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DEFINITION:
6

, also called 

 or
 

, includes cancerous growths in
the colon, rectum and appendix.
-Most malignancies begin as adenomatous polyps
and arise in rectum and sigmoid.
-Large intestine and rectum are the most common
GI sites affected by cancer.
CAUSES:
6c Family history
6c Inflammatory bowel disease
6c Diet high in fat,calories and protein
 



„
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
6c Presenting manifestation is bleedin g
6c Change in bowel habit (diarrhea or
constipation)
6c Pain
6c Anorexia
6c Geigt loss
6c Palpable abdominal or rectal mass
6c Anemia
LABORATORY VALUES:
CBC:
anemia from blood loss, tumor growth
FECAL OCCULT BLOOD:
all colorectal cancers bleed intermittently
CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN:
not used as screening test, but is a tumor marker
and used to estimate prognosis, monitor treatment,
and detect reccurence
COLONOSCOPY OR SIGMOIDOSCOPY:
tissue biopsy of suspicious lesions, polyps
COMPLICATIONS:
6c Bowel obstruction
6c Perforation of bowel by tumor, peritonitis
6c Direct extension of cancer to adjacent
organs
6c
 
„ 

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MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:
The patient with symptomms of intestinal
obstruction is treated with IV fluids and nasogastric
suction. If therehas been significant bleeding, blood
component therapy may be required.
SURGICAL MANAGE MENT:
-Surgery is the primary treatment for most colon
 and rectal cancer. It may be curative or palliative.
Positive surgical procedures include the following
* 



 -
ex.removal of the tumor and portion of the bowel
on either side of the growth, as well as the blood
vessels and lymphatic nodes.
*
 

 




- ex. removal of the tumor and a portion
of the sigmoid and all the rectum and anal sphincter
*




 followed by segmental
resection and anastomosis and subsequent
reanastomosis of the colostomy, allowing initial
bowel preparation by resection
*


 or 

 for palliation
of unresectable obstructing lesions


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:
6c Diet: decrease amount of fat, refined sugar,
and red meet; increased amount of fiber ;
diet high in fruits and vegetables, whole
grains, and legumes
6c Screening recommendations
6c Seek medical attention for bleeding and
warning signs of cancer
6c Risk may be lowered aspirin or NSAID use
6c ome care
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