Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Single Carrier FDMA (Uplink in LTE)
Single Carrier FDMA (Uplink in LTE)
Overview of SC-FDMA
Overview of SC-FDMA
3GPP Evolution
LTE R8
HSPA+ R7
HSUPA R6
HSDPA R5
UMTS/WCDMA R99
• ARQ within RLC sublayer and Hybrid ARQ within MAC sublayer.
WCDMA 5 MHz
3G
cdma2000 5 MHz
2
0.8
1.5
0.6
1
0.4
0.2 0.5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time [µsec] Frequency [MHz]
• Because the DFT size does not grow linearly with the length of
the channel response, the complexity of FDE is lower than that
of the equivalent time domain equalizer for broadband
channel.
FDE
- cont.
Time domain y = h∗ x
Channel ∴ x = h −1 * y
Fourier
x h y transform
Y =H⋅X
−1
Frequency domain ∴ X = H ⋅Y
FDE
- cont.
CP Symbols
FDE
- cont.
• References
– M. V. Clark, “Adaptive Frequency-Domain Equalization and
Diversity Combining for Broadband Wireless Communications,”
IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 16, no. 8, Oct. 1998
– M. Tüchler et al., “Linear Time and Frequency Domain Turbo
Equalization,” Proc. IEEE 53rd Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC), vol. 2,
May 2001
– F. Pancaldi et al., “Block Channel Equalization in the Frequency
Domain,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 53, no. 3, Mar. 2005
SC/FDE
Add N- N-
{ xn } CP/ Channel
Remove
CP
point Equalization point Detect
PS DFT IDFT
OFDM
{ xn }
N- Add N-
Remove
point CP/ Channel point Equalization Detect
CP
IDFT PS DFT
SC/FDE
- cont.
SC/FDE
- cont.
• References
– H. Sari et al., “Transmission Techniques for Digital Terrestrial TV
Broadcasting,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 33, no. 2, Feb. 1995, pp.
100-109.
– D. Falconer et al., “Frequency Domain Equalization for Single-
Carrier Broadband Wireless Systems,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 40,
no. 4, Apr. 2002, pp. 58-66.
• Reference
– F. Adachi et al., “Broadband CDMA Techniques,” IEEE Wireless
Comm., vol. 12, no. 2, Apr. 2005, pp. 8-18.
Add M- M-
{ xn } Spreading CP/ Channel
Remove
CP
point Equalization point
De-
spreading
Detect
PS DFT IDFT
Overview of SC-FDMA
N- M-
P-to-S
S-to-P
Channel
N- Subcarrier M-
S-to-P
P-to-S
Remove RF
Detect point De-mapping/ point
CP / ADC
IDFT Equalization DFT
*N<M
SC-FDMA: +
* S-to-P: Serial-to-Parallel
* P-to-S: Parallel-to-Serial OFDMA:
Why “Single
Single Carrier” FDMA”?
FDMA ?
Carrier “FDMA
N- M-
P-to-S
Subcarrier Add CP DAC
point point
Mapping / PS / RF
DFT IDFT
Subcarrier Mapping
X0 Xɶ 0 Xɶ 0
Zeros
Zeros X0
X1 X1
Zeros
X2
X N −1
X N −1 Zeros
Zeros
Xɶ M −1 Xɶ M −1
Distributed Localized
Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 19
Overview of SC-FDMA
Subcarrier Mapping
- cont.
Terminal 1
Terminal 2
Terminal 3
subcarriers subcarriers
Subcarrier Mapping
- cont.
{ xn } : x0 x1 x2 x3
2π
N −1 − j nk
DFT X k = ∑ xn e N , N = 4
n =0
{X k } : X0 X1 X2 X3
{~
X l , IFDMA } X0 0 0 X1 0 0 X2 0 0 X3 0 0
{X~ l , DFDMA } X0 0 X1 0 X2 0 X3 0 0 0 0 0
{X }
Current
~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 implementation
X0 X1 X2 X3
l , LFDMA in 3GPP LTE
frequency
{ xn } x0 x1 x2 x3
{Q ⋅ xɶ m, IFDMA } x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3
{Q ⋅ xɶ m , LFDMA } x0 * * x1 * * x2 * * x3 * *
{Q ⋅ xɶm , DFDMA } x0 * * x2 * * x0 * * x2 * *
time
3
* = ∑ ck ,m ⋅ xk , ck ,m : complex weight
k =0
Amplitude of SC-
SC-FDMA Symbols
0.5
IFDMA
LFDMA
0.4 DFDMA
Amplitude [linear]
0.3
0.2
0.1
QPSK
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Symbol
SC-
SC-FDMA and OFDMA
• Similarities
– Block-based modulation and use of CP.
– Divides the transmission bandwidth into smaller subcarriers.
– Channel inversion/equalization is done in the frequency domain.
– SC-FDMA is regarded as DFT-precoded or DFT-spread OFDMA.
SC-
SC-FDMA and OFDMA
- cont.
OFDMA symbol
SC-FDMA symbols*
time
* Bandwidth spreading factor : 4
SC-
SC-FDMA and OFDMA
- cont.
Equalizer Detect
Subcarrier Equalizer Detect
OFDMA DFT De-
mapping
Equalizer Detect
Subcarrier
SC-FDMA DFT De- Equalizer IDFT Detect
mapping
SC-
SC-FDMA and DS-
DS-CDMA
SC-
SC-FDMA and DS-
DS-CDMA
- cont.
• Conventional spreading
x0 x1 x2 x3
Data Sequence
×
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Signature Sequence
x0 x0 x0 x0 x1 x1 x1 x1 x2 x2 x2 x2 x3 x3 x3 x3
time
SC-
SC-FDMA and DS-
DS-CDMA
- cont.
• Exchanged spreading
1 1 1 1
Signature Sequence
×
x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3
Data Sequence
IFDMA
x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3
time
*C. Chang, and K. Chen, “Frequency-Domain Approach to Multiuser Detection over Frequency-Selective Slowly Fading
Channels,” IEEE PIMRC 2002, Lisboa, Portugal, Sep., 2002, pp. 1280-1284
Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 29
Overview of SC-FDMA
SC-
SC-FDMA and Other Schemes
DS-CDMA
* DFT-based FDE
* Block-based
OFDMA /FDE
processing & CP
SC-
SC-FDMA with Code Spreading
N- M- Add
Subcarrier
point point CP/
Mapping
DFT IDFT PS
De-
Spreading SC-FDMA Modulation Channel SC-FDMA Demodulation Detect
spreading
M- Subcarrier De- N-
Remove
point mapping/ point
CP
DFT Equalization IDFT
SC-
SC-FDMA MIMO
Spatial Mapping
MIMO
Channel
Overview of SC-FDMA
#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
One half-frame = 5 ms
One subframe = 1 ms
Slot #0 #19
N symb
Resource block
= N symb × N scRB resource elements
Subcarrier (frequency)
Length of CP
Configuration Nsymb
Normal CP 7
Extended CP 6
Extended CP (∆f = 7.5 kHz)† 3
† Only in downlink
Channel
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
bandwidth [MHz]
Number of
6 15 25 50 75 100
resource blocks (NRB)
Number of
72 180 300 600 900 1200
occupied subcarriers
IDFT(Tx)/DFT(Rx)
128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
size
*3GPP TS 36.104
Zeros
DL or UL symbol
Resource
block
frequency
N scRB N RB × N scRB M
= 12 = 300 = 512
(180 kHz) (4.5 MHz) (7.68 MHz)
Zeros
* 5 MHz system with
frame structure type 1
time
Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 40
SC-FDMA Implementation in 3GPP LTE
UL Overview
• UL physical channels
– Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
– Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
– Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
• UL physical signals
– Reference signal (RS)
UL Resource Block
*PUSCH with normal CP
Resource Reference
block (RB) symbols (RS)
Frequency
Subcarrier
Time
Scrambling
Modulation mapping
SC-FDMA
Resource element mapping
modulation
SC-
SC-FDMA Modulation in LTE UL
Localized mapping
Subcarrier with an option of
Mapping adaptive scheduling
or random hopping.
M-1
Zeros
subcarrier
Serial- Parallel
{ x0 , x1 … , xN −1} to-
N- M-
-to- { xɶ0 , xɶ1 … , xɶM −1}
DFT IDFT
Parallel Serial
One SC-FDMA
symbol
Zeros
0
UL Reference Signal
• Two types of UL RS
– Demodulation (DM) RS ⇒ Narrowband.
– Sounding RS: Used for UL resource scheduling ⇒ Broadband.
− j 2π r k 2 +qk , k =0,1,2,⋯, L −1; for L even * r is any integer relatively prime
e L 2 with L and q is any integer.
ak =
r k ( k +1)
− j 2π
L 2
+ qk
, k = 0,1,2,⋯, L −1; for L odd
e
B. M. Popovic, “Generalized Chirp-like Polyphase Sequences with Optimal Correlation Properties,”
IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 38, Jul. 1992, pp. 1406-1409.
UL RS Multiplexing
User 1
User 2
User 3
subcarriers subcarriers
UL RS Multiplexing
- cont.
• DM RS
– For SIMO: FDM between different users.
– For SU-MIMO: CDM between RS from each antenna
– For MU-MIMO: CDM between RS from each antenna
• Sounding RS
– CDM when there is only one sounding bandwidth.
– CDM/FDM when there are multiple sounding bandwidths.
Overview of SC-FDMA
PAPR Characteristics
CCDF of PAPR: QPSK, Rolloff = 0.22, N = 512, N = 128 CCDF of PAPR: 16-QAM, Rolloff = 0.22, N = 512, N = 128
fft occupied fft occupied
0 0
10 10
OFDMA OFDMA
-1 -1
10 10
Pr(PAPR>PAPR0)
Pr(PAPR>PAPR0)
-2 IFDMA -2 IFDMA
10 10
DFDMA DFDMA
-3 -3
LFDMA
10 10
Dotted lines: no PS Dotted lines: no PS
Dashed lines: RRC PS Dashed lines: RRC PS
Solid lines: RC PS LFDMA Solid lines: RC PS
-4 -4
10 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
PAPR [dB] PAPR [dB]
0 0
* Monte Carlo simulations (Number of iterations: > 104) *H. G. Myung, J. Lim, and D. J. Goodman, "Peak-to-
* Time domain pulse shaping with 8-times oversampling Average Power Ratio of Single Carrier FDMA Signals with
* Nfft: number of total subcarriers = FFT size Pulse Shaping," IEEE PIMRC ’06, Helsinki, Finland, Sep.
* Noccupied: number of occupied subcarriers = data block size 2006
* RC: raised-cosine, RRC: root raised-cosine
* Rolloff factor of 0.22
PAPR Characteristics
- cont.
-2
10
α=1
α=0.8 α=0.2
α=0.6
-3
10 α=0.4 α=0
Solid lines: without pulse shaping
-4 Dotted lines: with pulse shaping
10
0 2 4 6 8 10
PAPR [dB]
0
*H. G. Myung, J. Lim, and D. J. Goodman, "Peak-to-
*α: rolloff factor of raised cosine pulse shaping filter Average Power Ratio of Single Carrier FDMA Signals with
Pulse Shaping," IEEE PIMRC ’06, Helsinki, Finland, Sep.
2006
PAPR of SC-
SC-FDMA MIMO
0
10
TxBF
SM (no avr. & no quant.)
-1
10
Pr(PAPR>PAPR )
0
-2
10
SFBC (QPSK)
SFBC (16-QAM)
-3
10
-4 TxBF
10
(avr. & quant.)
4 6 8 10 12
PAPR [dB]
0
*H. G. Myung, J.-L. Pan, R. Olesen, and D. Grieco, "Peak Power Characteristics of Single Carrier FDMA MIMO
Precoding System", IEEE VTC 2007 Fall, Baltimore, USA, Oct. 2007
Single Carrier FDMA | Hyung G. Myung 51
Introduction and Background
Overview of SC-FDMA
Channel-
Channel-Dependent Scheduling (CDS)
Channel gain
• Channel-dependent scheduling
User 2
– Assign subcarriers to a user in
excellent channel condition.
CDS
- cont.
30 30
25 25
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
4 8 16 32 64 128 4 8 16 32 64 128
Number of users Number of users
*J. Lim, H. G. Myung, K. Oh, and D. J. Goodman, "Proportional Fair Scheduling of Uplink Single-Carrier FDMA
Systems", IEEE PIMRC 2006, Helsinki, Finland, Sep. 2006
Uplink SC-
SC-FDMA
with Adaptive Modulation and CDS
Mobile terminals Base station
User K
Channel K
User 2
User 1
ConstellationM
Channel 2
Subcarrier
Mapping
apping
CP /
DFT IDFT
PS
Channel 1 SC-FDMA Receiver
Resource Scheduler
Data flow
Control signal flow
Simulation Results
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Feedback delay [ms] Feedback delay [ms]
Simulation Results
- cont.
IFDMA: Static
14
IFDMA: CDS
12
10
2
0 20 (37) 40 (74) 60 (111) 80 (148)
Mobile speed [km/h] (Doppler [Hz])
*H. G. Myung, K. Oh, J. Lim, and D. J. Goodman, "Channel-Dependent Scheduling of an Uplink SC-FDMA System with
Imperfect Channel Information," IEEE WCNC 2008, Las Vegas, USA, Mar. 2008.
Overview of SC-FDMA
• LTE Spec
– http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm
Final Word