ECT 459

Lecture 5
AC Motors
 Common Input Power
DC
110 230 460 600 VAC or other

0.75 – 500 Hp Output Power

 Control Inputs
Torque vs Speed
Speed Presets
2 wire (FWD REV)
3 wire (START STOP FWD/REV)
0-10 VDC
4-20 mA
Remote Potentiometer
Digital Communications Interface
Internal Wiring
Control Methods
Motor S Curve
Input Rectifier
Output Transistors
 AC Motor Formulas
F = NP/120
N = 120 * F/P
Where:
F = Frequency in Hz
N = RPM
P = # of poles
 Other Terminology
Soft Starting
Zero Speed Control
Plugging
DC Injection Braking
Hunting Prevention
Slip Compensation
Stall Prevention
A Step-Sine Motor Controller
for Electric Vehicle
Applications
Storage of Energy

• DC Batteries
• Fuels
DC vs. AC Motors

• Energy is stored as DC
• AC is more efficient
AC Advantages

• Increased power density

• Easier to control
• High torque
• High speed
• Small and Light
Common Control Methods

Figure 1: Sine to Square comparison Figure 2: Sine to Pulse Width Modulation comparison
Square Wave Pulse Width Modulation
Single Phase Step-Sine
Waveform
Volt a ge
Voltage Waveform F0

1.10

0.55
Vo lt a g e

0.00
1 41 81 121 161 201 241
-0.55

-1.10

Angle
3 Phase Step-Sine Waveform

Figure 9: Actual 3-phase output of motor controller

 Example Implementation

Battery
4 .
3 .. A
Generator 2
1 .. . . Motor
winding
0 B

One way to generate a stair-step approximation is to connect several equal voltage

battery section in series and attach them to a motor winding with a pair of
multiplexer switch as illustrated in Figure 1. During the positive half cycle, switch
B is connected to the bottom of the battery stack as Switch A is moved through the
five steps {0-4}. During the negative half cycle, the roles of the two switches may
be reversed.
Another Implementation
 Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
Less heat per IGBT
Lower harmonic content
Potentially more efficient power transfer

Disadvantages:
More IGBT’s
More Expensive
Heavier
Battery current misbalance
 Harmonic Analysis

Harmonic Analysis Harmonic Analysis

1.40
1.20 1.30
1.10 1.20

A m p lit u d e
1.00
Amplitude

1.10
0.90 1.00
0.80 0 .90
0.70 0 .80
0.60 0 .70
0.50 0 .60
0.40 0 .50
0.30 0 .40
0.20 0 .30
0.10 0 .20
0.00 0 .10
A0 A3 A5 A7 A9 A11 0 .00
A0 A3 A5 A7 A9 A11

Coefficients Coe fficie nts

Step-Sine Inverter Pulse-Width Inverter