Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s

Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon-423 603

(An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune)
NACC ‘A’ Grade Accredited, ISO 9001:2015 Certified

Department of Electrical Engineering

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

Unit- 6

ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS

Prof. Dr.M.Sujith
Assistant Professor Insert Your Photo Here

Email:msujithelect@sanjivami.org.in
Contact No: 9486820743

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 Syllabus

● Elements of communication system:

● Bandwidth requirement, modulation, need of modulation,
● Analog modulation schemes: AM, FM (No and its comparison, AM
band, FM band
● Transmission media: wired (OFC) and wireless.
● Introduction to Mobile communication (Block diagram explanation
of GSM only

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SCOE, KOPARGAON 2

 Communication Systems

● The communication system is a system which describes the information exchange

between two points.
● The process of transmission and reception of information is called
communication.
● The major elements of communication are the Transmitter of information,
Channel or medium of communication and the Receiver of information.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SCOE, KOPARGAON 3

 Types of Communication Systems

● Depending on Signal specification or technology, the communication system is

classified as follows:
(1) Analog
● Analog technology communicates data as electronic signals of varying frequency
or amplitude. Broadcast and telephone transmission are common examples of
Analog technology.
(2) Digital
● In digital technology, the data are generated and processed in two states: High
(represented as 1) and Low (represented as 0). Digital technology stores and
transmits data in the form of 1s and 0s.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SCOE, KOPARGAON 4

 Depending on the communication channel, the
communication system is categorized as follows:

1. Wired (Line communication)

● Parallel wire communication
● Twisted wire communication
● Coaxial cable communication
● Optical fibre communication

2. Wireless (Space communication)

● Ground wave communication
● Skywave communication
● Space wave communication
● Satellite communication

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SCOE, 5

KOPARGAON
 Examples Of Communication Systems

The following are a few examples of communication systems:

 Internet
 Public Switched Telephone network (PSTN)
 Intranet and Extranet
 Television

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 Elements of Communication Systems

1. Information 7. Antenna 12. Receiver

2. Signal 8. Channel 13. Demodulators
3. Transducer 9. Noise 14. Repeaters
4. Amplifier 10. Attenuation
5. Modulator 11. Distortion
6. Transmitter

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 Transmitter (1-6)

1. Information-Message or information is the entity that is to be transmitted

2. Signal - The single-valued function of time that carries the information.

3. Transducer - A device or an arrangement that converts one form of energy

to the other (eg:Audio signal converted to electrical signal)

4. Amplifier - The electronic circuit or device that increases the amplitude or

the strength of the transmitted signal is called an amplifier.

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 Transmitter (1-6)

5. Modulator -As the original message signal cannot be transmitted over a

large distance because of their low frequency and amplitude, they are
superimposed with high frequency and amplitude wave called carrier
wave

6. Transmitter - It is the arrangement that

processes the message signal into a
suitable form for transmission and
subsequently reception.

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 Medium (7 -11)

7. Antenna - It is a structure or a device that will radiate and receive

electromagnetic waves. (basically a metallic object)
8. Channel -A channel refers to a physical medium such as wire, cables,
space through which the signal is passed from the transmitter to the
receiver. (Noise, Attenuation and distortion to mention the major
impairments.)
9. Noise - External sources include interference, i.e. interference from
nearby transmitted signals (cross talk), interference generated by a
natural source such as lightning, solar or cosmic radiation, automobile
generated radiation, etc.

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 Medium (7 -11)

10. Attenuation - Attenuation is a problem caused by the medium. When the

signal is propagating for a longer distance through a medium, depending on
the length of the medium the initial power decreases

11. Distortion - When the signal is distorted, the distorted signal may have
frequency and bandwidth different from the transmitted signal
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 Receiver (12-14)

12. Receiver An arrangement that extracts the message or information from

the transmitted signal at the output end of the channel and reproduces it in a
suitable form as the original message signal is a receiver.

13. Demodulator - It is the inverse phenomenon of modulation. The process of

separation of message signal from the carrier wave takes place in the
demodulator.

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 Receiver (12 to 14)

13. Repeaters - Repeaters are placed at different locations in between the

transmitter and receiver. A repeater receives the transmitted signal,
amplifies it and send it to the next repeater without distorting the original
signal.

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Bandwidth requirement (30Hz to 30GHz / 300GHz)

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 What is the need for modulation in communication systems?

● The message signals have a very low frequency due to which these
signals cannot be transmitted over long distances. Hence such low-
frequency message signals are modulated over the high-frequency carrier
signal due to the following reasons:

1. Modulation increases operating range.

2. It reduces the size of transmitting and receiving antennas.
3. It permits transmission without wire.
4. It is extremely difficult to radiate low frequency signals through earth’s
atmosphere in the form of electromagnetic energy

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 Modulation

● Modulation is defined as the process of superimposing a low-frequency

signal on a high-frequency carrier signal.

● This process of imposing an input signal on a carrier wave is known as

modulation
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 Types of Modulation

It is a kind of modulation where the amplitude of the carrier signal is changed in proportion to
the message signal while the phase and frequency are kept constant.

The frequency of the carrier signal is altered in proportion to the message signal while the phase
and amplitude are kept constant is called frequency modulation.

The phase of the carrier signal is altered according to the low frequency of the message
signal and hence it is called phase modulation.

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 Demodulation

● Demodulation is defined as extracting the original information-carrying

signal from a modulated carrier wave.

● A demodulator is an electronic circuit that is mainly used to recover the

information content from the modulated carrier wave.

● The output signal via a demodulator may describe the sound, images, or
binary data.

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 Difference Between Modulation and Demodulation

● Modulation is the process of influencing data information on the carrier,

while demodulation is the recovery of original information at the distant
end of the carrier.

● A modem is an equipment that performs both modulation and

demodulation.

● Both processes aim to achieve transfer information with the minimum

distortion, minimum loss, and efficient utilisation of spectrum.

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 Difference between Amplitude & Frequency Modulation

Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation

The first modulated wave was transmitted The first modulated wave was transmitted
in the year the 1870s in the year 1930

The radio wave is defined as a carrier The radio wave is defined as a carrier
signal and both phase and frequency are signal and both phase and amplitude are
maintained at the same maintained at the same

The AM signals can be transmitted to long The FM signals can be transmitted to long
distances but have lesser sound quality distances and have good sound quality

These waves lie in the frequency range of These waves lie in the frequency range of
535 to 1705 kHz 88 to 108 MHz

Highly suspected of noise signals Less suspected to noise signals

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 Amplitude modulated (AM) transmitter

Fig gives the block diagram of amplitude modulated radio transmitter. It consists of two
sections
(i) Audio frequency (AF) section and
(ii) Radio frequency (RF) section.
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 AM transmitter – AF section

● The AF section of the transmitter generates the modulating wave (signal).

The conversion of sound energy into electrical energy is performed by the
microphone.

● The electrical energy available from the microphone is very low. Hence, it is
amplified through an amplifier. The output from the AF amplifier is fed to the
AF power amplifier.

● The power amplifier provides the required audio frequency power. The output
of the AF power amplifier is given to the modulator.

● A modulator is an electronic circuit with transistor and passive components,

which performs the process of modulation.

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 AM transmitter – RF section

● In the RF section, the high frequency carrier wave is generated by a crystal

controlled oscillator.

● The output of the crystal controlled oscillator is power amplified by RF power

amplifier.

● The buffer isolates the RF power amplifier from the oscillator. This arrangement
keeps the frequency of the crystal controlled oscillator as a constant.

● In the modulator the RF wave and modulating AF signal are mixed to

produce the amplitude modulated wave. The output of this section is fed to
the antenna for transmission.

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 Frequency modulated (FM) transmitter

Frequency modulated systems are operated usually at a frequency above 40 MHz.

Frequency modulated broadcasting is done in television sound, mobile radio etc.
The functional block diagram of a FM transmitter employing phase modulation

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Difference between AM & Fm transmitter

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 Simple receiver

● The desired radiowave is selected by the radio frequency amplifier, which

employs a tuned parallel circuit.

● The tuned RF amplifier amplifies this selected radiowave. The amplified

radiowave is fed to the detector circuit which consists of a PN diode.

● This circuit extracts the audio signal from the radiowave. The output of the
detector is the audio signal, which is amplified by one or more stages of audio
amplification.
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Superheterodyne AM receiver

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 Superheterodyne AM receiver

i) RF amplifier
The RF amplifier uses a tuned parallel circuit. The radiowaves from various broadcasting
stations are intercepted by the receiving antenna and are coupled to this stage. This stage
selects the desired radiowave and enhances the strength of the wave to the desired level.

(ii) Mixer and local oscillator

The amplified output of RF amplifier is fed to the mixer stage, where it is combined
with the output of a local oscillator. The two frequencies beat together and produce an
intermediate frequency (IF). The intermediate frequency is the difference between
oscillator frequency and radio frequency. The output of this section is always equal to
the intermediate frequency 455 kHz.

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 Superheterodyne AM receiver

(iii) IF amplifier
The output of the mixer circuit is fed to the tuned IF amplifier. This amplifier is tuned to
one frequency (i.e. 455 KHz ) and is amplified.

(iv) Detector
The output from the IF amplifier is coupled with input of a detector. The audio signals
are extracted from the IF output. Usually a diode detector circuit is used because of its
low distortion and excellent audio fidelity (reproducing ability).

(v) AF amplifier
The detected AF signal is usually weak and so it is further amplified by the AF
amplifier. Then, the output signal from the amplifier is fed to the loud speaker, which
converts the audio signal into sound waves corresponding to the original sound at the
broadcasting station.

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FM Superheterodyne receiver

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 FM Superheterodyne receiver

● The RF section selects the incoming modulated signals and is amplified. It is then fed
into the mixer and local oscillator.

● Here the frequency of the modulated signal is changed to intermediate frequency. For
FM receivers, this IF is 10.7 MHz. The intermediate frequency wave is amplified
using IF amplifier and then its amplitude is maintained constant using a limiter.

● The output of this section is applied to the FM detector which demodulates the
modulated wave.

● The AF signal from the FM detector is then passed on through a de-emphasis

network, where the various frequencies attain their original power distribution.
Finally it is fed into the loud speaker after performing AF amplification.

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