FUNCTIONS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS

y
y

y = e kx y = e −kx

Transformed Transformation
Function
y = − f (x ) Reflect about the x-axis

y = f ( −x ) Reflect about the y-axis

y = f ( x) + k Translate k units vertically

y = f (x −k) Translate k units horizontally

y = kf (x ) Stretch away from the x-axis with factor k.

(x-intercept invariant)

y = f (kx ) Compress towards the y-axis with factor k if k>1

Stretch away from y-axis if k <1
(y-intercept invariant)

y = f ( x) One-way (upward) reflection about the x-axis

y= f ( x) Delete the domain for which f(x)<0

At x-intercept, the gradient of tangent is undefined ( vertical )

y 2 = f ( x) Use the graph of y= f ( x) and add-on its reflection about the x-axis

x-intercept becomes vertical asymptote

Vertical asymptote becomes x-intercept
1 1
y= Maximum point (a, f ( a )) becomes minimum point (a, )
f ( x) f (a)
and vice-versa
Function (curve) increasing becomes function (curve) decreasing
and vice-versa.

Total Reflection about the straight line y=x

−1
y=f ( x) Domain of f −1 ( x ) = Range of f(x)
Range of f −1 ( x ) = Domain of f(x)