Introduction

The instrument symbols used in this case study are as following:

FC= flow controller; FI= flow indicator; V= Valve; M= mixer; TC= temperature controller
TI= temperature indicator; R= reactor; LI= level indicator; LC= level controller
PI= pressure indicator; PC= pressure controller; P= pump; RS= ratio station
There are two types of control loops which are known as closed loop and open loop. Each loop
has its own criteria which distinguishes one from another. Closed loops shows a closed loop
action and can counteract against disturbances (negative feedback). This loop can become
unstable, i.e. the controlled variable does not fade away, but grows (theoretically) to an infinite
value. These are systems in which the output has an effect upon the process input quantity in
such a manner as to maintain the desired output value. Open loop shows an open loop action
(controlled chain) and can only counteract against disturbances for which it has been designed.
This kind of loops does not become unstable as long as the controlled object is stable. These are
systems in which the output quantity has no effect upon the process input quantity.
Control objectives (co) are the critical decision that has to be taken before the development of a
control system. Controlled variables (CV) are process variables that are being controlled.
Manipulated variables (MV) are the process variables that can be adjusted in order to keep the
controlled variables at or near set points. Disturbances or D are process variables that affect the
controlled variables but cannot be manipulated. They are generally the changes in operating
environment of the process.