BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an
entire planet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health of ecosystems. Greater biodiversity implies
greater health. Biodiversity is in part a function of climate. In terrestrial habitats, tropical regions
are typically rich whereas polar regions support fewer species.

Rapid environmental changes typically cause extinctions. One estimate is that less than 1% of
the species that have existed on Earth are extant.[1]

Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large
and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a
rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every
phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated,
massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest
collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. [2] The Permian–Triassic extinction event,
251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years.[3] The most
recent, the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago, and has often
attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the non-avian
dinosaurs.[4]

The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and
an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is
caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Biodiversity's impact on
human health is a major international issue.[citation needed]

Definition

"Biological diversity" or "biodiversity" can have many interpretations. It is most commonly used to
replace the more clearly defined and long established terms, species diversity and species richness.
Biologists most often define biodiversity as the "totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region".
[citation needed]
An advantage of this definition is that it seems to describe most circumstances and presents a
unified view of the traditional three levels at which biological variety has been identified: