MINOR PROJECT WORK

REPORT
ON
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Submitted to State Board of Technical Education

For the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award

Of diploma of Electronics and Communication Engineering for the

SESSION: 2008 TO 2011

Submitted by: - Submitted to:-

Rajat Aggarwal Mr. Chanan Pawar

0809810040 Sr. Lecturer

Electronics & Comm.

Poonam Mehta Engineering

0809810033

Manisha

0809810023
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are deeply indebted to “ Mr. Chanan Pawar Sr. Lecturer in
Department of Electronics & Communication Engg. at Ambition
Institute Of Polytechnic , Moriwala (Sirsa)”. For his inspiring and
encouraging guidance without which this project work could not
have been completed inspite of his busy schedule. He always had
time to attend the problem faced by us in our project work. We
will always remember his quick analysis, comprehensive solution
and critical reviews, he has been given through out the project
work.
Cordial and earnest thanks to staff of Ambition Institute of
Polytechnic, Moriwala (Sirsa) for his valuable suggestion and
help remembered in conducting the project work.
But at last, but not least we express over indebtedness to our
parents and all other family members for their patience and help
extended in this end over.

Rajat Aggarwal
0809810040

Poonam Mehta
0809810033

Manisha
0809810023

Ambition Institute of Polytechnic

Moriwala (Sirsa)

CONTENTS
 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
o Introduction.
o Theoretical background
o Aim to design this project
o Application
o Advantages
 CHAPTER-2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
o block diagram
o block description
o circuit diagram
o circuit description
o component used
o working principle and operation
 CHAPTER-3 FABRICATION PROCESS
o fabrication techniques
o various tools and equipment
o soldering
o tips and tricks
o precautions
 CHAPTER-4 TESTING
 CHAPTER 5 RESULT AND CONCLUSION
 Reference
 Chapter:-1

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Regulated power supply
In general, electronic circuit using transistors require a source of
DC power for example in tube amplifiers, DC voltage is needed
for plate, screen grid and control grid. Similarly the emitter and
collector bias in a transistor must also be direct current. Batteries
are rarely used for this purpose as they are costly. In practice DC
power for electronic circuit is most conveniently obtained from
commercial AC lines by using rectifier-filter system, called a DC
power supply. The rectifier-filter combination constitutes an
ordinary DC power supply. The DC voltage from an ordinary
power supply remains constant. So long as AC mains voltage or
load is unaltered. However, in many electronic applications, it is
desired that DC voltage should remain constant irrespective of
change in AC mains or load under such situations, voltage
regulating devices are used with ordinary power supply. This
constitutes regulated DC power supply and keeps the DC voltage
at fairly constant value.

CERTIFICATE
Certify that the project entitled “variable regulated power supply”

submitted by Rajat Aggarwal 0809810040, Poonam Mehta

0809810033 and Manisha 0809810023 in partial fulfillment of

the requirement for the award of “Diploma in Electronics &

Communication Engg. by the state board of Technical Education

Punjab Panchkula” is a record student own project work carried

out under my supervision.

Er. Chanan Singh Pawar

Electronics & Comm. Engg.

 Ambition Institute of Poly.

Moriwala (Sirsa)

Ambition Institute of Polytechnic

Moriwala (Sirsa)

Chapter:-2

PROJECT

DESCRIPTION
 BLOCK DESCRIPTION
Transformer: - The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters
and special AC motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they
include a rectifier and a smoothing capacitor.

Transformer + Rectifier: - The varying DC output is suitable for lamps,

heaters and standard motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless
they include a smoothing capacitor.
Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing: - The smooth DC output has a
small ripple. It is suitable for most electronic circuits.

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator: - The regulated

DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all electronic
circuits.
 CIRCUIT DISCRIPTION
Step Down Transformer :- Transformers convert AC electricity
from one voltage to another with little loss of power. Transformers
work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains
electricity is AC.
Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers
reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer
to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230v) to safer low
voltage.

Transformers and their symbol

The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called
the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two
coils, instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field
created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in
the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core.

Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost)

equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down
current is stepped up.

The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s
ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down
transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil

which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small

number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low
output voltage.

Vp Np power out = power in

turns ratio = = and
Vs Ns Vs × Is = Vp × Ip
Vp = primary (input) voltage Vs = secondary (output) voltage
Np = number of turns on Ns = number of turns on
primary coil secondary coil
Ip = primary (input) current Is = secondary (output) current
Rectifier: - There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a
rectifier to convert AC to DC. The bridge rectifier is the most
important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave
rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap
transformer is used, but this method is rarely used now that
diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier but it
only uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-
wave varying DC.

Bridge Rectifier: - A bridge rectifier can be made using four

individual diodes, but it is also available in special packages
containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave
rectifier because it uses all the AC wave (both positive and
negative sections). 1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier because
each diode uses 0.7V when conducting and there are always two
diodes conducting, as shown in the diagram below. When AC
supply is switched on. During positive half cycle terminal A is
positive and B is negative. This makes diode D1 & D3 forward
biases & diode D2 & D4 reverse biases and we get positive cycle.
During –ve half wave cycle, the A becomes –ve and B becomes
+ve. Due to this D2 & D4 come under forward bias and diode D1
& D3 are reverse bias. Therefore, diodes D2 & D4 conduct while
diode D1 & D3 don’t. the shape of wave is shown in figure.

Bridge Rectifier

Output: full-wave varying DC

Hence, we can say that the bridge wave rectifier give the
pulsating DC voltage which are not suitable for electronics
circuit.
Smoothing (Filter): - Smoothing is performed by a large value
electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as a
reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC
voltage from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the
unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the smoothed DC
(solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the
varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the
output.

Note: - Note that smoothing significantly increases the average

DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 × RMS value).
Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a
little as it discharges, giving a small ripple voltage. For many
circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply voltage is satisfactory
and the equation below gives the required value for the
smoothing capacitor. A larger capacitor will give less ripple. The
capacitor value must be doubled when smoothing half-wave DC.

So, in this we concluded that the pulsating DC voltage is applied

to the smoothing capacitor. This smoothing capacitor reduces the
pulsations in the rectifier DC output voltage.
The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most
electronics circuits.

capacitor
Adjustable regulator: - Voltage regulator ICs are available with
fixed or variable output voltages. The regulated DC output is very
smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all electronic circuits.

When voltage regulating device is added to this ordinary power

supply, it turns in to a regulated power supply.

Voltage regulator
In this we used adjustable voltage regulator. The adjustable
voltage regulator can be adjusted to provide any DC output
voltage that is within its two specified limits. The most popular
three terminal IC adjustable voltage regulator is the KA317. It has
an input terminal, output terminal and an adjustment terminal.
 An external voltage divider is used to change the DC output
voltage of the regulator. By changing external voltage divider
means variable resistance, a wide range of output voltage can be
obtained. Most regulators include some automatic protection
from excessive current (overload protection) and overheating
(Thermal protection).

HOW TO CONSTRUCT
 First of all read the given manual thoroughly and study the circuit
given in the figure. Also have a look at PCB and components
 supplied along with the kit. Each component has to be soldered
in its position on PCB.
 Identification of resistors is done by color-coding. The color band
on each resistor corresponds to its exact value.
 There are different methods in which are defined on capacitors.
But usually values are specified numerically on them. Refer
“Basic Electronics” section of the manual for details of resistor
and capacitor identification methods.
 Can you make out the whole working of circuit and are you able
to identify each component separately as to where each of them
has to be placed?
 If yes, only then proceed further to actually mounting and
soldering the parts refer to “Soldering Instructions” section.
 Not IC’s but their sockets are to be soldered on PCB. This is to
make mounting and dismounting of IC’s easy while
troubleshooting.

 Start from left most corner of PCB and solder the components
one by one on their correct position of PCB.

 Before soldering any component see that you have placed it

at its right position and with correct polarity. Give due attention
to diodes and electrolytic capacitors, as they are polarity
dependent.
 Do the soldering of other components in the same way
while keeping in mind that components with long and sensitive
leads like capacitors and transistors are soldered last.

CHAPTER:-3
 FABRICATING

PROCESS

FABRICATING TECHNIQUES
The fabricating techniques used in this project can be broadly

classified into:

o Mechanical Fabricating, consisting of mechanical design.

o Electrical Fabricating, consisting of electrical design i.e. making

PCB, soldering, is making connection correctly etc.

 VARIOUS TOOLS & EQUIPMENTS

NEEDED FOR FEBRICATION

Soldering wire De-soldering iron

 Flux

Wire cutter Multimeter

SOLDERING
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together

by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal into the
joint, the filler metal having a relative low melting point. Soft soldering is

characterized by the melting point of the filler metal, which is below 4000 C

(7520F). The filler metal used in the process is called solder.

Soldering is distinguished brazing by use of a lower melting-temperature

filler metal; it is distinguished from welding by the base metals not being

melted during the joining process. In a soldering process, heat is applied to

the parts to be joint by capillary action and to bond to the materials to be

joined by wetting action. After the metal cools, the resulting joints are not as

strong as the base metal, but have adequate strength , electrical conductivity

and water tightness for many uses . soldiering is an ancient technique

mentioned in Bible and there is evidence that it was employed upto 5000

years ago in Mesopotamia.

 TIPS & TRICKS
Soldiering is something that needs to be practiced. These tips should help

you began successful so you can stop practicing and get down to some

serious building.

1. Use heatsinks. Heatsinks are must for the leads of sensitive components

such as on

2. Keep the iron tip clean. A clean iron tip means better heat conduction

and a better joint. Use a wet sponge to clean the tip between joints.

3. Double check points. It is good idea to check all the soldiers joints with

an Ohm meter after they are cooled. If the joint measures any more than

a few tenths of an ohm, then it may be a good idea to resolder it.

4. Use the proper iron. Remember that bigger joints will take longer to heat

up with an 30W iron than with a 150w iron. While 30W is good for

printed circuit boards and the like, higher wattages are great when

soldiering to a heavy metal chases.

5. Solder small parts first. Solder resistors , jumper leads, diodes and any

other small parts before you solder larger parts like capacitors and

transistors. This makes assembly much easier.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Mount the components at the appropriate places before soldering;

Follow the circuit description and components details, leads

identification etc. Do not start soldering before making it confirm that

all components are mounted at right place.

2. Do not use a spread solder on board, it may cause short circuit.

3. Do not sit under the fan while soldering.

4. Position the board so that gravity tends to keep the solder where you

want it.

5. Do not over heat the components at the board. Excess heat may

damage the component or board.

6. The board should not vibrate while soldering otherwise you have a

dry or cold joint.

7. Do not put the kit under or over voltage source. Be sure about the

voltage either dc or ac while operating the gadget.

CHAPTER:-4

TESTING

BLOCK DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 Fig: - Regulated Power Supply

TESTING
The testing step comes after the fabrications processes or we can say this is

the final step of our project. In this process we have done testing of our

project by hardware section.

Hardware section

In the hardware section, first of all we have tested the soldiering section of

power supply, after that in this we have checked that we are receiving the
output required or not, i.e. 5V from the power supply section. After founding

that the power supply section is working as per our requirement we moved to

another section for testing. We tested the connection of capacitors, resistors,

transistors. Finally we had gone through the whole circuit and check if there

are no loosened wires, breaking of tracks etc. the tools required for testing

the hardware section was:

Soldering rod, flux and lead

Twisser and stipper

Digital multimeter
Desoldering gun
 COMPONENT USED

 Step down transformer:- The step down transformer can convert high

voltageAC into low voltage AC. By step down transformer we can

take different values of voltage at output. In this project we can use

12-0-12 step down transformer. In this transformer we give high AC

voltage by two red wires & take low AC voltage output by eight

wires. At eight wires we can obtain various outputs.

 Bridge wave rectifier: - In the full wave rectifier we can use four

diodes. These rectifiers can convert AC voltage into DC voltage. In

this circuit we use four diodes of value 4007 to make a full wave

rectifier. These four diodes give full wave at output. One diode takes

0.7v to operate.We can use two diode to take full wave at output but

for this we require a center tap transformer, this is not generally use

because these are chipper. At output we obtain pulsating DC volt.:-

  Capacitor :- Capacitor are use for either to store the charge or

for smoothing purpose. But in this circuit we use capacitor for

smoothing purpose. It give the DC voltage but this DC voltage

contain some ripple.

 Adjustable regulator: - In this circuit we use adjustable regulator

KA317. This regulator is use to take DC voltage. At this DC voltage

no ripples are present.

The terminal 1st is input terminal through which we take the DC

voltage which is provided by the capacitor. 2nd terminal is earthing

terminal & 3rd terminal is output terminal through which we take the

output.