G.H.

RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

STUDY CIRCLE GROUP TWO

SEMINAR ON

TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM AND FLYWHEEL

GUIDED BY

Prof.P.S.KADU
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
 INTRODUCTION

TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM:-

Turning moment diagram is
the graphical representation
of turning moment or crank
– effort for various positions
of crank,it is plotted on
cartesian co-ordinates

Fig of an engine having flywheel

 TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR SINGLE
CYLINDER DOUBLE ACTING STEAM ENGIN

b
d
Tmax MEAN
TORQUE
Tmean A B D E F
C

C
e
a
360
P 90 270
TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR A FOUR
SROKE CYLINDER INTERNAL CUMBUSTION
ENGINE

In four stoke IC engine ,there is one working

stroke after the crank has turned through two
revolutions i.e 720%
Whenever pressure inside cylinder is less than

atmospheric pressure ,then negative loop is

formed
Therefore during suction ,compression and

exhaust negative loop is formed and during power

stroke positive loop is formed
 MULTICYLINDER ENGINE

 The resultant turning

moment diagram is sum of
the turning moment diagram
for three cylinders.
 First cylinder is high
pressure, second is
intermediate and third is low
pressure cylinder.
 The cranks are usually
placed at an angle of 120 Fig of multi cylinder engine
Example of multicylinder engine
 Fluctuation of Energy

 Definition
It may be determined by the turning moment diagram
for one complete cycle of operation

 The difference between the maximum and the

minimum energies is known as maximum
fluctuation of energy
 Determination of max. Fluctuation of energy

T a1 a3 a4
ur
ni
n G
g
A B C D E F
m
o
m Mean a2 a5 a6
e torque
nt line

Crank Angle

ΔE = (E+a1) – (E+a1-a2+a3-a4) = a2-a3+a4

 Coefficient of Fluctuation of Energy

 Definition
It may be defined as the ratio of the maximum fluctuation of energy to the work
done per cycle.
CE = Maximum fluctuation of energy

work done per cycle

 The work done per cycle may be obtained by using two relations
 Work done per cycle = Tmean * θ
Tmean = P*60 = P
2πN ω

 Work done per cycle = P*60

n
 Flywheel in Punching Press
What is Flywheel ?
• Stores energy
• Absorbs excess energy during power
stroke
• Controls speed variations
• Used in punching machines, shearing
machines,rivetting machines, crushers etc.
• Reduces fluctuation of speed when load
on crankshaft is constant and i/p torque
varies during cycle.
 FLYWHEEL (Conclusion):-

Flywheel used in machines serves as a reservior,which

stores energy during the period when the supply of
energy is more than the requirement , and releases it
during the period when the requirement of energy is
more than the supply
Flywheel controls the speed
variations caused by the fluctuation of the engine
turning moment during each cycle of operation
Flywheel attached with an engine
COEEFICIENT OF FLUCTUATION OF ENERGY:-


The difference between the maximum and
minimum speeds during a cycle is called the
maximum fluctuation of speed .the ratio of
maximum fluctuation of speed to mean speed is
called the coefficient of fluctuation of speed.
 N1 and N2 is maximum and minimum speeds in
r.p.m during the cycles
 N is mean speed in r.p.m=(N1+N2)/2
Coefficient of fluctuation of speed ,
 Cs=(N1-N2)/N=2(N1-N2)/(N1+N2)
 The reciprocal of coeeficient of fluctuation of
speed is known as coefficient of stediness
m=1/Cs=N/(N1-N2)
 Energy stored in a flywheel

M=mass of flywheel in kg,

K=Radius of gyration of flywheel in metres,
i=mass moment of inertia of flywheel about its axis of rotation in
kg-m^2
N1and N2 = maximum and minimum angular speeds during the
cycles in r.p.m,
W=mean angular speed during the cycle in rad/sec=(w1+w2)/2
Delta E=MR^2W^2Cs = mv^2Cs
 Dimension of the Flywheel Rim

D = Mean dia. Of rim in meter,

R = Mean radius of rim in meter,
A = Cross sectional area of rim
ρ = density of rim material
N = Speed of the flywheel in r.p.m
ω = Angular velocity of the flywheel
‫ = ע‬Linear velocity at mean radius
σ = Tensile stress or hoop stress

A = m
ρσπ
Flywheel in Punching Press
Crank
shaft

Crank

Motor

Flywheel

Plate
Punch

Die
 Crank is driven by motor which supplies constant torque.
 Load acts only during rotation of crank from θ=θ1 to θ=θ2,
 Unless a flywheel is used speed of crankshaft will increase
during rotation of crank frm θ2 to 2∏.
 While drop in speed of crankshaft is very large during rot’n of
crank frm θ1 to θ2.
 Thus flywheel absorbs energy available at one stage & makes
up deficient energy at other stage to keep fluctuations of speed
within limits.
 Relation for maximum fluctuation of energy

 Let E1 be the energy required for punching a hole punched,the

thickness of the material and the physical properties of
the material.

 Let d1=Diameter of the hole punched,

t1=Thickness of the plate,
ζu=Ultimate shear stress for the
plate material.
 Maximum shear force,
Fs=Area sheared x Ultimate shear stress
=∏ d1 t1 ζu
 Workdone or energy required for punching a hole,
E1=1/2.Fs.t
 The energy supplied by the motor to the crankshaft during
actual punching operation,
E2=E1(θ2-θ1)/2∏
 Therefore Balance energy required for punching=E1{1-(θ2-
θ1)/2∏}
 Thus maximum fluctuation of energy,
ΔE=E1-E2=E{1-(θ2-θ1)/2∏}
 The values of θ1 and θ2 may be determined only if the crank
radius (r) ,
length of connecting rod (l) and the relative of job with respect
to the crankshaft axis are known.
 In absence of relevant data ,we assume
(θ2-θ1)/2∏=t/2s=t/4r
t=Thickness of the material
s=Stroke of punch=2r
 Problem
 The equation of the turning moment curve of a three crank
engine is (5000+1500 sin 3θ)N-m, where θ is the crank angle
in radians. The moment of inertia of the flywheel is 1000 kg-
m² and the mean speed is 300 rpm.
 Calculate: 1.Power of the engine,
2. the maximum fluctuation of speed of
flywheel in percentage when the resisting
torque is constant .
 Given:
T=(5000+1500sin3θ)N-m,
I= 1000 kg-m²,
N=300 rpm,
ω=31.42 rad/sec
 1. Power of the engine
Workdone per revolution
=∫{(5000+1500sin3θ)dθ,0,2∏}
={[5000θ-1500cos3θ/3],0,2∏}
=10000 ∏ N-m
 Therefore
mean resisting torque,
Tmean= (workdone / rev)/2∏
= 10000∏/2∏
= 5000 N-m
P=Tmean.ω
=5000x31.42
=157.1 kW
 2.Maximum fluctuation of the speed of flywheel
Let Cs=Max or total fluctuation of speed
(i) When resisting torque is constant:
The turning moment dia. is shown . Since the
resisting torque is constant , therefore the torque
exerted on shaft is equal the mean resisting torque on
the flywheel.
T=Tmean
5000+1500sin3θ=5000
3θ=0 or 180
θ= 0 or 60
 Maximum fluctuation of energy,
ΔE=∫{(T-Tmean) dθ,0,60}
=∫{(1500sin3θ) dθ,0,60}
=1000 N-m
 Also , ΔE=I.ω.Cs
1000=1000(31.42) Cs
Cs=0.001 or 0.1% ---------ANS
 Problem
 A riveting machine is driven by a constant torque 3 kW motor.
The moving parts including the flywheel are equivalent to 150
kg at 0.6 m radius. One riveting operation takes 1 sec and
absorbs 10000 N-m of energy.The speed of the flywheel is
300rpm before riveting. Find the speed immediately after
riveting. How many rivets can be closed per minute.
 Given: P=3 kW;
m=150kg;
k=0.6m;
N1=300 rpm;
ω1=31.42 rad/sec
Let ω2= Angular speed of flywheel after riveting
E2= 3 kW=3000W=3000 N-m/s
E1=10000 N-m
ΔE=E1-E2=10000-3000=7000 N-m
 We know that max fluctuation of energy(ΔE),
7000=1/2 . m.k[(ω1)-(ω2)]

ω2=26.98 rad/sec
Corresponding speed in rpm;
N2=26.98x60/2∏
=257.6 rpm
 Since the energy absorbed by each riveting operation which
takes 1 sec is 10000 Nm,therefore numbers of rivets that can
be closed per minute
= (E2/E1)x60
=(3000/10000)x60
=18 rivets --------------Ans
 Given: N=800 rpm;
ω=83.77 rad/s;
Fluctuation of speed=2% ω
Coeff.of fluctuation of speed
=(ω1-ω2)/ω
=0.02
1mm=700 Nm vertically and
3 degree=3x∏/180 rad
1mm=700x∏/60
=36.65 Nm
 Problem
 Turning moment dia for a six cylinder engine has been drawn
to a scale 1mm=700Nm vertically and 1mm=3degree
horizontally.The intercepted area under the dia starting from A
w.r.t. mean resisting load line is -52,+120,-95,+145,-85,+71,-
106 mm.Engine speed is 800 rpm. Find moment of inerti of
flywheel to present fluctuations of speed greater than 2% from
mean speed
 Let Total energy at A=E then,
total energy at B=E-52 min energy
total energy at C=E-52+120
total energy at D=E-52+120-95
total energy at E=E-52+120-95+145
total energy at F=E-52+120-95+145-85
total energy at G=E-52+120-95+145-85+71
total energy at H=E-52+120-95+145-85+71-
106
=E-2
 Maximum Fluctuation of Energy,
ΔE=Max energy-Min energy
=( E+118)-(E-52)
=170 mm
ΔE = 170 x 36.65
ΔE = 6230.5 Nm ------------Ans
Also,
ΔE=IωCs
I=6230.5/(83.77x0.02)

I=44.4 kg m --------------------Ans