Guia 1 MN 2006 02

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xn+1 = g(xn )
h¨)* ©'~ª¢;¤F¡4*¢4l¤FK «
x0 = 4
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x1 , x 2 x3
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* y§*¢ « ¨)± *§ £ K{ºd)
n≥0
α f x0 ∈ R
K4dK l¤FK) l4d¤§*6b*
c
xn+1 = xn + cf (xn ),
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c
qsr't6uwvyx{z}|ÈdÉkdl¤¹Vd
xn (x2n + 3a)
xn+1 =
l4V¡Iw¥Io l4N4KwK l46¡Iw¥Iwd wh p=3 Ê 4 wh √
a
3x2n + a
qsr't6uwvyx{z}|NËT¬4d¤¢KwhopKd w¢4%¾
f (x) = tan(x) − x + 2, x ∈ R.
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K¨)*¢d ¶ 10−6
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x0 = 1
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x2 − a = 0 a>0
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I ¨)*§}*y¥;¦K

x = x + c(x2 − a) c 6= 0

ª
x = a/x

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x = (x + a/x)/2
x ln(x) = 1.
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wd wdw6§ ²¢ Ê ¤4yd w¢4 x̄
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«

1 1
xn+1 = xn+1 = exp .
ln xn xn
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· d wdwVw8¡;*¢4K
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xn+1 = xn + λ( ln1xn − xn ) λ ∈ R
λ
w)4²§Ç*¢ b
x̄ λ = λ(x̄)
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l46¡Iw¥IwVo l4k¡Iw¢V w¢d4k*.}wd;¤ w)4²§Ç*¢ b
λ(x̄) λ(xn )
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l4K) *¨K ¸ y 4 w¢4yK¢ wh* π
) *dw§ Ko¥6*§*6y¼ª*h l46¡Iw¥Iwd whKl¤§4¤8yw§4 w¢4dl¤ £ l¤
f (x) = sin(x)
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x0
x0 = 5π
6
π
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1
c≤ 3
¨Kl w¢¤¢4kK
| rx x{r x x
√
π
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5π 1 5π 3
ε = 0, 5 · 3−20

sin 6 = 2 cos 6 =− 2
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xn+1 = xn + sin(xn ) π I
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π x0 ∈ I π
¾ α
f
xn+1 = xn −
f (xn )
,
K4dK
Dn =
f (xn + f (xn )) − f (xn )
.
Dn f (xn )
®
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f 0 (α) 6= 0 p=2
K Kwwy)*
| | t4r x t4z}t t f

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f f (x) = (x − α)h(x) h(α) 6= 0
w)*¢¹VK¢w w « ¹Vd¤»y³yyl¤§Ç,w

x0
xn+1 = cos(xn )
(0, π/2)
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R
«
! !
1,6384 0,8065 0,8319

A = b =
0,8321 0,4096 0,4225
Ax = b
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xc r = Axc − b
l¤F ¸ 4 w§*}wV
e=
−10−8
!
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108
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A || · ||∞
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b
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A
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A
b
b
10−8

!"#
qsr't6uwvyx{z}|C~b®db g(x) = 0,1 + 0,6 cos(2x)

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lw§4K « 4 l4§4K
g(x)
§*P¹Vd « K) l4d¤§*6 §*2¹Vd ¨)*§
K I = [a, b] g(I) ⊂ I 0≤λ<1 |g 0 (x)| ≤ λ
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x∈I
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g I x0 = 0,4
l4d²¢ w¢4NyK¢ wh* « l4}} wyw¢}K¨)*§4d g(x) I
©p)N¬4d¤¢KwK)¨:l¹Vd )¡4*h4 w¢4 K £ K4dK !wd4¨:4 «

x0 = 0,4 |xn − g(xn )| ≤ 10−5
¢;¤¨KKV;¤º ;¤FK « l¤¨Dl wy¡4*}wV wdl¤o¹6d;¾

%$
g̃(x) g(x) g̃(x) = 0,2 + 0,6 cos(2x) α α̃
g g̃
0,1
|α − α̃| ≤
K4dK l¤Fh, l4d¤§*6oK .y¨d¤ Ê y¼oKhpKd w¢4
L
'&
g
1−L

(!"#
©I2wdw};¤¹Vd
l46¡Iw¥IwV £ K w};¤F};¤§*8¹6d
g(x) = 0,1 + 0,6 cos(2x) G± *§¨K *,¹Vd l¤§»pKd w¢4 K{ºdd KÀ}¯wKkyw§*y¡I
È
]© R ·G¸ ¢¤KNyVw¡4*¢} lw§4K « 4 l4§4K ¹Vdl¤8*¨Ky¢ b4K wN¤.¢¤}¨:4
©]yR ·G¸ ¢¤K) l4d¤§*V 0≤λ<1
§*%¹Vd I
¨)*§,K
|g 0 (x)| ≤ λ x∈I
g
· ¤s Ç4 wy.¡Iw8¹Vd¨:Kw};¤F¤§*¢¤4 lw* 4¤8 l4d²¢ w¢4dl¤¨:4F¤§w¨)*§4K d± 4! w¨K¢ £ l4}

¨)*§,K £ ¤ ¤y¥;d¹6d
−1 ≤ cos(2x) ≤ 1
−0,5 ≤ g(x) ≤ 0,7 ,
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
¥;§Çº) l K w

« l4} ¢wdKk Ç ¸ y}}w £ ¤¢wd¹Vd
g [0,2, 0,7]
g(x) x=0
P* ¢¯w £ £ ydw¥Ik© s¤§¤§*¢¤§4 l¤

0,2 < g(0,7) ≤ g(g(x)) ≤ g(0) ≤ 0,7 .
g 0 (x) = −1,2 sen(2x)
V yow *¥I!KyK¥;KdKl¤;¤%yVw¡4*¢;¤Z}wd w¢4)4K;¤ ¤§*¢¤4 l* 4¤G l4d²¢ w¢4dl¤ ! w};¤Zwd l46§*

|x| ≤ 0,5 arc sen(1/1,2) ≈ 0,49255539 .
K»y6w¡;*¢4Kl w)4KK4dK¤¤§*¢¤4 lwk* 4¤8 l4d²¢ w¢4dl¤

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K l¤§Ç*NwNl¤y6w¡;*¢ !4w};¤8¹Vd l¤FKl wl w¢wV¤ l¤y6w¡;*¢k©p l4d¤¢Kw
[0,2, 0,7]
h,Kwy¡;4dI « l4}
g(g(x))
g(0,2) = 0,6526365964... «
g(x)
g(0,7) = 0,2019802857...
¤¢wd¹Vd
.dw¥I £ l4}F¨KKV;¤Z ¸ w};¤ZK ¤4y¢w¡;4K;¤Pw ¨D4 £ ©I.¤½¤§*¢¤'l Ê £ ¨:w© l¹VK¢w½¹Vdw
g([0,2, 0,7]) = [0,2019802857..., 0,6526365964...] ⊂ [0,2, 0,7] = I.
¸ w}8Kwl Ê d8¤§b « 4G¹Vd £ ydw¥I8wV¨KK6! ¸ w}8y¼b¹6K¢wK

&
I I g
0,5 arc sen(1/1,2) ≈ 0,49255539
Ë
d!¨KdlK¤w }wd4¹Vd½h¨Kwy Ç*¥Iw Kl¤½¡;*¢4 £ h w)*Kl¤*¨K ¸ y 4d*}wV Ê *µ
§ £ 4 *dK ¤¢wd¹Vd g 0,4288
£ « ¨:Kw};¤4 *8w
y6w¡;*¢
x0 = 0,45
£ « ¤¢wd¹Vd
x1 = g(x0 ) ≈ 0,4729659810 < 0,473 = x̃1
« £
¤« ¢wdK Kl wl w¢w6NwÄl¤§y6w¡;*¢ £ ¤¢wd»¹Vd
J = [0,45, 0,473] ⊂ I g(0,45) ≈ 0,4729659810 g(0,473) ≈ 0,4509592536
£ l¤»Kl wy £ %dw¥I w.}· ¯w lK¤ ¨Ky4V¨Kwdl¡4¤*¢} l4V¡I¤w ¥I¢w¨)d*C§¹6d b4 d
g g(J) = [0,4509592536..., 0,4729659810...] ⊂
[0,45, 0,473]
0,9732987256... = λ < 1
g(J) ⊂ J
&
£
J máx{|g 0 (x)| : x ∈ J} =
x0 ∈ J
975e−3
971e−3
967e−3
963e−3
959e−3
955e−3
951e−3
947e−3
943e−3
939e−3
450e−3 454e−3 458e−3 462e−3 466e−3 470e−3 474e−3
;¥ §Çº) lK w
|g 0 (x)|
© ¤§*w};¤shop4oKh K4dK
J
£
«w.6K}lw¤8§w42K¨K4K£ V¨K}dlº ¤ wKdw};¤¹Vd¹6d *dd*};¤ d¤ b*dK :± *§¤y¨Ky º) b* £ 4 *};¤8K %dw¥I w
λn
|xn − xg | ≤ 1−λ |x0 λ = máx{|g 0 (x)| : x ∈ J} = 0,9732987256...
− x1 |
«
xg g λ̃ = 0,98 > λ
&
1/(1 − λ) ≈ 37,45139595 1/(1 − 0,98) ≈ 50,00
λn 1
|xn − xg | ≤ |x0 − x1 | ≤ λ̃n |x0 − x1 | = 50 λ̃n |x0 − x1 |
4 *dK,K¡4*¢4 *¥;§*dd*};¤h,² wwd wh ¨D4 w¨K¢ £ 4 *};¤

1−λ 1 − λ̃
« w}w};¤ x̄1 < x1 | £ |x0 − x1 £ ´lw¨Kh*¼ª*dKl¤;¤ £ x̃1 = 0,473
¡;*¢4l¤FwNh¦Kyy ,¨)*Kh,Kl¤y¥;)*¢d4*Vw¢4 £ wdw};¤

−1
0,72965981 × 10 ≈ |x0 − x1 | ≤ |x0 − x̃1 | = |0,4 − 0,473| = 0,073
l¤FKl wy £ 50 × (0,98)n × 0,073 ≤ 10−4
KK4dK 3,65 × (0,98)n × ≤ 10−4
Ê 4§ £ 4 *dK ¢4¥6*³y})*K§* £ d;¤F¹Vdld

(0,98)n ≤ 0,27397 × 10−4
KsK4dK £ n ln(0,98) ≤ ln(0,27397 × 10−4 ) ≈ −10,50507704

.dw¥I K w};¤G4 * l4}
w.6¦K}wKyw§4 w¢4dl¤F¨)*§ 4¤w¥;K§*8¹Vdwdw};¤FË Kl wy * ¢l¤K¨K£ l w¢¤¢4
&
n ≥ ln(0,8695652174×10−4 )/ ln(0,98) ≈ 519,9836, n ≥ 520

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£w.}K ¯wKK4d}KKK! ww}4; ¤!wdwd l4w6};§*¤ K) §*³y¼oKh l w)4 w¢4 ¤§*dK
g g(x) = x 0,1+0,6 cos(2x) =
£
x f (x) = 0,1 + 0,6 cos(2x) − x = 0
f (x)
Nf (x) = x −
f 0 (x)
0,1 + 0,6 cos(2 x) − x
= x−
−1,2 sin(2 x) − 1
0,5 (12 x sin(2 x) + 1 + 6 cos(2 x))
=
6 sin(2 x) + 5
¬ 4}wK¼ª*dK l4h4¤yw§4 w¢4dl¤ £ « d¤§*dK ¹6d
¹Vd xn+1 = g(xn ) £ « § *dK l4¿~b® ²³y¥;y;¤¤¢wd
x1 = Nf (0,4) = 0,463425566162 , e1 = |x1 − x0 | = 0,13425566162 × 10−1
x2 = Nf (x1 ) = 0,461786298387 , e2 = |x2 − x1 | = 0,1639267775 × 10−2

x3 = Nf (x2 ) = 0,461785307874 , e3 = |x3 − x2 | = 0,990513 × 10−6
Kw Ç4¤ £
x4 = Nf (x3 ) = 0,461785307873 , e4 = |x4 − x3 | = 0,1 × 10−11
£ ¨D4¢§*6 £ ¤§*y¡INw4l¤K4Kw « 4¹Vd ¤§
¢wd¹Vdw.¨KK6}º l¤
g(x4 ) = 0,461785307873 = x4 10−11
©p) · ¤s Ç4 wy.¡IwF¥;§º) b*}wVo¹Vd ¢wdKN¨KKV,º

xg = 0,461785307873
g̃ α̃
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
−0.1
−0.3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
;¥ §Çº) l}K w
_Tcpg2fVO :M Ng VU*O]fIY .± VKw};¤d¤§*w }¯wKNKw4C¨)*§»*¨K ¸ y * . ± *§Nwy¢»K w};¤
g̃ [0, 1]
l¤4y¡IwhÀl w)4 w¢4 l¤»Kl wy ¤K{ºdKy};¤»hC]Kd w¢4

KlKw};¤!wd l46§*K)§*³y¼K £ Ê 4§ £ £ l4} ¤£ ¢wdo¹6d £

α̃
g̃(x) = x r(x) = 0,2 + 0,6 cos(2x) − x
«
r r(x) = 0,2 + 0,6 cos(2 x) − x r 0 (x) =
−1,2 sin(2 x) − 1
r(x)
Nr (x) = x −
r 0 (x)

¡¢wdd4d,¨:4
0,2 + 0,6 cos(2 x) − x 6 x sin(2 x) + 1 + 3 cos(2 x)
Nr (x) = x − =
24 *dK £ wdw};¤

−1,2 sin(2 x) − 1 6 sin(2 x) + 5
y0 = 0,4
y1 = Nr (y0 ) = 0,5171651042 , E1 = 0,1171651042
y2 = Nr (y1 ) = 0,5119943202 , E2 = 0,0051707840

y3 = Nr (y2 ) = 0,5119861755 , E3 = 0,81447 10−5
y4 = Nr (y3 ) = 0,5119861754 , E4 = 0,1 10−9
« :¨ Kw};¤ l4d¤¢Kw§*¹6£ dl¤F¤K*ly w¡IyN £ K lC4dw¤¢K4w £ w};¤

α̃ = y4 = 0,5119861754 £ ¨Kdl¤ g̃(y4 ) = 0,5119861753 «
Ê 4§ £ b*¢ wK¢w};¤Fh, l4d¤§*VK %y¨d¤ Ê y¼K 2wdw};¤ £
g̃(y4 ) − y4 = −0,1 10−9 α̃ = y4 = 0,5119861753
'&
g(x) = 0,1 + 0,6 cos(2x)
|g(x) − g(y)| = |0,6 cos(2x) − 0,6 cos(2y)|

= 0,6| cos(2x) − cos(2y)|
K4dK l¤§Ç»w6 £ « ! w};¤ ¸ yy¼ª*h» ¸ ¨Kl¤¢4yd w¥I ¨)*§

= 0,6|2 sen(2ζ)| |x − y|
ζ
ζ ∈ [0,45, 0,473] ¢wd¹Vd x y x, y ∈ [0,45, 0,473]
máx{| sen(2ζ)| : ζ ∈ [0,45, 0,473]} ≈ 0,8110822713 £
sen(2ζ)
l¤FKl wy £ |g(x) − g(y)| ≤ 1,2 × 0,8110822713|x − y|
« 4 *};¤ Pw}w};¤ £ ydw¥I

|g(x) − g(y)| ≤ 0,9732987256 |x − y| .
L = 0,973298726 α = xg = 0,461785307873 « α̃ = 0,5119861753
0,1 0,1
|α − α̃| = 0,050200867 ≤ = = 3,745139651 .
T_ cpg2fVO :M½S )U4O]fIY

1−L 1 − 0,973298726
2wdw};¤

|α − α̃| = |g̃(α̃) − g(α)|

= |0,2 + 0,6 cos(2α̃) − 0,1 − 0,6 cos(2α)|
= |0,1 + 0,6 cos(α̃) − 0,6 cos(α)|
≤ 0,1 + |0,1 + 0,6 cos(2α̃) − (0,1 + 0,6 cos(α))|
= |g(α̃) − g(α)|
≤ 0,1 + L|α̃ − α| .
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|α̃ − α| ≤ 1
1−L
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≤ ||I − A−1 Ã|| ||xA ||
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~
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≤
¤
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® ||E|| < 1
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≤ ||AE|| ||A||
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≤ = = = 0,0204016...
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0
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0 0,01 0,01
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£
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0,08 0,08
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1 − 0,08 0,92
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f1 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x21 + x2 − 37
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JF =  .
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= , , = (1, −2x1 , 1)
∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x2

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1 1 1
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KK4dK £ dK± 48K4¢,dK§*£V

1 1 1 a31 a32 a33 0 0 1
£ K K4dK£ £ £ £ K K4dK
£ £ £ £ £
a21 = 1 a22 = 0 a23 = 0 a11 = 0 a13 = 0 a11 + a21 + a31 = 0 a31 = −1
a12 + a22 + a32 = 0 a32 = −1 a13 + a23 + a33 = 1 a33 = 1
 −1  
0 1 0 0 1 0
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   
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1 1 1 −1 −1 1
F (0, 0, 0) = (−37, −5, −5)
(1)
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x1 0 0 1 0 −37 5
 (1)    
 x2  =  0  −  1 0 0   −5  =  37 
   
(1) 0 −1 −1 1 −3 −39
x3
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(x1 + h1 , x2 + h2 , x3 + h3 )
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∂f1 ∂f1 ∂f1
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∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3
∂f2 ∂f2 ∂f2

0 = f2 (x1 + h1 , x2 + h2 , x3 + h3 ) ≈ f2 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) + h1 + h2 + h3
∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3
∂f3 ∂f3 ∂f3

0 = f3 (x1 + h1 , x2 + h2 , x3 + h3 ) ≈ f3 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) + h1 + h2 + h3
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(x1 , x2 , x3 )
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h1
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Ê 4§ £ d¤ *dK¢;¤Fd*;¤ £ wdw};¤

h3
 
−37
(0) (0) (0)
F (x1 , x2 , x3 ) =  −5  ,
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−3
 
0 1 0
(0) (0) (0)
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1 1 1
    
0 1 0 h1 −37
 1 0 0   h2  = −  −5 
    
!o4¹6K³ £ £ KK4dK

1 1 1 h3 −3
£ «
Ê 4§ £ l4}
h2 = 37 h1 = 5 h 1 + h2 + h3 = 3 h3 = −39
(1)
   (0)   
x1 x1 h1
 (1)   (0)  
 x2  =  x2  +  h2  ,

(1) (0)
¤¢wd¹Vd
x3 x3 h3
(1)
   
x1 5
 (1)  
 x2  =  37 

(1) −39
wP w)*2 l4yd w¢K £ ¡h*}w6 £ l4kw% bÇ*¢ wK¢ Ê l Ê }wNh¨)*©I
x3
· ¤6¦K}¢wwdk¹VKd} l4d²¢ w¢4C l4l¤¨Dl wk* §4²¢Nl¤¨Dl w§* £ ¤y¥;K º) b»¹Vd,d¤§*dKhd4 ¤ 4²y)4d

|| · ||2 £
~
4¡ *¢4F¨K4¨K¢ K
¡4*¢48¨K4¨K¢}K
s
máx{|λ| : λ AAT }
k(A) = .
2* *dK
mı́n{|λ| : λ AAT }
& &
 
0 1 0
A= 1 0 0 ,
 
¢wd¹Vd
1 1 1
 
0 1 1
AT =  1 0 1  .
 
.dw¥I
0 0 1
&
     
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
AAT =  1 0 0  ·  1 0 1  =  0 1 1 
     
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 3
 
1−λ 0 1
AAT − λI =  0 1−λ 1 
 
1 1 3−λ
«
det(AAT − λ) = (1 − λ)2 (3 − λ) − (1 − λ) − (1 − λ) = (1 − λ)((1 − λ)(3 − λ) − 2)
ydw¥I £ ¤ £ KK4dK « .dw¥I £
¡;*¢4¨K4¨K¢}K ¡;*¢4¨K4¨K¢ K 40¢§*6
&
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det(AAt − λI) = 0 λ1 = 1 λ2 − 4λ + 3 = 0 λ2 = 3 λ3 = 1 qmáx{|λ| :
√
λ AAT } = 3 mı́n{|λ| : λ AAT } = 1 k(A) = 31 = 3
l¤§ ¢
%$
A
~

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