation spaces.
Despite the aforementioned achievements, implementation of S&T policy of

1996 encountered a number of limitations, which include among others, lack
of a clear STI governance and leadership framework; inadequate skilled
human resource and research facilities/infrastructures; low pace in providing
training on STI; inadequate financial resources for STI; low pace in local
innovation, low pace in technology transfer and diffusion; weak governance
and coordination systems of the National Innovation System (NIS); under
exploitation of indigenous resources and knowledge systems towards
socioeconomic development; weak industry-academia-government linkages;
inadequate collaboration and partnerships on strategic STI areas; and
inefficient national Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) framework. Above all, the
S&T Policy of 1996 did not provide for innovation, which in the current world
forms one of the most key drivers of industrialization, economic growth and
human development thereof.
The government of the United Republic of Tanzania (URT) recognizes and

attests that STI is required to drive competitiveness and industrialization for
human development. This is in line with the National and international
development agenda; The National Development Vision 2025 (TDV 2025)
and Long Term Perspective Plan (LTPP), and African Union Agenda 2063
and Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy for Africa 2024 (STISA
2024) respectively. Therefore, inclusion of innovation and re-configuration of
STI as a whole has become extremely important than ever before. The new
policy, herein referred to as the National Science, Technology and Innovation
(STI) Policy, sets an enabling environment towards that endeavour. It is
2
envisaged that successful and timely implementation of the STI Policy will
enable Tanzania maximise the contribution of STI in addressing prevailing
and emerging societal challenges, let alone in becoming internationally
competitive in trade and service delivery. The STI policy will, on the other
hand, enhance and streamline the coordination, ownership and
institutionalization of STI across all levels of governance including, most
importantly, the Local Government Authorities (LGAs).
1.2 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF STI IN TANZANIA

1.2.1 Overview of the performance of STI in Tanzania
The URT continues to re-evaluate and reconfigure the coordination and
regulatory framework governing STI amidst the current global demands and
challenges. Establishment of NSRC, described in the previous section,
represented the Tanzania’s first ever legal instrument for governing and
coordinating STI. This instrument, however, had skewed mandates focusing
mainly on scientific research. The NSRC was preceded by the COSTECH
established by the Act No. 7 of 1986 (CAP 226 R.E. 2002). Unlike the NSRC,
COSTECH is vested with broader mandates and scope regarding the
governance, coordination and promotion of science and technology.
Currently, COSTECH remains the principle advisor to the government on all
matters pertaining to STI as well as their utilization in enhancing the country’s
socio-economic development.
Tanzania has continued to make progress in formulating and implementing

strategic policies that require STI as inputs for their implementation. In this
regard, the country has increasingly benefited from the end-results of STI
including among others the disruptive digital technologies (cloud computing,
cyber security, artificial intelligence, internet of things, robotics, machine
learning and block chain; 3D printing); biotechnology; nanotechnology;
mechatronics; energy storage and automation. A competitive production and
trading system can be established through leveraging STI to create dynamic
value chains and provide a reliable market for production and trading in the
primary sectors of agriculture, livestock, tourism, forestry and minerals
extraction. The strategic exploitation of STI will increase domestic production
and thereof the export trade capacity and growth.
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1.2.2 Coordination of Science, Technology and Innovation in Tanzania
In order to leapfrog the performance and contribution of STI to the country’s
socioeconomic development, a robust governance, coordination and national
framework is required. Currently, the governance and coordination of STI is
pioneered by MoEST in collaboration with COSTECH, other sectoral
ministries as well as public and private HLIs and R&D institutions. COSTECH
serves as the principle advisory organ to the government, through MoEST, on
all matters pertaining to STI and scientific research in the country. Other
sectoral ministries play a complementary role in coordinating and promoting
STI and research activities conducted under their jurisdiction. Public and
private HLIs, R&D institutions and agencies are considered as affiliate
institution to COSTECH as provided so by the Act No. 7 of 1986 (CAP 226
R.E. 2002).
1.2.3 Overview of STI Stakeholders

In order to respond to societal needs, the government has worked
collaboratively with different stakeholders including; primary and tertiary
education institutions, R&D institutions, regulatory bodies, professional
bodies, industries (public and private), financial institutions, grassroot
innovators, media, development partners, international organizations, non-
governmental actors, to promote STI for socioeconomic development.
Notable examples of stakeholders and accompanying programmes, which
have promoted the advancement STI in Tanzania include; Swidish
International Development Cooperation (SIDA); United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Information Society and
ICT Sector Development Project in Tanzania (TANZICT) and Southern
Africa Innovation Support Programme (SAIS); Innovation and Science
Clusters Programme (ISCP-Tz); Tanzania Gatsby Trust Fund; Human
Development Innovation Fund (HDIF), FUNGUO Programme under UNDP
to mention few.
1.2.4 Achievement of the National Science and Technology Policy of 1996

In collaboration with the aforementioned and several other stakeholders, the
implementation of the S&T Policy of 1996 achieved the following
milestones:
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(i) Government commitment and goodwill
(a) Establishment of new public STI institutions including:
Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology (NM-
AIST) Arusha; Mbeya University of Science and Technology (MUST);
Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology (DIT) and Tanzania Atomic
Energy Commission (TAEC); and establishment of innovation and
incubation spaces (Buni hub and DTBi);
(b) Allocation of human and financial resources to facilitate
operationalization of STI programmes;
(c) Continued investment and promotion of Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) as well as Entrepreneurship
and Management at levels of education;
(d) Comprehensive review of the national education system with
particular emphasis on strengthening provision of technical and soft
skills;
(e) Strengthening coordination of the NIS through COSTECH; and
(f) Provision of enabling environment for establishment and growth of
private innovation and technology start-ups, Small and Medium
Income Enterprises (SMEs) coupled with several policies such as
SMEs policy of 2003; Sustainable Industrial Development Policy
(SIDP) of 1996 as well as TDV 2025 and LTPP 2025.
(ii) Increased number of researchers, technologies and innovation outputs

During implementation the S&T Policy 1996, the number of R&D personnel
increased from 6,502 in 2013/14 to 10,966 in 2020/2021. Furthermore, the
number of researchers per million of population increased from 40 in 2006/7
to 69 in 2013/2014. Notable examples of technology and innovations generated
include: development and scale-up of oil expeller technology; small-scale
sugar production technology; amalgam retort for use in small scale gold
processing; brick-making machines; animal feed mixers; and a medical waste
incinerator; nano-filter technology for purification of water; and Newcastle
disease vaccine. Moreover, other achievements include the development and
dissemination of transport technologies at the Tanzania Automobile
Technology Centre including a 5-tonne truck, fire-truck, water pumps,
equipment for small scale cashew-nut processing, cassava processing
equipment and a motorized hand-driven tractors. In addition,
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researchers/innovators have developed and disseminated simple
technologies for extraction of dyes from barks of mangrove trees, production
of sodium hydroxide, school chalk production, adhesives from cashew-nut
shell liquid, vegetable oil from indigenous plants, cost-effective technologies
for mushrooms cultivation, biogas as well as improved fuel wood and charcoal
stoves.
(iii)Promotion STI through the National Innovation System (NIS)

In Tanzania, a number of reforms have happened with direct or indirect
impact on shaping the STI landscape. Government reforms have redefined
the role of LGAs in economic and development activities; increased the role
of private sector; a greater need for a knowledgeable society that is able to
effectively participate in a technology driven economy; and increased role of
the regional and international collaboration and of Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI), Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) and joint ventures in research. On
the global arena, there has been a parade of emerging technologies and
scientific breakthroughs including; digital technologies; nanotechnology;
biotechnology; mechatronics; energy storage, genomics and bioinformatics
which are the pillars of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR).
1.2.5 Limitations and Challenges during the Implementation of National S&T

Policy of 1996
Despite several milestones achieved from implementation of the national S&T
policy of 1996, the following limitations and challenges were encountered;
(i) Weak STI Governance and coordination structure

A typical governance structure for STI in developed and emerging economies
includes four levels, which constitute of: a high-level mechanism at the first
level; the Ministry responsible with STI sector leadership mandates at the
second level; central STI coordination and regulatory bodies at the third level;
as well as various public and private STI stakeholders at the fourth level.
The STI governance and coordination structure in Tanzania is skewed with
gaps and weaknesses in some of the areas, the fundamental one being lack
of the high-level STI leadership mechanism, which renders the cross-sectoral
coordination and management of STI and research rather difficult and
impossible in other cases. In other countries, high-level STI leadership is
constituted by a special committee placed at one of the highest loci of the
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government such as in the President’s office or the Prime Minister’s office.
This is different in Tanzania since MoEST is not in the position to formulate a
practical systemic policy framework that will promote and coordinate the
innovation system as far as the other ministries are concerned. The reason
being that it is considered to be just like other line ministries rather than a
system-wide facilitator. Moreover, it lacks capacity in terms of human
resource in STI and enabling structures. This has led to lack of common
understanding of STI across ministries, and has resulted into competition
instead of complementarities.
The STI leadership mechanism practiced in other countries, and strongly
recommended elsewhere in this policy, would help Tanzania address the
existing and emerging challenges within the current NIS. Among other things,
the recommended committee would serve for foresight functions in
partnership with other oversight non governmental actors such as the
Tanzania Academy of Science (TAAS) and civil and professional
organizations. This kind of a setup normally creates enduring networks
linking business, the science base and the government. It also provides an
important organ to develop a forward-thinking culture on technology
requirements, business opportunities and threats by identifying strategic
research areas and developments of STI that will help the country meet its
future needs. Moreover, it provides an overall platform where STI budgets
will get their priority within the overall government budget; and harmonizes
the interactions of STI policiy with other national policies. If premised within
such arrangement, the Ministry responsible for science and technology, as a
cross-cutting instrument, will be able to harmoniously and efficiently set
common governance standards and quality assurance mechanisms for STI.
(ii) Inadequate Efforts toward Human Resource Development and Facilities

Effective STI system for socio-economic development requires a
comprehensive, adequate and competent human resource, which is still
inadequate in the country. The proportion of individuals entering the
workforce with high skills is at 3.5% lower than the national target of at least
12%. There has been a discrepancy between the output of HLIs and labour
market needs, which is mostly attributed to curricula that lack direct linkages
with the industry needs. The horizontal and vertical mobility of the country’s
labour force is greatly restricted by low level of skills and responsiveness.
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The country is encountering high volume of low skills and low volume of high
skills labour force relative to what is needed to advance and sustain the
contribution of STI to foster competitiveness and industrialisation for human
development. The currently experienced shortage of labour force includes,
but not limited to, technically skilled artisans, graduate engineers, young
researchers and full-time researchers in HLIs and R&D institutions. To
address these skills gaps, mismatch and other shortfalls, the government in
collaboration with key stakeholders has developed the National Skills
Development Strategy (NSDS) of 2016, which provides a framework for
enhancing skills development and employability of graduates.
Facilities for research and incubation of innovations and technologies are

grossly inadequate both in terms of quantity and quality. Also, there is a
shortage required research and innovation infrastructure including state-of-
the-art laboratory equipment; technologies and innovation facilities; design
studios as well as fabrication centres. Besides, the research and innovation
facilities available in several R&D institutions, some are dilapidated and
poorly maintained. Furthermore, there is inadequate inter-institutional
collaboration. As such, there is a huge diversity in terms of research and
innovation infrastructure with some of the institutions having ultra-modern
laboratories, world class researchers and technicians, while others are
battling with aged research and innovation infrastructures.
Moreover, despite the government’s efforts to establish a number of R&D

institutions and training of researchers in the country, the benefits of
research and innovations are yet to be fully realized. Only few research
results and innovations have been converted into tangible products and/or
services. Moreover, inadequate participation of the private sector due to
limited incentives attract firms to invest in STI. Furthermore, the system of
research and innovation management and funding unsatisfactorily
coordinated.
(iii) Slow Progress in Expanding STI Education and Training

Tanzania has significantly expanded its education system since
independence. However, less progress has been recorded in science and
technology. Student enrolment in the sciences at all levels of education has
not been in tandem with the above achievements. The current science
8
teaching facilities are insufficient, run down and overwhelmed by the student
population.
The teaching of science and technology subjects at ordinary level secondary

schools (Form I – IV) is not mandatory to cultivate interests among children
and youths right from pre-primary education. The quality and relevance of the
school science curriculum and provisions for proper teaching and learning in
terms of content, teaching staff, facilities, pedagogical methods, and the
possibility to impart practical skills are not in favour of improving science
education delivery. Despite government`s efforts to increase the capacity of
training teachers, the proportion and quality of trained science teachers in
primary and secondary schools has increased over time.
(iv) Low STI Funding Level

Despite the Government’s commitment to promote STI through the
establishment of NFAST, the level of funding has remained relatively low.
The current R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP for Tanzania is still
around 0.48% compared to proposed 1% in the Lagos Plan of Action of 1980.
Also, there is overreliance on the development partners when it comes to
funding research and innovation activities. Furthermore, the private sector,
including individuals, business entities, trade unions and community
organizations have not been sensitized sufficiently to maximize their
participation to support STI programmes.
(v) Low pace of Technology Transfer and Diffusion

Innovation in the form of new processes, products and services form the
basis for sustainable economic development. Countries that are not
innovating end up losing incomes and therefore remain prone to poverty.
Unfortunately, Tanzania appears to experience such situation as there are
inadequate mechanisms for identifying and linking existing knowledge with
production of different forms of innovations. Most technologies and
innovations produced by grassroot innovators and researchers in HLIs and
R&D institutions with potential for commercialization are produced by R&D
institutions are not pursued to the end. As such, there are only few pilot
initiatives for commercialization of innovations and technologies,
undertaken by individual HL and R&D institutions, but have not been
replicated countrywide.
9
Furthermore, there is lack of data on STI indicators, which in turn contribute
to the mismatch between the supply and demand for technologies in the
country. This is a serious shortfall in understanding the country’s
technological needs across different socio-economic sectors.
(vi) Weak Coordination of the National Innovation System

A functional NIS requires a political will and commitment at the national level
coupled with effective planning, monitoring and evaluation across the
ecosystem. This is important in determining the level of investment to be
dedicated for STI activities. In most cases, STI activities are conducted in
isolation and/or do not correspond with national development priorities and
societal needs. Consequently, there is a mismatch between research and
innovation output and societal needs. Inadequate national STI coordination
system is one of the reasons for failure to translate most of potentially useful
innovations from R&D institutions and individuals, into tangible products,
processes and services.
(vii) Underutilization of Indigenous Resources and Knowledge Systems

Tanzania is bestowed with a rich heritage of indigenous knowledge as well as
natural resources that include land, water and bio-diversity which if exploited
fully could create remarkable wealth and employment opportunities. The
intensification of research and innovation efforts in indigenous knowledge
such as traditional medicine is likely to contribute to fundamental advances in
health care. Despite the said advantages in indigenous resources and
knowledge in the country, there is modest effort in exploiting such potentials
for commercial purposes. The available indigenous resources and traditional
knowledge are not well documented and protected. Furthermore, there is no
one stop centre in the country where such indigenous knowledge systems
are documented for other people to learn and develop them further.
(viii) Weak Industry-Academia-Government Linkages

The Ministry responsible for STI is mandated with oversight and coordination
role of research and innovation activities in the country. Most of the
coordination roles on all matters pertaining to scientific research,
technological development and innovation are undertaken by COSTECH.
However, the legal framework that established COSTECH with its
coordinating mandate remains weak thus compromising its authority, direct
10
influence or power to coordinate and steer R&D institutions throughout the
country. Apparently, COSTECH does not have a clearly defined legal
framework to institute or facilitate harmonious functioning of all institutions
dealing with promotion, development, transfer and utilization of research and
innovation outputs. There are no clearly defined structural and functional
linkages to harmonize and synchronize the functions and/or activities of
R&D/STI institutions. Consequently, STI remain marginalized and thus
ineffective in driving the industrialization thrust. One of the most sited reasons
is weak linkages between HLIs, R&D institutions and the industry. Most,
business firms have low appetite on acquiring locally generated technologies
and innovations due to low pace of technology production, poor efficiency
and high acquisition cost.
(ix) Inadequate Collaboration and Partnerships in STI strategic areas

Strategic and smart partnership and collaboration between the Government,
research institutions, the private sector and other stakeholders including
grassroot innovators is still weak. Involvement of the diaspora in strategic
STI areas such as resources mobilization, capacity building and technology
transfer has not been sufficiently exploited. This has consequently led to
under-exploitation of the available national and international funding and
other support opportunities.
(x) Weak National IPR Regime

A functional legal and regulatory framework for IPR embodies the basic
principles of legal protection through patent, copyright, trademark and or
plant breeders’ right. To date, the national IPR policy covering broad aspects
of R&D and innovation, and the protection of IP is not available.
Consequently, there is limited awareness and low capacity on IPR
management and inadequate enabling environment and support mechanism
to enable researchers, innovators and industrialists to identify and protect
novel ideas, inventions and innovations. The situation has stalled the
contribution of research and innovation in socio-economic development
processes through loss of anticipated loyalties from the licensed innovations
and inventions. In view of the above challenges, proper IPR frameworks are
needed to enhance commercialization of research outputs and innovations,
thereby enhancing the establishment of spin-off companies and industries
from R&D and innovation activities. The current STI system has limited
11
capacity to facilitate the creation and commercialization of research and
innovation outputs for socioeconomic benefits. Therefore, there is urgent
need to develop a clear legislative provision and regulatory framework to
support institutional mechanisms for registering and licensing technologies
and innovations.
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CHAPTER TWO
RATIONALE, VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES
2.1 RATIONALE
Worldwide, innovations and technologies are drastically changing the way we
conduct businesses, a situation we could not foresee only a decade ago.
Both production and service sectors have improved their productivity through
adoption and adaption of emerging technologies and innovations coupled
with sound STI policies. Policies that promote science and technological
learning and innovation can stimulate structural change, enhance
competitiveness and ensure sustainable economic development. Experience
from both the middle income and developed countries, have shown that a
vibrant NIS coupled with profound applications of STI are fundamental in
migrating from the agriculture-based to knowledge-based economy as well
as from consumer-based to producer-based economy. Success of a number
of emerging countries in technological and economic catching-up has
renewed interest in STI. For example, the rapid and sustained growth of the
South-East Asian economies was realized due to strategic investment,
allocation of financial, physical and human resources to highly productive STI
investments, to allow acquisition and mastering of emerging technologies.
The National S&T Policy of 1996 achieved a number of milestones while

encountering some limitations that drawn as lessons in redefining the current
national STI system. Analysis of the global technological transformations
indicate that innovation has redefined the global economic trends. As
Tanzania strives to become a high middle-income country and in view of the
limitations encountered during implementation of the National Science and
Technology Policy of 1996, it is obvious that it has been overtaken by the
current STI trends. This prompts review of current policy to articulate
innovation issues to accelerate technological advances and innovation for
realising competitiveness and industrialisation for human development. The
strategic role of STI in Tanzania’s development has been further elaborated
in the FYDP III 2021/2022 – 2025/2026, NDV 2025 and LTPP and aligned to
AU Agenda 2063 and STISA-2024 and Sustainable development Goals
2030. It is anticipated that the National STI Policy will accelerate the
country’s transition to an innovation-led and knowledge-based economy.
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Maximum exploitation of opportunities that are inherent in disruptive
technologies would advance Tanzania from a low middle-income to
developed economy. Disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence
(AI), robotics, block chain, drones, internet of things, big data, mechatronics,
nanotech and software-enabled industrial platforms have great potential for
impact on economic development.
The National STI Policy with its implementation plan will save as framework
for various stakeholders to work towards a common goal albeit within the
context of their particular sectors. This will be achieved through enhanced
strategic STI governance and leadership; technology foresight; setting up
National STI agenda; integrative system thinking; setting and managing STI
standards, IP protection and management, information management and
removing barriers for innovations. Furthermore, the policy is expected to
provide the highest possible national prominence; mainstreaming STI into all
economic sectors; promoting a scientific culture across the board; creating a
mechanism for setting up and periodically reviewing the national STI agenda;
and creating participatory mechanisms for reconnaissance, fore-sighting,
planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation system.
2.2 VISION AND MISSION

2.2.1 Vision
To have a nation with capacity and capability to harness and apply science,
technology and innovation for building a knowledge-based economy
2.2.2 Mission
To guide the nation towards building a productive and efficient National
Innovation System that is responsive to the needs and aspirations of
Tanzanians
2.3 OBJECTIVES
2.3.1 Main objective

The overarching objective of this policy is to enhance the enabling
environment and contribution of STI to Tanzania’s socio-economic
development.
2.3.2 Specific objectives

In order to realize the vision and mission of the National STI Policy, its
14
implementation will aim at achieving the following fundamental objectives:
a) To strengthen and streamline the governance and coordination of
National STI system;
b) To strengthen Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) and financial
mechanisms in view of promoting development, commercialization and
transfer of innovations and technologies;
c) To enhance the country’s STI competitiveness at regional and international
level;
d) To strengthen the country’s capacity and capability on STI through
reinforcement of skills base, establishment of state-of-the-art
infrastructures/facilities and exploitation of emerging technologies;
e) To sustain the growth of National STI system through reinforcement of
industry-academia-government linkages within the country and beyond;
f) To ensure inclusiveness of disadvantaged and underrepresented
groups on the STI activities;
g) To nurture STI for sustainable use and management of the environment;
and
h) To strengthen research, innovation and information management for
natural disasters, and communicable and non-communicable diseases
national response.
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CHAPTER THREE
POLICY ISSUES AND STATEMENTS
3.1 POLICY ISSUES
3.1.1 Policy Issue: Governance of Science, Technology and Innovation

A strong STI ecosystem can prosper only when premised within an efficient
governance mechanism with functional autonomy, transparency and
adaptability to changes. The typical governance structure of STI in developed and
emerging economies is constituted of: a High-level Office at the first level; a
Government Ministry responsible for STI matters at the second level; central STI
coordination and regulatory body(s) at the third level; and the various STI stakeholders
comprising of both the public and private sector entities at the fourth level. The existing
STI governance structure in Tanzania is missing the High-level STI leadership
mechanism, which in some countries it constitutes of special committee placed at a
high locus of the Government either in the President’s or Prime Minister’s office. Since
STI is a crosscutting and a diverse agenda, it is expected to facilitate development in all
sectors. As such, the lack of High-level STI leadership results into weak coordination
and resource mobilization across Ministries. Even though COSTECH is responsible for
coordinating and promoting research, technology and innovation activities in the
country, it does not have the desired legal mandate to demand planning,
implementation and reporting of STI activities, funded by sources other than the
commission itself.
In view of the above situation, there is a need to build a robust STI policy governance
and coordination system with respect to evidence gathering through data and policy
research, evidence-based policy making, policy to programme translation and
interconnection, implementation, monitoring, review/assessment, and feedback.
Setting up an institutional mechanism for STI policy research in different sectors and
thereby strengthening the evidence-supported science advice mechanism is one of the
top priorities. Agile policy governance in place will respond to emerging challenges
whilst meeting current demands at the sub-national and national level. Therefore, it is
of paramount importance to establish a clear mechanism to facilitate smooth
implementation of all STI related strategies, plans and activities for socioeconomic
development. This will increase efficiency in identifying and implementing STI priority
interventions while harmonizing coordination at different levels to facilitate attainment
of the national STI strategic goals and priorities.
16
(a) Policy objective
Governance and coordination of the STI system streamlined and strengthened
(b) Policy statements

The government in collaboration with stakeholders shall:-
(i) Establish a High-level STI Committee either under President’s or Prime
Minister’s office;
(ii) Ensure that STI activities are integrated to the routine operations of the
government;
(iii) Ensure that LGAs allocate financial and other resources for STI in their
annual budgets to support grassroot innovation.
3.1.2 Policy issue: National Innovation System

Functioning NIS requires efficient legal framework (policies, laws, regulations,
standards and guidelines); infrastructure (financing mechanism, hubs, innovation
spaces); and innovators (companies, academic institutions, R&D institutions,
industries and individuals). This is facilitated by interactions between various
actors in the pursuit of a common set of socioeconomic goals and objectives.
Weak coordination and linkages among institutions continue to pose a huge a
challenge. Other challenges include, poor mainstreaming of STI in sectoral plans,
strategies and funding initiatives. Inadequate STI coordination framework is a
serious impediment to the innovation ecosystem in Tanzania. More importantly,
there are no incentive schemes to invigorate collaboration and engagement
among institutions and innovators. Similarly, there is a low level and weak
mechanism to implement the Agreement of Lagos Plan of Action of 1980 which
set 1% of GDP to support R&D activities in African countries.
Furthermore, the NIS is faced with inadequate systems and/or mechanisms for
ensuring appropriate information gathering, archiving, dissemination and
accessibility. Research results and innovations from HLIs and R&D institutions,
and individuals are documented and some are published in local and
international journals, which have limited accessibility to the general public.
Indigenous knowledge and technologies are not well documented or protected
due to inadequate capacity to collect, archive and disseminate research and
innovation outputs. Formulation of standards for evaluation of indigenous
technologies, products and processes is an important basis for their promotion.
Tanzania’s regulatory framework of intellectual property rights includes BRELA,
17
which is responsible for administration of patents and registration of trade and
service; and COSTECH being responsible for aiding in searching the IP
database to researchers and innovators, and promoting commercialization by
facilitating establishment of innovation spaces and incubation hubs. However,
the existing framework shows weak linkage between these institutions in
executing their mandate on STI as well as in facilitating effective creation and
commercialization of research and innovation outputs. Moreover, there is no
one stop centre where STI knowledge is documented for public consumption. In
order to guarantee return on investment for STI institutions, there is a need to
devise a mechanism for proper coordination of STI activities, support creation,
protection, utilization and commercialization of innovations from R&D
institutions. This will also increase economic competitiveness from products,
process and services innovations for socioeconomic development.

Legal and regulatory frameworks, financial mechanisms and standards
that enhance STI development improved

The government in collaboration with stakeholders shall:
(i) Redress legal and regulatory frameworks to enhance commercialization
of locally developed innovations and technologies;
(ii) Establish financing options that are accessible to all categories of
innovators and industrialists; and
(iii) Set and enforce standards for local and foreign innovations and
technologies; and
(iv) Enhance access and sharing of STI information and other resources.
3.1.3 Policy issue: International Collaboration and Cooperation in STI

Strong international, regional and bilateral collaboration and cooperation in STI may
lead to fast development of innovation across all sectors of economy. Lessons
learnt from the developed countries have revealed that their sources of growth and
efficiency of the national STI systems increasingly depend on technology transfer
from foreign countries in addition to locally developed technologies. Tanzania has
ratified a number of agreements, protocols and treaties, and signed Memoranda of
Understanding (MoU) on STI at regional and international level. Given the scope of
international co-operation in STI, the government adopted some measures to widen
18
programmes in favour of its STI plans. Despite the Government efforts to foster
collaborations and cooperation with other stakeholders on STI at sub-regional,
regional and international levels, the potential use of expertise has not been fully
exploited in the country. For a long time, the focus was on attracting FDIs towards
commercial production without considering technology transfer and development of
national science and technology base. Thus, there is a need of a policy mix in order to
attract FDIs, multinational enterprises (MNEs), joint ventures (JVs), international
research collaborations in emerging technologies that will not only benefit society and
the economy, but will also benefit the national STI system.
Moreover, the involvement of the diaspora has been minimal despite the
Government’s efforts to foster collaboration with regional and international STI
institutions and development partners. Therefore, this Policy intends to encourage
active engagement in STI diplomacy, and promote a two-way mobility of scientists
and innovators from the diaspora and local scientists overseas.

The country’s STI competitiveness at regional and international level enhanced

The Government in collaboration with stakeholders shall:
(i) Domesticate regional and international agreements, protocols and treaties as well
as signed Memoranda of Understanding on STI;
(ii) Promote industry-academia-government linkages, collaborations and cooperation
on STI nationally, regionally and internationally;
(iii) Establish mechanisms for enhancing the contribution of diaspora on STI
development;
(iv) Establish mechanisms that enhance private sector’s involvement and
contribution on STI; and
(v) Enhance transfer of locally developed and useful foreign technologies.
3.1.4 Policy issue: Critical Mass of Human Capital in STI

The strength of National STI base depends on quality of education and training in
STEM at all education levels. The country’s ability to build and sustain innovation
capacity called for by FYDPIII (2021/22-2025/26), TDV 2025, AU agenda 2063, STISA
2024, and SDG 2030 depends on its ability to develop skills of a world-class level in
key strategic STI areas. Tanzania human resource consists of low skilled manpower,
19
which is incapable of ensuring efficient evaluation and transfer of technologies. There
is a need to develop adequate and competent workforce needed to ensure rapid and
sustained economic development. A systematic and coordinated approach to
popularize STI as a potential career path at both secondary and tertiary education
levels including TVETs is crucial. Human resources development in respect to STI
focuses mostly at skills development and management. The prevailing situation calls
for competent local technicians, engineers and scientists to search for, select,
diffuse, adapt and use technologies from other countries. Hence, the national
education and training system will need to place emphasis on producing qualified
engineers and natural scientists in manufacturing and service provision
enterprises as well as in-service training for STI personnel.

Country’s capacity and capability on STI strengthened

Government in collaboration with other stakeholders shall;
(i) Ensure regular skills mapping for timely identification of skill gaps in STI;
(ii) Ensure availability of critical mass of human resource with requisite skills;
(iii) Improve the country’s capacity in evaluating and utilizing emerging and
impactful technologies;
(iv) Establish state-of-the-art STI infrastructures and facilities for enhancing
commercialization of locally developed innovations and technologies; and
(v) Enhance establishment of startups and industrial parks to promote the
manufacture and commercialization of impactful local and foreign
technologies.
3.1.5 Policy issue: STI and Social Diversity

Access to appropriate and emerging technologies support steady improvements of
living conditions, which can be lifesaving for most vulnerable populations, and drive
productivity gains which enhance GDP per capita. Social diversity is defined by various
factors surrounding a particular society including race, culture, religion, age and
disabilities. Cultural systems have a great influence on practices relevant for adoption
and application of STI. The Government has put in place policy, legal and regulatory
framework for enhancing equitable distribution of social and economic opportunities
including those related to STI resources, opportunities, education and training.
20
Despite several advancements in battling socio-economic inequalities, discrimination
against rural population, women and people with disabilities (PWD), which is
largely perpetuated by socio-economic factors and cultural practices, remains
pervasive in some communities in Tanzania. These practices include inequity in
access to opportunities for socio-economic development and wide disparities within the
population in terms of research opportunities, access to research resources, and the
benefit of research results. Moreover, resources and opportunities have limited benefit
to rural population, women and PWD and geographical dispersedly population. To
adequately and sustainably address these and other related issues, STI will need to be
made more participatory and inclusive so that there is public engagement in the
scientific endeavor from the full spectrum of social actors, including women, young
people and indigenous communities.
(a) Policy Objective

Inclusiveness of marginalized and disadvantaged groups in the advancement
of STI enhanced
(b) Policy Statements

(i) Enhance knowledge and capacity of marginalized and disadvantaged groups
in utilizing STI;
(ii) Promote the development of innovations and technologies that enhance
inclusiveness of marginalized and disadvantaged social groups in
different aspects of life;
(iii) Promote the identification and use of extensive traditional indigenous
knowledge for socio-development; and
(iv) Ensure generation of intellectual property and industrial products through the
interplay between indigenous knowledge/technologies, on the one hand, and
modern science, research and technological innovation.
3.1.6 Policy issue: STI and Sustainable Environmental Conservation and

Management
Scientific advances, technological development, and economic growth have
greatly improved human welfare for a long time. The environment is a source
of natural resources, food, medicines and other basic necessities of life. The
environment and natural resources sector comprise of land, water bodies,
minerals, oil, natural gas, forests, and wildlife. The Tanzania’s Blue economy
21
comprises of vast lakes and rivers as well as extensive ocean resource base.
The Blue Economy can play an overwhelming role in the country’s structural
transformation, sustainable economic progress, and social development.
Application of STI in all aspects of environment management shall be
promoted to enhance sustainability including strengthening the development
and extension of technologies and innovations for sustainable exploitation of
natural resource exploitation and management. Knowledge‐based
technologies will be used to reinforce the current efforts designed for the
management of environment and natural resources. Nevertheless,
technological advances that bring about such benefits have also generated
threats and risks that have never been experienced before the industrial revolution
including; pollution resulting from industrial production and modern transport
systems, hazardous wastes, spread of confined diseases, global warming, and
loss of biodiversity.
Climate change is heightening the frequency and intensity of environmental

disasters, causing devastating economic losses and forcing us to rethink our
approach to development, especially with regard to food, water and energy
security, health care, construction and environmental management. There is
evidence that the current decline in wildlife populations, which is among other
factors associated with conversion of forest to agriculture, urbanization,
hunting and wildlife trade, has facilitated the transmission of fast spreading
zoonotic disease pathogens to humans. Significant initiatives have been
undertaken by the Government to conserve the environment including, putting in
place policy, legal and institutional frameworks for environmental
management and climate change. Various programmes and interventions
targeting environmental conservation and climate change are also
implemented by the Government and other actors in collaboration with the
development partners. Nevertheless, the application of STI to all aspects of
environmental management and sustainability needs to be emphasized over
and above the on-going initiatives.

STI nurtured for Sustainable use and management of the environment promoted.

22
(i) Advocate STI interventions that embrace sustainable environmental
conservation and management;
(ii) Promote application of alternative technologies to conserve and manage all
forms of natural resources sustainability;
(iii) Ensure STI capacity to monitor, predict and mitigate the adverse effects of
natural disasters;
(iv) Promote research and development activities that promote sustainability of
ecosystems and ecological processes; and
(v) Enhance the use of clean technologies in production systems.
3.1.7 Policy issue: STI and natural disaters, communicable and non-
communicable diseases
Natural disasters can have a huge life-altering impacts on individuals and
communities at large causing loss of life and other health impacts, property
damage, loss of livelihood and services, socioeconomic disruption or
environmental damage. Similarly both communicable and non-communicable
diseases can adversely affect individuals, households, communities and the
nation at large in many ways. Hence, evidence–based planning is needed to
guide the development, implementation and monitoring of national responses
and/or initiatives. The widespread use of effective, science-based interventions
to motivate and sustain behaviour change provides an important approach to
reducing the communicable and non-communicable diseases. Innovations
are particularly needed in light of broader social and climate changes as well
as scientific advances that have highlighted a myriad of factors that may
compromise the success of existing preparedness and prevention efforts. For
example, advances in biomedical HIV prevention efforts represent another
contextual shift; pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis, the development of rectal
microbicides, and early initiation of HIV treatment.
Given the unpredictability of both natural disasters and diseases, sufficient

resources to promote research and development (R&D) of advanced
technologies will remain an urgent global health priority across countries,
Tanzania inclusive, over the next generation.

Research, innovation and information management for natural disasters,
communicable and non-communicable diseases national response
23
strengthened

i) Ensure support for social and medical research priorities as per the national
research agenda;
ii) Enhance the use of appropriate innovations and technologies for
prevention and managing natural disasters and communicable and
non-communicable diseases; and
iii) Employ science, technology and innovation (STI) to enhance awareness
on preparedness and development of new prevention measures.
3.1.7 Policy issue: Youth and Innovation

Innovation and technology are key pillars to fostering youth employment.
Considering the large youth population, youth employment remains a critical
element for sustainable development and should be a top priority on every
government’s agenda. Therefore, the government and stakeholders have a
duty and moral obligation to ensure that all youth are equipped with relevant
skills to unleash local talents. In view of that Youth should be an opportunity
to participate to at the fullest in the knowledge-based and innovation driven
economy which is the basis for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR),
everybody is talking about. In the same spirit the youth will be groomed and
integrated into the National Innovation System.

Innovation culture among youth inculcated to unleash local talents
i) Promote innovation at all levels of the education system;
ii) Encourage activities that draw on the STI capabilities of youth;
iii) Establish award schemes for rewarding innovation among the youth;
iv) Establish mechanisms for encouraging young people to pursue science
subjects;
v) Initiate mechanisms and platforms for identification and development of
talented young scientists; and
vi) Establish a financing mechanism to promote commercialization
innovations and technologies developed by talented youth.
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CHAPTER FOUR
LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR THE SCIENCE,

TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION SECTOR
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In order to facilitate and ensure efficient implementation of the National STI
Policy, it is essential that a supportive legal and regulatory framework be in
place. Regulatory and legal framework is mandatory to act as the foundation
of development of STI system.
4.2 CORE LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR STI

To support effective implementation of this policy, the Government shall
review, repeal and where necessary enact new legislations to address STI
related issues.
4.2.1 The COSTECH Act No. 7 of 1986

The COSTECH Act No. 7 of 1986 articulates institutional framework for
sustainable management and development of STI. It outlines principles for
coordination and monitoring of STI activities; provide for acquisition and
dissemination of STI information; provide for support and promotion of STI
development; and provide for participation of stakeholders and the general
public in STI development.
Main Functional Policy Objectives and Principles

The functional policy objective of COSTECH’s Act is to ensure that the nation's
STI resources are protected, used, developed, conserved, managed and
controlled in compliance with the relevant fundamental principles including:
a) establishment of appropriate legal framework for the development and
transfer of technology;
b) promotion of science and technology as tools for socio-economic
development and protection of national sovereignty;
c) creation of conducive environment for scientific and technological creativity
and improvement of relevant scientific infrastructures;
d) stimulating the generation of scientific and technological knowledge which
is to be applied in socio-economic development;
e) inculcating a science and technology culture in the Tanzanian society;
f) establishment and/or strengthening of national science and technology
25
institutions through provision of adequate facilities;
g) institution of a mechanism for identification, promotion and development of
special talents and aptitudes in science and technology among
Tanzanians, especially youths;
h) promotion of rational utilization of natural resources in order to maintain
sustainable ecological and social balance;
i) promotion of active participation of women in science, technology and
innovation;
j) promotion of appropriate technologies that reduce the chores and
drudgery of life of women, hence releasing them to more productive and
economic ventures;
k) acquiring a national capability and capacity for endogenous decision
making in scientific and technological matters through appropriate
institutional framework and linkages;
l) promotion of commercialization of research results and technologies
generated within the country;
m) promotion of new and emerging technologies with the view of acquiring
capability and capacity to embark on the technologies that will accelerate
the national economy; and
n) promotion and encouragement of the public and private productive sectors
in developing science and technology.
4.2.2 The Atomic Energy Commission (TAEC) Act No. 7 of 2003

The Atomic Energy Act No. 7 of 2003 articulates institutional framework for
controlling the use of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation sources, the
promotion of safe and peaceful uses of atomic energy and nuclear
technology.
Main Functional Policy Objectives and Principles
The functional policy objective of the Act is to ensure that the nation's STI
resources are protected, used, developed, conserved, managed and
controlled in ways which consider the following fundamental principles,
including:
a) enhancement of public awareness about benefits and risks of nuclear
technology;
b) improvement of safety, safeguard and security in using nuclear
technology;
26
c) promotion of peaceful use of nuclear technology for socio- economic
development;
d) strengthening financing mechanism for nuclear programmes;
e) strengthening international and regional cooperation in the use of nuclear
technology;
f) strengthening institutional and legal framework for peaceful application of
nuclear technology;
g) enhancement of national human resource capacity for using nuclear
technology; and
h) Protection of the environment against possible negative effects of using
nuclear technology.
4.4 OTHER LAWS AND REGULATIONS FOR THE STI POLICY 2022
There are other in-country legislations that are relevant for supporting and
facilitating the implementation of STI Policy 2021. These legislations include
among others:
4.4.1 Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Act No. CAP 260 R.E. 2020
Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI) Act (No. CAP 260 R.E) of 2020
provides it the mandate to conduct, coordinate and oversee wildlife research
in the United Republic of Tanzania. The overall purpose of such research is to
generate scientific information and advice to the government, management
authorities and general public on sustainable conservation and utilization of
wildlife resources in the country. This legislation is cognisant of the legal
framework of STI activities as it promotes research and investigation of
various aspects of wildlife for the purpose of establishing, developing or
improvising modern methods or techniques that are relevant to wildlife and
environmental conservation and their management. In the same context, the
legislation provides TAWIRI the mandate for collection and use of wildlife and
their products. Furthermore, the institute is mandated to conduct research and
investigation on wildlife diseases and their causes so as to develop ways and
means of preventing or controlling the occurrence of such diseases. These
mandates are strongly in line with STI and emphasize the significant role of
TAWIRI to that effect.
4.4.2 Tanzania Forestry Research Institute Act No. 5 of 1980

Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI) Act No. 5 of 1980 provides
27
the functions and powers of the Institute in relation to promotion of forestry
research. Precisely, the legislation mandates the institute to carry out the
following: enquiries experiments and research and collection of information for
the purpose of promoting forestry; provide training on forestry; as well as
planting, development, conservation and use of local and foreign trees.
Furthermore, the legislation emphasizes on evaluating the suitability of such
trees for adaptation and alternative use in the wood and other industries
across the United Republic of Tanzania. Based on this legislation, the institute
will have a profound contribution to the actualization of STI Policy, through
evaluating and developing STI-based mechanisms and/or strategies to
ensure sustainable conservation and use of forest resources for supporting
economic growth and human development.
4.4.3 National Institute for Medical Research Act of 1979

National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) Act of 1979 mandates to
perform the following functions:
a) carrying out and promoting medical research designed to alleviate disease
among the people of Tanzania;
b) carrying out and promoting research into various aspects of local
traditional medical practices for the purpose of facilitating development
and application of herbal medicine;
c) promoting or providing facilities for training of local personnel for
conducting scientific research on medical problems;
d) monitoring, controlling and coordinating medical research conducted in
Tanzania or elsewhere on behalf and for the benefit of the country; and
e) establish a system of registration and registering findings of medical
research carried out in Tanzania;
f) promoting practical application of generated research findings in view of
improving or advancing the health and general welfare of the people of
Tanzania.
The aforesaid and other related functions are integral to and emphasize the
potential role of NIMR towards the implementation and realization of STI
Policy.
4.4.4 Tanzania Livestock Research Institute Act of 2012

Tanzania Livestock Research Institute TALIRI Act of 2012 establishes the
functions and powers of the institute, which are centred on carrying out
28
livestock research. Certainly, TALIRI is another key stakeholder with mandates
that shall vehicle the implementation and realization of STI Policy. Precisely,
the institute will among others promote the use of STI in improving animal
breeds, preventing impactful diseases and thereof elevating their overall
production and contribution to economy and human development.
4.4.5 Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute Act No. 10 of 2016

The Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI) Act No. 10 of 2016
mandates the institute to major their operations towards the enhancement and
strengthening of agricultural research system in Tanzania. The Act also
establishes the Agricultural Research Development Fund and provides for
registration of agricultural research projects and service providers. This
legislation will facilitate the implementation of STI Policy primarily through
gathering scientific evidence and exploiting them to develop innovations,
technologies and practices for improving agricultural production and
contribution to economic growth and human development.
4.4.6 The National Council for Vocational and Technical Education Act of 1997
The National Council for Technical Education (NACTVET) establishment Act of
1997 mandates to regulate quality assurance in technical education in the
country. As such, NACTE has a great role to play in favour realizing the STI
Policy, primarily through enhancing the development of critical mass of human
resource with requisite skills on STI.
4.4.7 The Small Industries Development Organization Act of 1973

Small Industries Development Organization (SIDO) establishment Act of 1973
mandates the organization to play a pivotal role in promoting the development
of small industries in Tanzania. This Act emphasizes on different
responsibilities, which will have a direct support to the implementation of STI
activities. The relevant responsibilities emphasized therein include:- carrying
out market research in goods manufactured by small industries in Tanzania;
carrying out research in the development of small industries and marketing of
products thereof, including the standard and quality of such products; providing
technical assistance to persons engaged in small industries; providing
management and consultancy services to small industry enterprises in
Tanzania; and undertaking or assisting any person/entity in conducting
technological research as well as encouraging and promoting technological
29
advancement in Tanzania.
4.4.8 Tanzania Commission for Universities Act Cap.346

The Tanzania Commission for Universities (TCU) establishment Act Cap.346
of 2005 mandates the Commission serve a central role of promoting
accessible, equitable, harmonized and quality university education systems.
The Act indicates three major roles of TCU: regulatory, supportive and
advisory. In terms of the regulatory role, TCU is mandated to conduct periodic
evaluation of universities, their systems and programmes so as to ensure
quality service delivery. This role also involves the registration and
accreditation of new and existing universities respectively. Regarding the
supportive role, TCU ensures the orderly performance of universities and
maintenance of the set quality standards by supporting them in coordinating
students’ admission, offering training and other sensitization interventions in
key areas such as quality assurance, university leadership and management,
resource mobilization as well as gender management and mainstreaming.
TCU also advises the government and general public on matters pertaining to
higher education system, including education policy and programmes
formulation and international higher education issues. The implementation of
such roles is highly supportive and exploitable for the development of STI in
the country. Precisely, the regulatory, advisory and supportive roles played by
the Commission shall enhance the development of critical mass of human
resource with requisite skills on STI.
4.4.9 Tanzania Trade Development Authority Act No. 4 of 2009

The Tanzania Trade Development Authority (TanTrade) establishment Act No.
4 of 2009 instates TanTrade as the premier National Trade Promotion
Organization (TPO) with the overall mandate of developing and promoting
trade in both domestic and international markets as well as regulating all
international trade fairs organized in Tanzania. The authority also addresses
the bottlenecks facing producers, manufactures, traders and exporters of
goods and services in view of improving the contribution of trade to the
national economy. As such, the roles of TanTrade will contribute to the
implementation of STI Policy primarily through stimulating large-scale
production and trade of locally developed innovations and technologies.
4.4.10 Vocational Educational and Training Authority Act No.1 of 1994 Cap.82
30
(Revised 2006)
The Vocational Educational and Training Authority (VETA) establishment Act
No. 1 of 1994 (revised in 2006) the Authority the mandate for establishing
vocational education and training system involving basic and specialized
training that is relevant to the formal and informal sectors; fostering and
promoting entrepreneurial values and skills as an integral part of all training
programmes; promoting on-the-job training in industry for both
apprenticeship training and skills updating and upgrading;
promoting/providing vocational education and training that is in line with the
national socio-economic development plans and policies; as well as
promoting the balancing of supply and demand for skilled labour both in
wage- and self-employment across the country. Therefore, the role of VETA
to the STI system and realization of STI Policy is overwhelming as it provides
probably the largest sphere/space for developing a diverse and critical mass
of innovators and industrialists with requisite hands-on skills. VETA provides
a great avenue for youth from the informal sector.
4.4.11 Business Registrations and Licensing Agency Act No. 30 of 1997

The Business Registrations and Licensing Agency (BRELA) was established
under the Government Executive Agencies Act No. 30 of 1997. The
objectives stipulated in the Act, which essentially support the achievement of
STI objectives include: administering companies and business names laws;
regulating business by administering business and industrial licensing laws;
administering intellectual property laws; encouraging and facilitating local and
foreign business investment; stimulating scientific and technological
inventiveness and innovation, encouraging technology transfer; as well as
protecting innovations related to artistic and literary works. Friendly and
affordable registration and licensing procedures will persuade, to a great
extent, the development of innovations and technologies, and startups and
small scale industries by young and grassroots innovators.
4.4.12 The Copyright Society of Tanzania (COSOTA) Act No. 7 of 1999

The Act of Parliament No. 7 of 1999 established the Copyright Society of
Tanzania (COSOTA) which may contribute to achieving the objectives of STI
by ensuring that innovators receive adequate remuneration from their
efforts/work. The functions of COSOTA include: determining the minimum
rates of royalties to be levied on uses of works and performances; and
31
providing for civil remedies and criminal sanctions against infringers and
pirates. Transparency, fairness and timeliness in expediting these roles are
essential stimulating the participation of young and grassroots innovators
throughout the country.
4.4.13 The Copyright Act No.14 of 2003

The Copyright Act No.14 of 2003 established the Copyright Society of
Zanzibar (COSOZA) that is seconded under the Ministry of Justice and
Constitutional Affairs. This legislation supports the implementation of STI
through protection and management of national and international copyrights.
It is also mandated to promote and protect rights holders as well as collect
and distribute royalties in respect of use of the registered rights.
Transparency, fairness and timeliness in expediting these roles are essential
stimulating the participation of young and grassroots innovators throughout
the country.
4.4.14 The Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC) Act No. 26 of 1997

The Act of Parliament No. 26 of 1997 established Tanzania Investment
Centre (TIC), whose main function is to coordinate, encourage, promote and
facilitate investments in Tanzania. The legislation contributes to the
enhancement of sustainable economic development through attraction of
new investment and maximizing their impact to the national economy. Since
the Centre strives among others for accelerating technology transfer,
expertise acquisition and dialogues with potential investors, it will stimulate
the engagement of innovators and industrialists in developing lucrative
innovations and technologies.
4.4.15 Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004

The Parliament Act No. 20 of 2004 provides for legal and institutional
framework for sustainable management of environment; principles for
management, impact and risk assessments, prevention and control of
pollution, waste management, environmental quality standards, public
participation as well as compliance and enforcement. The legislation will
enhance the implementation of STI Policy primarily through advocating the
development and use of environmentally benign innovations and
technologies.
32
4.4.16The Non-Governmental Organizations Act No. 24 of 2002
The Non-governmental Organisations’ Act No. 24 of 2002 provides instates
the mandate to register, coordinate and regulate activities of NGOs and
related matters as the need may be. The Act will guide the engagement of
NGOs in implementing STI activities while adhering to principles of
transparency and accountability.
4.4.17 Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Act No. 5 of 1979

The Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization (TIRDO)
establishment Act No. 5 of 1979 mandates the Organization to promote
industrial development through applied research leading to the evolution and
development of local materials to be used in industrial process within the
country. The other functions include evaluating the suitability of foreign
industrial techniques and technologies for adaptation and alternative use in
local industrial production; providing technical advisory services to industrial
production firms so as to improve performance and avert or minimize the
sources of industrial pollution. This legislation facilitates implementation of
the policy objectives that points on growth of the National Innovation System
and developing National capacity and capability in STI. Notably, the TIRDO
provides a magnificent avenue for accelerating the evaluation and
customization of disruptive and impactful technologies. In addition, it renders
a technical knowhow avenue for facilitating evidence-based modernization of
locally developed innovations and technologies.
4.4.18 Tanzania Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Architecture TEMDO

Act No. 23 of 1980
The Act of Parliament No. 23 of 1980 established the Tanzania Institute of
Mechanical Engineering and Architecture (TEMDO). The institute focuses on
activities that are collectively aimed to achieve several objectives including,
but not limited to, encouraging commercial manufacture through building
capacity in design and development of machine and technology; transferring
of technologies to manufacturing SMEs; conducting training to engineers and
technician in industries; and providing consulting services to industries.
These provisions under the Act provide grounds for implementation of the
policy objectives on the developing of the national capacity and capability in
STI and sustain growth of the National Innovation System.
33
4.4.19 Centre for Agricultural Mechanization and Rural Technology Act No. 19
of 1981
Act of Parliament No. 19 of 1981 established the Centre for Agricultural
Mechanization and Rural Technology (CAMARTEC). The main objective is to
undertake applied research and development promotion, adaptation and
dissemination of appropriate technologies in the field of agricultural
mechanization and rural technologies with the aim of improving the standard
of living and reducing poverty.
The other provisions are: to carry out and promote the applied research;
developing and manufacture approved prototypes, components and spares
of agricultural machinery and equipment; offering consultancy services on
the designing, testing and those relating to the marketing, financial and other
managerial or technical aspects of agricultural and machinery for use in rural
development. The Act facilitates the implementation of the policy objectives
on the growth of the National Innovation System, enhance STI
competitiveness of Tanzania at regional and international levels and nurture
STI for sustainable use and management of the environment.
4.4.20 The Electronic and Postal Communications Act, 2010

This Act make provisions for the enactment of electronic and postal
communications law with the view to keeping abreast with developments in
the electronic communications industry; providing for duties of electronic
communications and postal licensees, agents and customers, content
regulation, issuance of postal communication licenses and to regulate
competitions and practices; providing for offences relating to electronic
communications and postal communications; and providing for transitional
provisions, consequential amendments and other related matters. This
legislation complements the achievement of the policy objectives in many
ways notably through enhancing wide communication of STI related agenda
and activities.
34
CHAPTER FIVE
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK, MONITORING AND EVALUATION
5.1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

There will be a novel coordination system headed by a special committee
set up either under the President’s or Prime Minister’s Office. Another
committee will be headed by the Ministry responsible for STU in
collaboration with other key stakeholders. These committees will operate
hand-in-hand in governing STI agenda and activities in close collaboration
with key stakeholders. Such arrangement will enhance a national-wide
strategic planning, investment, monitoring and evaluation, as well as
horizontal and vertical reporting on STI across sectoral ministries and
beyond.
5.2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF STI STAKEHOLDERS

This Policy takes into account all the new challenges, opportunities and
developments, including roles and responsibilities of the actors and
mechanism for their coordination and linkages. Implementation actors
constitute Government Ministries, Authorities, Academic Institutions R&D
Institutions, Professional Associations, Private Sector, Donor Agencies and
Development Partners.
The government takes a leading role in the coordination, management of

development of STI policy in significant ways. It will also collaborate with
other key stakeholders to facilitate effective implementation of the Policy.
Furthermore, the government will be required to ensure that its roles,
policies, and actions are coherent, effective, and efficient. The roles and
responsibilities of the Government through its Ministries, Departments and
Agencies, Authorities, R&D Institutions, Professional Associations, Private
Sector, Donor Agencies, Development Partners and other Non-State Actors
are delineated as follows:
5.2.1 The Government's Higher Authority for the STI in the State (President’s
Office or the Prime Minister’s Office)
The country-wide leadership structure and management of STI shall be above
the level of the Ministry, which as highlighted elsewhere in this Policy, shall be
mandated to a special committee under either the President’s or Prime
35
Minister’s Office. The overall responsibilities of this committee will include,
inter alia, overseeing the implementation of strategic STI agenda or activities
across the government sectoral ministries, departments and agencies, as well
as the private-sector stakeholders; establishing a permanent network of
business, science industry and government; and developing the culture of
introducing innovative ideas about technology needs, marketing opportunities
and its destructions. In addition, the committee will be responsible for
strengthening the future vision by identifying national strategic areas of
research and development of STI. This kind of arrangement will not only
enhance high level attention on STI’s budget allocation, but also will facilitate
a strong link between STI Policy and other national policies.
5.2.2 Ministry responsible for Science, Technology and Innovation

The Ministry responsible for STI shall, reserve the responsibility for
implementing directives from the High Office STI Committee on
matters/agenda pertaining to STI including, inter alia, the coordination of STI
Policy implementation; monitoring and evaluation; initiation of law enactment
for policy reinforcement; periodic review of the policy; championing
efforts/mechanisms for resource mobilization, preparation and dissemination
of necessary training and guidelines; integrating the STI Policy with other
sectoral policies; strengthening regional and international cooperation;
creating systems and legal/regulatory standards. Moreover, in implementing
this policy, the Ministry through COSTECH will promote and coordinate the
implementation of STI's national socioeconomic development projects.
5.2.3 Ministry Responsible for Finance

The Ministry responsible for finance will play a strategic role in setting aside
adequate funding for implementation of STI programmes as per Lagos
Action Plan of 1980. It will also be responsible for timely mobilization of
adequate financial resources for STI strategic agenda and activities.
5.2.4 Ministry Responsible for Regional Administration and Local Government

The principal function of the Ministry responsible for regional administration
and local government will be to coordinate the execution of STI interventions
as part of the general effort for national development. The Regional
Secretariats have a role of assisting in making sure that the culture of using
scientific based evidence in decision making is taken-up at all levels of
36
governance. In addition, it will ensure that funds are budgeted by Local
Government Authorities (LGAs) for STI activities. Furthermore, at times the
LGAs shall be responsible for procurement of services for the
implementation of STI projects.
5.2.5 Ministry Responsible for Public Service Management

The success in the implementation of this policy is very much dependent on
the availability of staff in terms of quantity and competence. This will be
achieved through recruitment and remuneration of STI staff into various STI
institutions.
5.2.6 Ministry Responsible for Industries and Trade

The Ministry will collaborate with the Ministry responsible for STI in instituting
legal and regulatory framework for registration and protection of IP and
patents. This Ministry shall also be responsible for encouraging/facilitating
industries to invest on STI activities, as well as to monitor the quality of
indigenous technologies. The bottom-line is to link innovation and industries
by ensuring close participation of local innovators and industries in
generating and/or taking up locally developed innovations and technologies.
5.2.7 Ministry Responsible for Education

The Ministry shall remain responsible for building the capacity of STI
professionals by introducing appropriate curricular to get the needed skills,
carry out research for STI and use the findings to improve social economic
development.
5.2.8 Ministry Responsible for Energy

This Ministry has the role in promoting STI activities that will increase access
to energy in providing quality and affordable service to citizens. Also, is
involved in capacity building in STI including; energy research, development
and implementation, in particular to renewable energy, energy efficiency and
nuclear energy.
5.2.9 Ministry Responsible for Minerals

The Ministry responsible for minerals has a role in promoting STI activities
that will increase minerals exploration, mining, processing and beneficiation
in providing quality and affordable service to citizens. Also, is involved in
capacity building in STI including; minerals research and development.
37
5.2.10 The Agricultural Sector Lead Ministries
The Agricultural Sector Lead Ministries have the responsibility to deliver
quality and innovative agricultural and cooperative, fisheries, livestock,
forestry and beekeeping services, facilitate the business sector to contribute
effectively to sustainable agricultural production, productivity and cooperative
development. This will be achieved by collaborating with the business sector,
LGAs and other service providers to provide technical service in research
and development, irrigation, plant protection, crop monitoring and early
warning system, promoting appropriate post- harvest technologies as well as
promoting the use of modern breeding techniques and high-quality fodder
plant varieties that can increase productivity. Therefore, it is evident that,
these Ministries play an important role in the implementation of STI policy for
much of the activities being undertaken.
5.2.11 Ministry Responsible for Economic Planning

As strategic think tank in managing the economy on long-term base, the
ministry responsible for national economic planning will play strategic role in
reviewing and assessing the impact of this policy in the National
Development Plan.
5.2.12 Ministry responsible for Foreign Affairs

This Ministry will play its pivotal role of facilitating the implementation of STI
diplomacy, promoting strategic cooperation and collaboration in STI as well
as ensuring that as a nation it capitalizes on the opportunities of Tanzanian
Diaspora.
5.2.13 Other Ministries

The responsibility of other ministries in implementing this policy shall be to
supervise STI activities in institutions under their respective mandate and to
use results from STI for improving their performances as well as making
various administrative decisions.
5.2.14 Local Government Authorities

Local Government Authorities (LGAs) have a major role of assisting in
identifying grassroots innovators, inventors, areas which require further
research and in the overall process of priority setting and implementation of
STI programmes. The LGAs will be responsible for the preparation and
38
enforcement of by-laws that will guide STI development at district level.
Furthermore, the LGAs will be responsible for setting aside funds for
utilization of STI output to address local challenges. LGAs will be responsible
also in popularizing new technologies to end-users. The Ward and Village
levels will have an important role in the implementation of STI policy, as they
will be responsible for identification and communicating innovative ideas and
participate in priority setting. Also, Wards and Villages will be responsible for
popularizing new technologies to end users.
5.2.15 Institution responsible for Science, Technology and Innovation

The national STI coordinating body is the principal advisory organ to the
Government on all matters pertaining to STI activities and their application for
socio-economic development of the country. Specifically, its mandate
includes to advise in; monitoring and evaluation of STI development;
acquisition, storage and dissemination of scientific and technological
information; examination and promotion of STI programmes; mobilization and
disbursement of funds for STI; facilitation of the commercialization of STI
outputs; initiation, formulation and implementation of research priorities and
programmes.
5.2.16 HLI and R&D Institutions

The roles of R&D in this case will include to:
(i) Provide skills and knowledge that is more responsive to market demands
to cope with challenges of globalization including aspirations of the
Tanzania Development Vision 2025;
(ii) Review their priorities from time to time so as to exploit indigenous
knowledge and technology innovations, creative productions of sufficient
levels and guarantees of intellectual ownership and right; and
(iii) Undertake STI activities that meet the demand of market needs including
commercialization of STI output coupled with establishment of spin-off
firms from STI output.
5.2.17 Development Partners

Development Partners in Tanzania have been intensively involved in
supporting STI activities in the country. It is therefore, expected that they will
continue to support development of STI application and at the same time
take part in venture capital development.
39
5.2.18 Tanzania Investment Centre
Tanzania Investment Centre has an important role to play in the
implementation of this policy as an entry door for investors intending to invest
in STI. The centre maintains data and information on the opportunities
available and modalities for such investment. Apart from the fact that, it will
play a vital role in the process of promoting and advertising our strength and
readiness to accommodate investors in STI related activities, TIC will also
facilitate Foreign Direct Investment for science, technology and innovation.
However, as part of the capacity building programme for Tanzania nationals,
the Tanzania Investment Centre will assist in making conditionality for
investors venturing in STI related investment projects to accommodate
Tanzanian students, professionals and companies as attaches to these
projects so as to tap these rare professions for the benefits of the country.
5.2.19 National Environment Management Council

The Council will collaborate in STI activities carried out in conformity with
the set laws and regulations on environmental management issues to
ensure sustainable development.
5.2.20 Non-State Actors

Non-state actors include civil society organizations, private sector and
professional bodies. The policy implementation also requires complementary
inputs from the civil society organizations includes non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs) such as Faith Based Organizations (FBOs) and
Community Based Organizations (CBOs). These organizations will play an
important role particularly in the provision of knowledge, information, capacity
building and mobilization of resources at the grass-root level. They will also
play a crucial role in participating in STI priority setting and in popularizing
new technologies to the society.
The private sector has the important role in the implementation of the policy
by engaging in STI activities through industries and SMEs. Also, the private
sector will take up responsibility by using and marketing the developed
technologies.
Professional associations are vital to the implementation of STI Policy.

Notable professional associations that relevant for STI related activities in the
country include, inter alia, the Tanzania Academy of Sciences, (TAAS),
40
Institution of Engineers Tanzania (IEET); Tanzania Renewable Energy
Association (TAREA); Medical Association of Tanzania (MAT); Tanzania
Veterinary Association; Plant Breeders Association (PBA); and Tanzania
Economic and Innovation Forum (TAEIF). The mandates of these institutions
and many others cannot be under-estimated when it comes to implementing
the STI policy for national development. These associations have the
responsibility to promote creation of new knowledge and innovation, to
facilitate linkages with scientific community abroad through exchange
programmes, information and fellowships for training and research as well as
promoting the application of STI output.
41
MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system is instituted as a review mechanism

to monitor progress and assess the level of attainment of specific targets
relative to the respective planned targets. The proper functioning of M&E
system highly depends on a well-coordinated and functioning of all
components of the system, from data collection to the highest level of
analysis and reporting to relevant stakeholders.
The overall responsibility for the monitoring and evaluation of the policy
implementation lies within the Ministry responsible for STI. The Ministry will
play key roles in coordination, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
this policy. For effective monitoring and evaluation, each stakeholder will
have to establish a reliable internal monitoring system and ensure that the
resources are available to assess efficiency and effectiveness of their
respective organizations in relation to the STI Policy.
The M&E will involve, among other things, conducting baseline survey,
establishing key performance indicators, and setting M&E framework.
Tracking progress on the implementation of milestones and targets will be
done periodically. In addition, there will be an annual review, which will focus
on assessing whether the planned activities are in line with the achievement
of set targets. Moreover, the review will involve conducting case studies,
diagnostic studies, surveys, and beneficiary assessments to track any
changes in terms of outputs realized over the period under review.
42
CONCLUSION
The STI Policy reflects the commitment to transform Tanzania into a nation
with capacity and capability to harness and apply science, technology and
innovation for building knowledge-based economy. This Policy will guide
Tanzania towards building a productive and efficient innovation system,
which is responsive to the needs and aspirations of its people. The
overarching goal of this policy is to enhance the ability of Tanzania to
innovate for the benefit of its socio-economic development.
It is recognized that the socio-economic problems and challenges facing

Tanzania are likely to be compounded by the new challenges posed by
advancement of STI. For the country to make progress in its developmental
process, it will also need to address the additional challenges posed by STI.
The Policy also defines the nation’s broad vision, and corresponding
missions and strategies to serve as a road map for guiding its developmental
efforts towards becoming an innovative and knowledge-based society and
economy.
43

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THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE NATIONAL SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................... ii

Agribusiness A broad concept that covers input suppliers, agro-processors,

For purposes of this policy, both terms refer to commercialization

Incubator A type of business development service that leases space to new

BRELA - Business Registration and Licensing Agency

Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) are continuously evolving consequent to

In conclusion, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to all individuals and institutions

Hon. Prof. Adolf Mkenda (MP)

Historically, policy transition has evolved through approximately three eras:

Despite the aforementioned achievements, implementation of S&T policy of

The government of the United Republic of Tanzania (URT) recognizes and

1.2 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF STI IN TANZANIA

Tanzania has continued to make progress in formulating and implementing

1.2.3 Overview of STI Stakeholders

1.2.4 Achievement of the National Science and Technology Policy of 1996

(ii) Increased number of researchers, technologies and innovation outputs

(iii)Promotion STI through the National Innovation System (NIS)

1.2.5 Limitations and Challenges during the Implementation of National S&T

(i) Weak STI Governance and coordination structure

(ii) Inadequate Efforts toward Human Resource Development and Facilities

Facilities for research and incubation of innovations and technologies are

Moreover, despite the government’s efforts to establish a number of R&D

(iii) Slow Progress in Expanding STI Education and Training

The teaching of science and technology subjects at ordinary level secondary

(iv) Low STI Funding Level

(v) Low pace of Technology Transfer and Diffusion

(vi) Weak Coordination of the National Innovation System

(vii) Underutilization of Indigenous Resources and Knowledge Systems

(viii) Weak Industry-Academia-Government Linkages

(ix) Inadequate Collaboration and Partnerships in STI strategic areas

(x) Weak National IPR Regime

RATIONALE, VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES

The National S&T Policy of 1996 achieved a number of milestones while

2.2 VISION AND MISSION

2.3.1 Main objective

2.3.2 Specific objectives

POLICY ISSUES AND STATEMENTS

3.1 POLICY ISSUES

3.1.1 Policy Issue: Governance of Science, Technology and Innovation

(b) Policy statements

3.1.2 Policy issue: National Innovation System

(a) Policy objective

(b) Policy statements

3.1.3 Policy issue: International Collaboration and Cooperation in STI

(a) Policy objective

(b) Policy statements

3.1.4 Policy issue: Critical Mass of Human Capital in STI

(a) Policy objective

(b) Policy statements

3.1.5 Policy issue: STI and Social Diversity

(a) Policy Objective

(b) Policy Statements

3.1.6 Policy issue: STI and Sustainable Environmental Conservation and

Climate change is heightening the frequency and intensity of environmental

(a) Policy Objective

(b) Policy Statements

Given the unpredictability of both natural disasters and diseases, sufficient

(a) Policy Objective

(b) Policy Statements

3.1.7 Policy issue: Youth and Innovation