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Maths Formula Book: Nick Urbanik
Maths Formula Book: Nick Urbanik
Nick Urbanik
Contents
1 Algebraic Results 3
2 Absolute value 3
3 Inequalities 4
4 Trigonometry 4
4.1 Sum and product formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2 Sum of two waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8 Finance 14
9 Quadratic equations 15
10 Differentiation 15
10.1 Derivatives of trig functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
10.2 Derivatives of exponential and log functions . . . . . . . . . . . 17
11 Integration 17
11.1 Integration by parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
11.2 Numerical integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
11.3 Indefinite integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11.4 Definite integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
14 Newton’s method 21
15 Binomial 22
15.1 Binomial theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
16 Hyperbolic functions 22
17 Sets of numbers 23
18 Complex numbers 23
19 Polynomials 25
19.1 Multiple roots & derived polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
19.2 Partial fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Introduction
This is a collection of formulas given by my mathematics teacher, Gunter
Beck, at Meadowbank Technical College, in Australia, during his teaching of
four unit maths (Higher School Certificate). As he introduced each topic, he
wrote the main formulas for that topic on the board, and encouraged us to
write them into our own formula books. He died rather quickly from a cancer.
He was my favourite teacher. After I learned of his death, and noticed that my
old formula book was getting very dog eared from so many years of constant
use, I decided to write this in fond memory of Gunter, using AMS-LATEX.
There are many who miss you, Gunter.
1 Algebraic Results
a c
if = then:
b d
ad = bc diagonal product (1.1)
a b
= diagonal exchange (1.2)
c d
b d
= inverse (1.3)
a c
a+c c+d
= addend (1.4)
b d
Factors of xn − an
xn − an = (x − a)(xn−1 + xn−2 a + xn−3 a2 + . . . + xan−2 + an−1 ) (1.5)
(a + b + c + · · · + n)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + · · · + n2 + 2
X
ab
X
(where ab represents all possible pairs of a, b, c, . . . , n) (1.9)
2 Absolute value
Definition 2.1 The definition of the absolute value of a is
a
if a > 0
|a| = 0 if a = 0 (2.1)
−a if a < 0
Some properties
3 Inequalities
If a > b, c > d, then:
a±c>b±c (3.1)
ac > bc (c > 0) (3.2)
ac < bc (c < 0) (3.3)
ac > bd (a, b, c, d all > 0) (3.4)
a2 > b2 (a, b both > 0) (3.5)
1 1
< (a, b both > 0) (3.6)
a b
4 Trigonometry
S A
“All Stations To Central”:
T C
Reciprocal ratios
1
csc θ = (4.1)
sin θ
1
sec θ = (4.2)
cos θ
1 cos θ
cot θ = = (4.3)
tan θ sin θ
sin θ
tan θ = (4.4)
cos θ
Pythagorean identities
Inverse formulas
x
sin−1 x = tan−1 √ x 6= 1 (4.8)
1 − x2
√
1 − x2
cos−1 x = tan−1 x 6= 0 (4.9)
x
Co-ratios—(complementary angles)
Exact values
√ 60◦
1 2 1 2
45◦ 30◦
√
1 3
1
sin 45◦ = cos 45◦ = √ (4.19)
2
1
sin 30◦ = cos 60◦ = (4.20)
2√
◦ ◦ 3
sin 60 = cos 30 = (4.21)
2
tan 45◦ = cot 45◦ = 1 (4.22)
1
tan 30◦ = cot 60◦ = √ (4.23)
3
◦ ◦
√
tan 60 = cot 30 = 3 (4.24)
√ √
◦ ◦ 6− 2
sin 15 = cos 75 = (4.25)
√ 4√
6+ 2
sin 75◦ = cos 15◦ = (4.26)
4
√
◦ ◦
tan 15 = cot 75 = 2 − 3 (4.27)
√
tan 75◦ = cot 15◦ = 2 + 3 (4.28)
Addition formulas
Sine rule
a b c
= = (4.39)
sin A sin B sin C
Area of a triangle
ab sin C
Area of any triangle = (4.40)
2
Cosine rule
“Little t” formula
1 + t2
2t
x
1 − t2
x
t = tan (4.43)
2
2 tan x2
tan x = (4.44)
1 − tan2 x2
2t
= (4.45)
1 − t2
2t
sin x = (4.46)
1 + t2
1 − t2
cos x = (4.47)
1 + t2
x 2 dt
if t = tan then dx = (4.48)
2 1 + t2
2π
y = a sin(ωt + φ) amplitude = a, period = (4.49)
ω
2π
y = a cos(ωt + φ) amplitude = a, period = (4.50)
ω
π
y = a tan(ωt + φ) amplitude = ∞, period = (4.51)
ω
Special limits
sin θ
lim =1 (4.52)
θ→0 θ
tan θ
lim =1 (4.53)
θ→0 θ
The 3θ results
θ = 12 (∠1 + ∠2 )
(
∠1 = θ + φ
if then use θ > φ (4.61)
∠2 = θ − φ φ = 12 (∠1 − ∠2 )
eia − e−ia
sin a = (4.62)
2i
eia + e−ia
cos a = (4.63)
2
it is not too hard to derive the sum and product formulas, e.g.,
and
−1 b
a2 + b2 e−j tan
p
a − jb = a + jb = a (4.67)
(4.68)
a jωt b jωt
a cos ωt + b sin ωt = e + e−jωt + e − e−jωt (4.69)
2 2j
a jωt jb jωt
= e + e−jωt − e − e−jωt (4.70)
2 2
1 jωt
= e (a − jb) + e−jωt (a + jb) (from (4.66) and (4.67))
2
(4.71)
1p 2 −1 b −1 b
= a + b2 ejωt e−j tan a + e−jωt ej tan a (4.72)
2√
a2 + b2 j(ωt−tan−1 b ) −1 b
= e a + e−j(ωt−tan a) (4.73)
2
b
= a2 + b2 cos ωt − tan−1
p
(4.74)
a
The same is true of cos(ω1 t + θ), cos(ω2 t + φ), θ, φ ∈ R, i.e., phase doesn’t
affect the value of T here.
x=a (5.2)
y = mx + b (5.3)
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) (5.4)
The coordinates of the point which divides the join of Q = (x1 , y1 ) and R =
(x2 , y2 ) in the ratio mi : m2 is
m1 x2 + m2 x1 m1 y2 + m2 y1
P = , (5.10)
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
From Q to P to R. If P is outside of the line QR, then QP , RP are measured
in opposite senses, and m
m2 is negative.
1
ax = ex ln a (6.13)
e log x
x =e
e
(6.14)
2 3
x x
ex = 1 + x + + + ··· ∀x. (6.15)
2! 3!
a, a + d, a + 2d, . . . , un
un = a + (a − 1)d (7.1)
u2 − u1 = u3 − u2 = · · · = un − un−1
a+c
if a, b, c are sequential terms in AP, then b =
2
Sum of an AP
n
X
Sn = a + (k − 1)d (7.2)
k=1
un = Sn − Sn−1 (7.3)
n(a + un )
Sn = if given last term un (7.4)
2
n 2a + (n − 1)d
Sn = if last term not given (7.5)
2
un = arn−1 (7.6)
Test for GP
u2 u3 un
= = ··· =
u1 u2 un−1
u22 = u1 u3 , . . . , u2n−1 = un−2 un
Sum of GP
n
X
Sn = a rk−1
k=1
a(rn − 1)
Sn = use if |r| > 1 (7.7)
r−1
a(1 − rn )
Sn = use if |r| < 1 (7.8)
1−r
Sum to infinity
a
S∞ = where |r| < 1. (7.9)
1−r
n
X n
X
rk = r rn−1
k=1 k=1
r(rn − 1) (7.10)
=
r−1
rn+1 − r
=
r−1
x2 x3
ex = 1 + x + + + ... (7.14)
2! 3!
(x ln a)2 (x ln a)3
ax = ex ln a = 1 + x ln a + + + ... (7.15)
2! 3!
x2 x3 x4
ln(1 + x) = x − + − + ..., −1 < x ≤ 1. (7.16)
2 3 4
Now
∞
X M
X
z n = lim zn (7.21)
M →∞
n=0 n=0
1 − z M +1
= lim (7.22)
M →∞ 1−z
1
= ∀z : |z| < 1 (7.23)
1−z
This is from Thomas & Finney, pages 610–611.
8 Finance
Simple interest
I = P tr (8.1)
6
where P = principal, t = time, r = rate (i.e., 6% −→ 100 )
Compound interest
A = P (1 + r)n (8.2)
a(r n −1)
Reducible interest: This uses Sn = r−1 where a is M , r = 1 + 100 .
R
M (1 + 100 ) −1
n
R n
R
=P 1+ (8.3)
R
100
100
P (1 + 100
R n
) · 100
R
i.e., M = (8.4)
(1 + 100
R n
) −1
Superannuation
A 1+ R
100 (1 + 100 )
R n
−1
Sn = R
(8.5)
100
9 Quadratic equations
The solution of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is
√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x= (9.1)
2a
10 Differentiation
From first principles:
f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim (10.1)
h→0 h
0 f (x) − f (c)
or f (c) = lim (10.2)
x→c x−c
d n
x = nxn−1 (10.3)
dx
d
c=0 (10.4)
dx
d
c f (x) = c f 0 (x) (10.5)
dx
d
f (x) ± g(x) = f 0 (x) ± g 0 (x) (10.6)
dx
Product rule
d dv du
(uv) = u +v (10.7)
dx dx dx
d dw dv du
(uvw) = uv + uw + vw (10.8)
dx dx dx dx
Quotient rule
d u v du − u dv
= dx 2 dx (10.9)
dx v v
d
sin x = cos x (10.11)
dx
d
cos x = − sin x (10.12)
dx
d
tan x = sec2 x (10.13)
dx
d 1 π π
sin−1 x = √ − < sin−1 x < (10.14)
dx 1−x 2 2 2
d −1 π π
cos−1 x = √ − < cos−1 x < (10.15)
dx 1−x 2 2 2
d 1 π π
tan−1 x = − < tan−1 x < (10.16)
dx 1 + x2 2 2
d
sec x = sec x tan x (10.17)
dx
For Gunter Beck
17 Maths formula book
d
csc x = − csc x cot x (10.18)
dx
d
cot x = − csc2 x (10.19)
dx
d
sinh x = cosh x (10.20)
dx
d
cosh x = sinh x (10.21)
dx
d f 0 (x)
ln f (x) = (10.22)
dx f (x)
d f (x)
e = f 0 (x)ef (x) (10.23)
dx
d x
e = ex (10.24)
dx
d x
a = ln a · ax since ak = ek ln a (10.25)
dx
d d dy
ln y = ln y (10.26)
dx dx dx
d 1 dy
ln y = (10.27)
dx y dx
11 Integration
11.1 Integration by parts
dv du
Z Z
u dx = uv − v dx (11.1)
dx dx
Simpson’s rule
b
b−a
Z
f (x) dx ≈ (y0 +4y1 +2y2 +4y3 +2y4 +· · ·+4yn−1 +yn ) n is even
a 3n
(11.3)
xn+1
Z
xn dx = +c (11.5)
n+1
(ax + b)n+1
Z
(ax + b)n dx = +c (11.6)
a(n + 1)
−1
Z
sin ax dx = cos ax + c (11.7)
a
1
Z
cos ax dx = sin ax + c (11.8)
a
1
Z
sec2 ax dx = tan ax + c (11.9)
a
1 ax
Z
eax dx = e +c (11.10)
a
dx
Z
= ln x + c (11.11)
x
Z 0
f (x)
dx = ln f (x) + c (11.12)
f (x)
dx
Z
√ dx = sin−1 x + c (11.13)
1 − x2
−1
Z
√ dx = cos−1 x + c (11.14)
1 − x2
dx
Z
= tan−1 x + c (11.15)
1 + x2
dx x
Z
√ = sin−1 + c (11.16)
2
a −x 2 a
−1 x
= cos + c2 , −a < x < a (11.17)
a
dx 1 x
Z
= tan−1 + c (11.18)
a2 + x2 a a
For Gunter Beck
19 Maths formula book
Z Z
eu du = eu + c, i.e., ef (x) f 0 (x) dx = ef (x) + c (11.19)
eax
Z
eax dx = +c (11.20)
a
1 1 x−a
Z
2 2
dx = log +c (11.21)
x −a 2a a+a
dx 1 a+x
Z
= log +c (11.22)
a2 − x2 2a a−x
Z
ln x dx = x ln x − x + c (11.23)
dx
Z p
√ = log(x + a2 + x2 ) + c (11.24)
a2 + x2
dx
Z p
√ = log(x + x2 − a2 ) + c ∀x : |x| > a (11.25)
x2 − a2
Z
tan x dx = log sec x + c (11.26)
Z
sec x dx = ln(sec x + tan x) + c (11.27)
Trig substitutions
x 2 dt
if t = tan then dx = (11.39)
2 1 + t2
0
d
Z
f (t) dt = f (x) (11.40)
dx
Za a Z a
f (x) dx = f (a − x) dx (11.41)
0 0
1 2
Area of triangle = r sin θ
2
1 1
∴ area of segment = r2 θ − r2 sin θ
2 2
12.1 Volumes
In the following, h is the height of the shape, r is a radius.
Right rectangular prism or oblique rectangular prism with base lengths a
and b: V = abh
Cylinder with circular base, both upright and oblique, V = πr2 h
Pyramids with rectangular bases of side length a, b, both right pyramids
and oblique pyramids: V = 31 abh
Cones: V = 31 πr2 h
The curved surface area of an upright cone with length from apex to edge
of the base s (s is not the height, but the length of the side of the cone):
S = πrs.
Volume of a sphere V = 43 πr3
Surface area of a sphere is S = 4πr2
Other properties
14 Newton’s method
If x1 is a good approximation to f (x) = 0 then
f (x1 )
x2 = x1 − (14.1)
f 0 (x1 )
is a better approximation.
15 Binomial
The coefficients in the expansion of (a + b)n where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . are given
by Pascal’s triangle.
Sum of coefficients
n
X
n
Cr = 2n (15.6)
r=0
Symmetrical relationship
n
Cr = n Cn−r (15.7)
16 Hyperbolic functions
ex + e−x
cosh x = even: catenary (16.1)
2
ex − e−x
sinh x = odd: 1 → 1, onto. (16.2)
2
d
cosh x = sinh x (16.3)
dx
d
sinh x = cosh x (16.4)
dx
Identities
17 Sets of numbers
subset notation elements
Complex numbers C
Real numbers R
Natural numbers (or whole numbers) N 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . .
Integers Z . . . , −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
Rational numbers (or fractions) Q 0, 1, 2, −1, 21 , 34 , 53 , − 12 , − 37 , . . .
Reference: K. G. Binmore, Mathematical Analysis: a straightforward ap-
proach, Cambridge, 1983.
Note that Gunter called the set of integers J. He also referred to a set R∗,
and called the set of rationals Q or R. He included 0 in the set of Cardinals
or natural numbers, N.
18 Complex numbers
Definition of i
Definition 18.1 √
−1 = ±i (18.1)
Equality
Mod-arg theorems
Theorem 18.1
Theorem 18.2
z1 |z1 |
= (18.4)
z2 |z2 |
z1
arg = arg z1 − arg z2 (18.5)
z2
Euler’s formula
cos θ + i sin θ = cis θ = eiθ (18.6)
Gunter called cos θ + i sin θ cis θ.
de Moivre’s theorem
Theorem 18.3
cos nθ + in sin θ = cis nθ = einθ (18.7)
√
i 3
Cube roots of unity: if z 3 = 1 then z = 1 or − 21 ± 2 . Each root is the
square of the other.
z 3 = 1 =⇒ |z 3 | = 1 =⇒ |z|3 = 1 =⇒ |z| = 1.
z + z = 2<(z) (18.8)
z − z = 2i=(z) (18.9)
√
|z| = z · z (18.10)
−1
arg z = arg z (18.11)
iω = −iω (18.12)
19 Polynomials
Definition 19.1 Monic means the leading coefficient an = 1.
Theorem 19.1 Every polynomial over F can be factorised into monic factors
of degree ≥ 1 and a constant
Remainder theorem:
Theorem 19.5 Every P (x) with coefficients over R∗, R or C has a root
(P (α) = 0) for some complex number α.
Theorem 19.8 If P (x) has degree n with real coefficients, if n is odd there is
always at least one real root.
Theorem 19.10 If P (x) has a root of multiplicity m then P 0 (x) has a root
of multiplicity (m − 1).
Theorem 19.11 If P (x) over F is irreducible over F and deg P (x) > 1, then
there are no roots of P (x) over F.
Theorem 19.12 2 different polynomials A(x) and B(x) over a non-finite field
F cannot specify the same function in F.
Theorem 19.13 If two polynomials of the nth degree over a field F specify
the same function for more than n elements of F, then the two polynomials
are equal.
Also
X 2
α2 =
X X
α −2 αβ (19.6)
Definition 19.3
A(x) C(x) A(x)D(x) + C(x)B(x)
+ = (19.7)
B(x) D(x) B(x)D(x)
A(x) C(x) A(x)C(x)
· = (19.8)
B(x) D(x) B(x)D(x)