WAN

Concept of Frame Relay

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 Wide Area Networking
Protocols

• PLANNING & DESIGNING

– Choose WAN services to meet customer
requirements
• IMPLEMENTATION & OPERATION
– Implement simple WAN protocols
• TROUBLESHOOTING
– Perform simple WAN troubleshooting
• TECHNOLOGY
– Evaluate key characteristics of WANs

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 Defining WAN Terms

• Customer premises equipment (CPE)

– Customer premises equipment (CPE) is
equipment that’s owned by the subscriber and
located on the subscriber’s premises.
• Demarcation point
– The demarcation location is the spot where
the service provider’s responsibility ends and
the CPE begins.

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• Local loop
– The local loop connects the demarc to the closest
switching office, called a central office.
• Central office (CO)
– This point connects the customers to the provider’s
switching network.
• Toll network
– The toll network is a trunk line inside a WAN
provider’s network. This network is a collection of
switches and facilities owned by the ISP.

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WAN Connection Types

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 WAN Support

• Cisco supports pretty much every WAN

service available, and you can see this
with the encapsulation ? command from
any serial interface ：

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7
• Frame Relay
• ISDN
• LAPB
• LAPD
• HDLC
• PPP
• ATM

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 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

• Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a Data

Link layer protocol that can be used over
either asynchronous serial (dial-up) or
synchronous serial (ISDN) media. It uses
the LCP (Link Control Protocol) to build
and maintain data-link connections.
Network Control Protocol (NCP) is used to
allow multiple Network layer protocols
(routed protocols) to be used on a point-to-
point connection.
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 Link Control Protocol (LCP)
Configuration Options

• Authentication This option tells the calling side

of the link to send information that can identify
the user. The two methods are PAP and CHAP.
• Compression This is used to increase the
throughput of PPP connections by compressing
the data or payload prior to transmission. PPP
decompresses the data frame on the receiving
end.
• Error detection PPP uses Quality and Magic
Number options to ensure a reliable, loop-free
data link.

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• Multilink Starting in IOS version 11.1,
multilink is supported on PPP links with
Cisco routers.
• PPP callback PPP can be configured to
call back after successful authentication.

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PPP Session Establishment

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PPP Authentication Methods

• Password Authentication Protocol

(PAP)
• Challenge Handshake Authentication
Protocol (CHAP)

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PAP and CHAP

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Configuring PPP on Cisco Routers

• Router#config t
• Enter configuration commands, one per
line. End with CNTL/Z.
• Router(config)#int s0
• Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
• Router(config-if)#^Z
• Router#

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Configuring PPP Authentication

• Router#config t
• Enter configuration commands, one per
line. End with CNTL/Z.
• Router(config)#hostname RouterA
• RouterA(config)#username RouterB
password cisco

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• When using the hostname command,
remember that the username is the
hostname of the remote router connecting
to your router. And it’s case sensitive.
Also, the password on both routers must
be the same.

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• RouterA#config t
• Enter configuration commands, one per
line. End with CNTL/Z.
• RouterA(config)#int s0
• RouterA(config-if)#ppp authentication
chap pap
• RouterA(config-if)#^Z
• RouterA#
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Verifying PPP Encapsulation

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 Debug PPP Authentication

• d16h: Se0/0 PPP: Using default call direction

• 1d16h: Se0/0 PPP: Treating connection as a dedicated line
• 1d16h: Se0/0 CHAP: O CHALLENGE id 219 len 27 from "Pod1R1"
• 1d16h: Se0/0 CHAP: I CHALLENGE id 208 len 27 from "Pod1R2"
• 1d16h: Se0/0 CHAP: O RESPONSE id 208 len 27 from "Pod1R1"
• 1d16h: Se0/0 CHAP: I RESPONSE id 219 len 27 from "Pod1R2"
• 1d16h: Se0/0 CHAP: O SUCCESS id 219 len 4
• 1d16h: Se0/0 CHAP: I SUCCESS id 208 len 4

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Mismatched WAN Encapsulations

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Mismatched IP Addresses

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 R1 R2
S0: 192. 168. 0. 1/ 24 S0: 192. 168. 0. 1/ 24
Enc a ps ul a t i on: ppp Enc a ps ul a t i on: ppp

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Frame Relay

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Committed Information Rate (CIR)

• Frame Relay works by providing a portion

of dedicated bandwidth to each user, and
also allowing the user to exceed their
guaranteed bandwidth if resources on the
telco network are available. So basically,
Frame Relay providers allow customers to
buy a lower amount of bandwidth than
what they really use. There are two
separate bandwidth specifications with
Frame Relay:
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• Access rate The maximum speed at
which the Frame Relay interface can
transmit.
• CIR The maximum bandwidth of data
guaranteed to be delivered. However, in
reality, this is the average amount that the
service provider will allow you to transmit.

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Frame Relay Encapsulation Types

• When configuring Frame Relay on Cisco

routers, you need to specify it as an
encapsulation on serial interfaces.
• Frame Relay there are two encapsulation
types: Cisco and IETF (which stands for
Internet Engineering Task Force).

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• RouterA(config)#int s0
• RouterA(config-if)#encapsulation frame-
relay ?
• ietf Use RFC1490 encapsulation
• <cr>
• The default encapsulation is Cisco unless
you manually type in ietf

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 Virtual Circuits

• Frame Relay operates using virtual circuits

• two types of virtual circuits:
– permanent
– switched

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 permanent

• Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) are by

far the most common type in use today.
What permanent means is that the telco
creates the mappings inside their gear,
and as long as you pay the bill, they will
remain in place.

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 Switched Virtual Circuits

• Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) are more

like a phone call. The virtual circuit is
stablished when data needs to be
transmitted, then is taken down when data
transfer is complete.

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 Data Link Connection Identifiers
(DLCIs)
• Frame Relay PVCs are identified to DTE end
devices using Data Link Connection Identifiers
(DLCIs). A Frame Relay service provider
typically assigns DLCI values, which are used on
Frame Relay interfaces to distinguish between
different virtual circuits. Because many virtual
circuits can be terminated on one multipoint
Frame Relay interface, many DLCIs are often
affiliated with it.
• they’re locally significant

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 Inverse ARP (IARP)

• maps a DLCI to an IP address (kinda like

ARP does with MAC addresses to IP
addresses). IARP is not configurable, but it
can be disabled. It runs on a Frame Relay
router and maps the DLCI (to an IP
address) for Frame Relay so it knows how
to get to the Frame Relay switch.

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• You can see the IP-to-DLCI mappings with
the show frame-relay map command. If
you have a non-Cisco router in your
network and it does not support IARP,
then you have to statically provide IP to
DLCI mappings with the frame-relay map
command

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40
• In Figure 11.13, DLCI 100 is considered
locally significant to RouterA and identifies
the circuit between RouterA and its
ingress Frame Relay switch. DLCI 200
would identify the circuit between RouterB
and its ingress Frame Relay switch.

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• RouterA(config-if)#frame-relay interface-
dlci ?
• <16-1007> Define a DLCI as part of the
current subinterface
• RouterA(config-if)#frame-relay interface-
dlci 16
– DLCIs identify the logical circuit between the
local router and a Frame Relay switch.

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Local Management Interface (LMI)

• Local Management Interface (LMI) is a

signaling standard used between your
router and the first Frame Relay switch it’s
connected to. It allows for passing
information about the operation and status
of the virtual circuit between the provider’s
network and the DTE (your router). It
communicates information about the
following:
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• Keepalives
• Multicasting
• Global addressing
• Status of virtual circuits

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There are three different types of LMI
message formats:

• Cisco
• ANSI
• and Q.933A

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• RouterA(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type ?
• cisco
• ansi
• q933a

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 Cisco

• Cisco LMI defined by the Gang of Four

(default). The Local Management Interface
(LMI) was developed in 1990 by Cisco
Systems, StrataCom, Northern Telecom,
and Digital Equipment Corporation and
became known as the Gang-of-Four LMI
or Cisco LMI.

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 ANSI

• Annex D included with ANSI standard

T1.617.

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 ITU-T (Q.933A)

• Annex A included in the ITU-T standard

and defined by using the Q.933a
command keyword.

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 R1
s0. 1: 192. 168. 1. 1/ 24 s0. 2: 192. 168. 2. 1/ 24

DL CI : 1 0 2
DL CI : 1 0 3
1 DL
20 Ö¡ ÖÐ ¼Ì ÔÆ CI
I: :3
D LC 01

R2 R3
s0: 192. 168. 1. 2/ 24 s0: 192. 168. 2. 2/ 24

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