Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Standard Contents: Al-‘ilm (نمعلا) /Knowledge
Standard Contents: Al-‘ilm (نمعلا) /Knowledge
STANDARD CONTENTS
© Department of General Studies, 2008
3 4
1
2/5/2009
5 6
7 8
2
2/5/2009
Importance of Knowledge
ٍَِْ به َربُّلَ ىِ ْي ََ ََلئِ َن ِة إِِّّي َجب ِع ٌو فِي ْاْلَرْ ضِ َخيِيفَةً قَبىُىا أَجَجْ َع ُو فِيهَب َ َ َوإِ ْذ ق
1. Knowledge is a requirement for the به إِِّّي أَ ْعيَ ٌُ ٍَب َ َل اى ِّد ٍَب َء َوَّحْ ُِ ُّ َسبِّ ُح بِ َح َْدِكَ َوُّقَدِّسُ ىَلَ ق ُ ِيُ ْف ِس ُد فِيهَب َويَ ْسف
fulfillment of man‟s obligations as a َ َضهُ ٌْ َعيَى ْاى ََ ََل ِئ َن ِة فَق
به َ ) َو َعيَّ ٌَ آَ َد ًَ ْاْلَ ْس ََب َء ُميَّ َهب ثُ ٌَّ ع ََر30( َََُل جَ ْعيَ َُى
khalifah on earth. Allah says: سب َْحبَّلَ ََل ِع ْي ٌَ ىََْب إِ ََّل ُ ) قَبىُىا31( َِصب ِدقِي َ ٌْ ُأَ ّْبِئُىِّي بِأَ ْس ََب ِء هَؤ ََُل ِء إُِْ ُم ْْح
به يَب آَ َد ًُ أَ ّْ ِب ْئهُ ٌْ ِبأَ ْس ََبئِ ِه ٌْ فَيَ ََّب
َ َ) ق32( ٌُ ٍَب َعيَّ َْحََْب إَِّّلَ أَ ّْثَ ْاى َعيِي ٌُ ْاى َح ِني
ٌُ َت َو ْاْلَرْ ضِ َوأَ ْعي ِ بوا َ ََ س َّ ْب اى َ به أَىَ ٌْ أَقُوْ ىَ ُن ٌْ إِِّّي أَ ْعيَ ٌُ َغي َ َأَ ّْبَأَهُ ٌْ بِأَ ْس ََبئِ ِه ٌْ ق
)33( ٍََُب جُ ْبدُوَُ َو ٍَب ُم ْْحُ ٌْ جَ ْنحُ َُى
9 10
……Cont.,
Read! In the name of the Lord and
2. The first revelation to the Cherisher, who created- created
Messenger of Allah is about man, out of a mere clot of
seeking knowledge and revealing congealed blood. Proclaim! And
scientific knowledge: your Lord is most Bountiful- He
ل اهذىخوق *خوق االٌشبً يً عوق *اكرا ّرتم َ ِّ”ؤكرؤ تبشى َرب who taught the use of the pen,
-1:االنرى *اهذْ عوى تبهلوى *عوى االٌشبً يب هى ٖعوى“ (اهعوق
)5 taught man that which he knew not‛
(96:1-5)
[‚read, teach , pen‛]
11 12
3
2/5/2009
……cont.,
……cont.,
3. Islam is a religion based upon
knowledge. 6. The main miracle and sign of
4. The text of the Qur’an is full of authenticity of prophethood of
verses inviting man to use his Mohammed ( )صوٓ اهلل عوَٖ ّشوىwas a
intellect, to ponder, to think and to book of knowledge; The Qur’an.
learn.
5.The total number of verses in which
‘ilm or its derivatives and
associated words are used is 704.
13 14
……cont., ……cont.,
7.The Prophet ( )صوٓ اهلل عوَٖ ّشوىmade 8. Knowledge is the way through which people
can recognize Allah, fear him, and discover the
seeking knowledge obligatory on truth.
Muslims (men and women): َشخًَُّ فِٕ اهْعِوْىِ يٌُِِْىِ َّاهْ ُيئْيًٌَُِّ ُٖئْيًٌَُِّ تِيَب ؤُ ٌْزِل
ِ ”هَنًِِ اهرَّا
“”ظوة اهعوى فرٖطج عوٓ نل يشوى )162 :اِهَِٖمَ َّيَب ؤُ ٌْزِلَ يًِِ كَتِوِمَ“ (اهٌشبء
‚Seeking knowledge is obligatory ‚But those among them who are well-grounded
in knowledge, and the believers, believe in
on every Muslim‛. what has been revealed to you and what was
revealed before you…‛
15 16
4
2/5/2009
……cont., ……cont.,
9. Knowledge elevates the status and
َُُّ م
َ ِّل اِهَِٖمَ يًِِ رَت
َ ًِ ؤُّخُّا اهْعِوْ َى اهَّذِٔ ؤٌُْز
َ ِٖ”ََّٖرَْ اهَّذ position of its bearer and makes
(6 :َق ََِِّٖدِٔ اِهَٓ صِرَاظِ اهْعَزِٖزِ اهْحَيِٖدِ“ (شتإ َّ اهْح difference between him and
‚And those who are knowledgeable see ignorant.
that the revelation sent down to you “ًٍ ؤُّخُّا اهْعِوْىَ دَرَجَبح
َ ًِٖ ءَايٌَُّا يٌِْنُ ِى َّاهَّذ
َ ِٖاهوَُ اهَّذ
َّ ”َٖرِ َف ِع
from the Lord is the Truth, and that it )11 :(اهيجبدهج
guides to the Path of Allah who is
Exalted and Worthy of all praise.‛
‚Allah will raise up, to high ranks
those of you who believe and who
have been granted Knowledge…‛
17 18
……cont., ……cont.,
َٓ”َّهَلَدِ ءَاخٌََِٖب دَاُّ َد َّشُوَِٖيَبًَ عِوْيّب َّكَبال اهْحَيِ ُد هَِّوَِ اهَّذِٔ فَطَّوٌََب عَو َُل ؤَِّّتِٕ يَعَ َُ َّاهظَِّٖ َر َّؤَهٌََّب َه
ُ ”َّهَلَدِ ءَاخٌََِٖب دَاُّدَ يٌَِّب فَطِوًب َٖبجِتَب
)اهٌيل15:( “ًٌَِِٖنَذِٖرٍ يًِِ عِتَبدٍِِ اهْيُئْي ح َّكَدِّ ِر فِٕ اهشَّرِدِ َّاعِيَوُّا صَبهِحّب ٍ ً اعِيَلْ شَبتِغَب ِ َ) ؤ10(َاهْحَدِٖد
))“ (شتإء11(ْإٌِِّ تِيَب خَعِيَوًَُّ تَصِٖر
We gave knowledge to David and ‚We bestowed grace on David … and We
Solomon: and they both said: "Praise made the iron soft for him. Make coats of
be to Allah, Who has favoured us mail, balance well the rings of chain armour,
above many of His subjects who and work righteousness; for be sure I see all
that you do."
believe!"
19 20
5
2/5/2009
not know?‛
Pleasure of God
21 22
Limitations
Week Two (a) Absolute (perfect) knowledge:
this is the knowledge of God who
knows the reality, essence and details
Classification of Knowledge of all things.
(b) Limited knowledge:
The knowledge given to His
creations;
24
6
2/5/2009
……cont., …..cont.,
“ Limited knowledge:
angels,
prophets, (i) Gifted knowledge:
a. Instinctive knowledge (natural): it
human beings, is imparted in the very nature of
jinn, the creation.
and animals.
b. Revealed/Sacred knowledge: the
knowledge that Almighty God
reveals to human beings.
25 26
27 28
7
2/5/2009
General classification of
Knowledge in Islam
Fard „Ain
Fard Kifayah
29 30
Classification of Knowledge
Al-Ghazzali’s Criteria for Classification of sciences
According to al-Ghazali
1. Theoretical and practical (philosophers)
8
2/5/2009
….Cont., ….Cont.,
2. Presential & acquired (tasawwuf) (the mode of
knowing) Which one is better?
Al-Ghazzali:
Presential : intuitive, contemplative the presential is superior to the acquired, It is
spiritual experience - revelation free from errors & doubt, certainty on
spiritual truths
This is true with the revelation and intuition
Acquired : empirical, rational, logical
received by the prophets
33 34
….Cont.,
3. Religious and intellectual (the source)
The intuitive knowledge Religious (transmitted sciences):
claimed by people other than Acquired from revelation/ prophets
prophets may not be taken for 1. Roots (Qur’an, sunnah, consensus)
2. Branches (law and ethics)
granted unless it is judged in 3. Ancillary sciences (grammar and
light of the established lexicography)
principles of Islam 4. Complementary sciences (Qira’at,
commentary, history)
Intellectual: attained by human intellect alone
35 36
9
2/5/2009
….Cont.,
….Cont.,
4. Fard ‘Ayn and Fard kifayah
(the need for learning) Beliefs, worship, halal and
Fard ‘ayn: haram, core moral values, how to
What should be learned by each discharge one’s responsibilities
and every Muslim. towards others (man’s
Individual responsibilities
Things which can’t be done on
obligations to family and
behalf of others society), necessary skills for
daily life.
37 38
….Cont., ….Cont
Fard kifayah : Praiseworthy sciences:
- the community’s needs that can be performed Enhances human well being and
by a sufficient group on behalf of others. the environment within the
- collective responsibilities boundaries outlined by shari’ah
Religious sciences: knowledge that is not
needed for daily practice of Islam. All sciences which are useful,
Intellectual knowledge: all types of beneficial and satisfy the
knowledge needed for the welfare of the requirements of science.
society in this life
39 40
10
2/5/2009
….Cont…
Blameworthy sciences: Magic:
A science which does not meet the It is defined as “seeking the help of
requirement of science, or it is demons to perform something
harmful against somebody” or
purely or usually harmful.
“showing something to an audience,
Blameworthy by its nature by an which is contrary to reality.
external factor Reasons why magic is prohibited
in Islam:
1) It is an act of blasphemy (kufr).
Allah says in the Holy Qur‟an:
41 42
11
2/5/2009
2) According to the following authentic hadith, Magic being harmful and evil act, Allah has
magic is a deadly act: told us to seek His protection against it:
The Prophet (s.a.w) said: “Avoid the seven “Say I seek refuge in the in the Lord of
deadly acts which are: ascribing partners to daybreak From the evil of that which he
God, magic, killing the human self which Allah created; From the evil of the darkness when it
prohibited except with right, eating usury is intense, and from the evil of malignant
(riba), devouring the orphan‟s wealth, witchcraft, And from the evil of the envious
defecting from the battle-field (without a when he envies.” (Surah al-Falaq)
justified reason) and slandering chaste,
unwary believing women.”
45 46
47 48
12
2/5/2009
The Holy Qur‟an also asserts that not The Prophet (s.a.w) said: “Whoever
even Muhammad knows the unseen: goes to a fortune teller (a soothe sayer)
“If I had the knowledge of the unseen, I or a diviner and believes him, has, in
should have secured abundance for fact, disbelieved in what has been
myself, and no evil would have touched revealed to Muhammad.”
me.” (7:188).
49 50
….Cont.. …Cont.,
Example: Horoscope Astrology:
Capricorn: (Dec 23 - Jan 20) It is the study of the positions and aspects
Today’s stars encourage you to be more of celestial bodies.
diplomatic and inclusive in your relations with Muslims scholars agree that astrology is a
others prohibited field to deal with. For example,
Aquarius: (Jan 21 ” Feb 19) Imam Ibn Taymiyah said: “Astrology that is
On the Zodiac’s Day of Metamorphosis, you concerned with studying the positions and
need to transform ideals into reality, and turn aspects of celestial bodies in the belief that
dreams into concrete plans. If you work patiently they have an influence on the course of
towards your goals, you can achieve the long- natural earthly occurrences and human
term success you are looking for. affairs is prohibited by Almighty Allah‟s
Book, the Sunnah, and the unanimous
agreement of the Muslim scholars.
51 52
13
2/5/2009
Ibn `Uthaymeen, said: “Astrology is a During the Prophet‟s lifetime, it happened that
the sun eclipsed on the same day when the
kind of sorcery and fortune-telling. It is Prophet‟s son Ibrahim died. The people then
forbidden because it is based on thought that it had eclipsed because of the
Prophet‟s son‟s death. On knowing this, the
illusions, not on concrete facts. There is Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him)
no relation between the movements of led them in the Eclipse Prayer and then
delivered them a speech saying: “The sun and
celestial bodies and what takes place on moon are but signs of Allah; they do not
the Earth.” eclipse because so-and-so died or was born.”
53 54
The above hadith indicates that the Ibn „Abbas (may Allah be pleased with
Prophet (s.a.w) denied all relation him and his father) reported that Allah‟s
between the movements of the heavenly Messenger (s.a.w) said: “He who has
bodies and events on the Earth. acquired some knowledge of astrology
has acquired some knowledge of
sorcery; the more he acquires of the
former the more he acquires of the
latter.” (Reported by Ahmad, Abu
Dawud, and Ibn Majah)
55 56
14
2/5/2009
Commenting on the above hadith, al- To sum up, astrology is based on lies and
Shawkani said that the Prophet (s.a.w) deceit; it has no scientific basis. The
compared between astrology and astrologists‟ usage of computers to convince
people that what they do is technological and
sorcery because sorcery was known to scientific is nothing but deceit. There is no
be forbidden; and so, he who would get scientific proof that there is a relationship
some knowledge of astrology would do between the appearance of a star in a specific
something forbidden and would be time and the character and behavior of
sinful. someone born at that time.
57 58
Conclusion
Natural and philosophical sciences are to
Sciences are inter-related, and none enable the Muslim to explore, exploit and
of them can exclude the others. get a better insight into what Allah has
Humanities, natural sciences, and the created in this universe.
religious sciences unite to produce Religious sciences are to guide people to
true understanding of this world and understand the reality of this life, their
the causes behind its existence. origins and their mission.
Religious scholars are in need of And to set the moral and legal guidelines
philosophical and natural sciences as that should be observed by human beings for
much as scientists are in need of the a meaningful and better life.
religious sciences.
59 60
15
2/5/2009
62
63 64
16
2/5/2009
65 66
67 68
17
2/5/2009
Those who reject faith say: "Why is 3. Live interaction between the divine text and
the socio-political reality and daily practice of
not the Qur’an revealed to him all the people.
at once? It is revealed in stages so Some verses came to deal with:
that We may strengthen your heart some situations faced by the Messenger of
thereby, and We have rehearsed it to Allah;
you in slow, well-arranged stages, solve problems faced by Muslim community;
respond to the challenges put by disbelievers;
gradually. (25: 32)
correct the mistakes committed by the
Muslim community, etc.
69 70
71 72
18
2/5/2009
73 74
75 76
19
2/5/2009
77 78
79 80
20
2/5/2009
،َ ال ٖإخَٖ اهتبظل يً تًٖ ٖدَٖ ّال يً خوف،”ّاٌَ هنخبة عزٖز No one can alter or change any part of the
)42-41 :خٌزٖل يً حنٖى حيٖد“ (فصوح Qur’an; not even the Messenger of Allah
himself.
And indeed it is a Book of exalted ِ) َّهَِّ خَلََّّلَ عَوٌََِٖب تَ ِعضَ األَكَبِّٖل43( ًَِٖ”خَ ٌْزِٖلٌ يًِِ رَةِّ اهْعَبهَي
)46( ًَِٖ) ذُىَّ هَلَظَعٌَِب يٌَُِْ ا ْهَّخ45( ًِِٖألخَذٌَْب يٌَُِْ تِبهَْٖي
َ )44(
power. Falsehood cannot come at it .)47 :جزًَِٖ“ (اهحبكج ِ فَيَب يٌِْنُىِ يًِِ َؤحَدٍ عٌََُْ حَب
from before it or from behind it. (It This is a Message sent down from the Lord of the
worlds. And if the Messenger were to invent any
is) a revelation from the Wise, the sayings in our name, we should certainly seize him
Owner of Praise. by his right hand, and we should certainly then cut
off the artery of his heart: Nor could any of you
protect him from that.
81 82
The Characteristics of the Qur’an ٍة فَصَّوٌَْبٍُ عَوَٓ عِوْىٍ ُُدّْ َّرَحِ َي ًج هِلَِّى
ٍ ”َّهَلَدِ جِئٌَْبُُىِ تِنِخَب
1- Guidance for and mercy to )52 :ُٖئْيًٌَُِّ“ (األعراف
83 84
21
2/5/2009
85 86
87 88
22
2/5/2009
89 90
91 92
23
2/5/2009
93 94
95 96
24
2/5/2009
97 98
99 100
25
2/5/2009
- The origin of the earth and the heavens The aims of scientific references in the Qur’an
In other fields such as: It is not to give people details and teach them
natural and physical sciences.
- astronomy
They are signs to prove:
- Geology,
- The existence of God
- Physics,
- The omnipotence and power of God
- Embryology
- The weakness of men compared to
The Qur’an just gives some references for the
the power of the Creator
following purposes:
101 102
Cont.,
103 104
26
2/5/2009
Those who remember and praise Allah, standing, For the non-Muslim who
sitting, and lying down on their sides, and
contemplate the wonders of creation in the
questions the authenticity or
heavens and the earth, (with the thought): "Our authorship of the Qur’an , these
Lord! not for naught have you created all this! references provide some
Glory to you! Give us salvation from the Penalty
of the Fire. (3: 191) interesting answers.
َُ ًٌََّ هَُِ ِى ؤ
َ ََّٖق َّفِٕ ؤٌَْفُشِِِىِ حَخَّٓ َٖخَت
ِ ”شٌَُرِِِٖىِ ءَاَٖبخٌَِب فِٕ اٗفَب
:م ؤٌَََُّ عَوَٓ نُلِّ شَِٕءٍ شَِِٖدْ“ (فصوح َ َِّق ؤََّهَىِ َٖنْفِ تِرَت
ُّ اهْح
)53
105 106
107 108
27
2/5/2009
We should not over-emphasize the scientific b) Religious, human and social sciences
miracles to the extent that we hurry to relate each Belief: (Revelation is the only source)
new scientific theory to the verses of the Qur’an . The Concept of God
Such an act may lead to misinterpreting the texts The existence of God; the Creator and Lord
of the Qur’an and changing the interpretation of this universe.
from time to time. This may be
The concept of tawhid (Unity of God)
counterproductive and cause some confusion
especially among non-Muslims. Since the concept of God was not new to
mankind, the Qur’an focuses on correcting
the prevalent concepts of God and
demonstrating the Unity of God, His
omnipotence and knowledge, etc.
109 110
111 112
28
2/5/2009
113 114
115 116
29
2/5/2009
Economic system
(Revelation provides guidance to Zakat is imposed to secure the
attain and maintain justice) minimum economic and social
Islam sets some norms and justice,
principles along with some Rich people are exhorted to spend
restrictions to ensure the and promised to be rewarded for
observance of those norms and that.
principles (prohibition of riba,
uncertain contracts, etc.) Social welfare (59: 7)
117 118
Political system
The governance should be based on
The Qur’an sets norms and
consultation (ْ)شّرand the right of
principles people to select their leaders.
The establishment of a The format of )ْ(شّرand government
government/ central authority are left to the choice of people and
and the duties of subjects to are open for development.
obey its commands
119 120
30
2/5/2009
121 122
123 124
31
2/5/2009
How should we deal with the Grouping of similar texts/ statements which
Qur’an ? talk on one topic/category
Qur’an isan authoritative text that should be Analysis and understanding of each text/
followed and implemented by all Muslims.
statement in its components and context
Those texts which are clear and self-
Identification of the rules which unify the
explanatory should be implemented without
any further examination. various categories
Those texts which are open for interpretation Identification of the general rules and
and may impart more than one meaning can purposes which govern the interaction/
be examined and construed based on the interrelation of various categories.
following principles:
125 126
Literal Meaning:
Sunnah ) )شٌجmeans a clear path, an established
course of conduct, the pattern of life, a precedent
and custom.
The Sunnah as a Source of The word sunnah and its plural sunan have been
used in the Qur’an sixteen times. In all these
Knowledge instances, sunnah has been used to imply an
established practice or course of conduct.
127 128
32
2/5/2009
It may be a good example or a bad one, and it ‚Whosoever originates in Islam any good way/
may be set by an individual, a sect or a precedent (good sunnah) has its reward and the
community. reward of whoever acts upon it till the Day of
”يً شً شٌج حشٌج فوَ ؤجرُب ّؤجر يً عيل تِب اهٓ ّٖى Judgment. And whosoever originates in Islam
ٓاهلٖبيج ّيً شً شٌج شٖئج فوَ ّزرُب ّّزر يً عيل تِب اه a bad way/ precedent (bad sunnah) bears its
“ّٖى اهلٖبيج burden and the burden of whoever acts upon it
till the Day of Judgment‛
129 130
The opposite of sunnah is bid`ah Kinds of Sunnah with respect to the channels of
(innovation), which is the ahkam
characterized by lack of 1. Sunnah which is intended to be a binding
precedent and continuity with the law:
This kind includes the sayings, acts and
past.
approval of the Prophet (saw) through which
Technical meaning: he intended the laying down of the law or the
a. The acts, sayings and approvals explanation of the ahkam (law) laid down by
the Qur’an . This comprises the largest part
of the Messenger of Allah. of the sunnah.
131 132
33
2/5/2009
133 134
135 136
34
2/5/2009
137 138
139 140
35
2/5/2009
143 144
36
2/5/2009
145 146
147 148
37
2/5/2009
149 150
151 152
38
2/5/2009
What is claimed by unbelievers to be irrational = Or mere wishes and deluded hopes (hawa)
or unreasonable is either: َ”َّكَبهُّا هًَِ َٖ ِدخُلَ ا ْهجٌََّجَ اِهَّب يًَِ نَبًَ ُُّدّا َؤِّ ٌَصَبرَْ خِوْم
= Mere speculation and ignorance, such as )111 :ؤَيَبٌُُِِّٖىِ ُكلْ َُبخُّا ُترَُِبٌَنُىِ اًِِ نٌُْخُىِ صَبدِكًِٖ“ (اهتلرث
when they deny some beliefs or they
And they say: "None shall enter Paradise unless he
misunderstand them.
be a Jew or a Christian." Those are their vain
َ”وَهَب يَتَّ ِبعُ أَكْثَ ُرهُ ِن إِالَّ ظَىًّب إِوَّ الظَّوَّ ال يُغْىِي هِوَ الْحَقِّ شَيِئًب إِوَّ المَّه
)36 :و“ (يوىس َ عَمِينٌ بِهَب َيفْعَمُو desires. Say: "Produce your proof if you are
truthful." (2: 111)
But most of them follow nothing but
conjecture and speculation: truly conjecture
and speculation can never challenge or replace
truth. Verily Allah is well aware of all that they
do. (10:36)
153 154
155 156
39
2/5/2009
157 158
Hearing (al-sam’)
It is a faculty (quwa) placed in the nerves
Sound Senses (Hawwas al-Salimah) spread out in the cavity of the ear hole, by
which sounds are perceived.
1. Hearing
It is by way of connecting with the ear hole
2. Sight, the air, which has assumed the quality of the
3. Smell, sounds, meaning that Allah then creates
4. taste, perception in the soul (al-nafs) [E.Elder, 18]
5. touch
159 160
40
2/5/2009
Smelling (al-shamm)
Seeing (al-basar)
It is a faculty placed in the two hollow
It is a faculty placed in the two
nerves which meet each other in the brain, protruding lumps on the front of
thence they separate and go to the two eyes; the brain, which are like the two
by this faculty are perceived rays of light, nipples of the breast; by this
colours, shapes, measures, motions, the faculty odors are perceived by
beautiful and the ugly, and other things, the way of connecting with the
perception of which Allah creates in the soul
whenever the creature uses this faculty.
cartilage of the nose the air which
has assumed the quality of the
odors.
161 162
163 164
41
2/5/2009
Methodology
Definition: Kinds of Methodologies
Method:
A particular way of doing something, esp. a i. Methodology in revealed knowledge
systematic one; implies an orderly logical
ii. Methodology in human knowledge (pure
arrangement.
and social sciences)
Methodology:
1.The theoretical analysis of the methods iii. Integrative methodology of revealed
appropriate to a field of study or to the body of knowledge and human knowledge.
methods and principles particular to a branch of
knowledge.
165 166
167 168
42
2/5/2009
Islamic Methodology
10. Maslahah or Masalih Mursalah (public Merits of the Traditional Approach
interest), supplementary methods, if the texts
of the Qur‟an and Hadith or consensus or Merits of the traditional approach were
analogy were not available. the sincerity, piety, enthusiasm,
11. `Urf (custom of a particular society or a commitment, and dedication of the early
nation), supporting for adjustment from
avoiding the contradictions and social division Muslim researchers, many of whom
and disunity for the public interest. looked for their rewards in the Hereafter.
171 172
43
2/5/2009
175 176
44
2/5/2009
Allah’s
s pleasure
Merits of Islamic
Knowing
context, Pure
Purpose and Intention
Application of For
the humanity
Texts
Methodology As Ibadah
Commitment to
People and
society
Merit of
Summarized
Islamic
Methodologies
Reflection
Mastery of
Of
Arabic
Allah
Language
Awareness
Self-Initiative
Combination of
(Establishing
Wahy & Aql
Institutions)
Identifying the
Short-comings
Of Empirical
Knowledge.
177 178
Depended on
Traditional
method
Verification
Depended on
of
Western
Validities,
Method
shortcoming
Integrating
Between Creativity and
Wahy and Initiative ness
Methodology in Human
Aql
sciences)
Methods as Islamic
Inspiration Curriculum
Mis-
Bilingual Propagation
Competency And
Misconception
Regaining
Unavailability
Sincerity and
Financial and
Pure intention
Technical
For
support
humanity
179 180
45
2/5/2009
Science
Knowledge of Science
From Latin word scientia means
systematic knowledge of the Is acquired through experience,
physical or material world observation and research
Discursive: preceded by
arguments
Inductive and deductive
181 182
46
2/5/2009
185 186
187 188
47
2/5/2009
189 190
48
2/5/2009
193 194
49
2/5/2009
197 198
199 200
50
2/5/2009
Observation
If the predictions in the hypothesis
come out correct, then the status of
Logical deduction
the hypothesis is raised to that of a
‚theory‛. If this theory is found to
Experimentation and empirical observations
be universally applicable, it is (under controlled conditions)
called a ‚law of nature‛.
The hypothesis is validated = Theory
201 202
203 204
51
2/5/2009
Example:
Impossible and profitless Until the 10th century the Greek and
processes should be avoided Egyptian theory of geocentric
(vague hypotheses which don’t cosmology was assumed to be true, and
lead to definite predictions, or It was held by early Muslim scientists.
hasty experiments which lead
to vague results, are of no
value).
205 206
According to this theory the fixed In Greek astronomy, this was an axiom and all
other problems of astronomy had to satisfy this
stars are farther than the stars of ‚truth‛.
the Milky Way/ the Galaxy (the The Muslim astronomer Ibn al-Haytham, based
system of stars that contains our on his inductive method and with help of the
sun and its planets) which is equipment developed by Muslim scientists,
came to a conclusion that the stars of the Milky
supposed to be close to the earth Way were as far off as the other fixed stars, and
and to be situated in the that they were not situated in the atmosphere of
atmosphere of the earth. the earth.
207 208
52
2/5/2009
209 210
3. The result was that if the stars of If the stars of the Milky Way are as
the Milky Way are in the far as the other fixed stars, there
atmosphere of the earth, then, in will be no change in the relative
both the sets of observations positions of the two sets of stars in
either cases.
suggested, their relative positions
Observations were taken and it was
will be different.
found that the stars of the Milky
Way did not change their relative
positions among the fixed stars.
211 212
53
2/5/2009
213 214
that led them to the invention of all kinds of that caused them in Astronomy to appeal to
apparatus for distillation (to make a liquid pure divided instruments such as quadrants and
astrolabes, in Chemistry to employ the balance,
by heating it until it becomes a gas, then the theory of which they were perfectly
cooling it and collecting the drops of liquid familiar with, to construct tables of specific
that form), sublimation (conversion of a gravity and astronomical tables like those of
substance from the solid to the vapour state Baghdad and Spain, great improvements in
Geometry, the invention of Algebra and the
without its becoming liquid), fusion (the adoption of Indian numeration in Arithmetic.
process or result of joining two or more things Such were the results of the performance of the
together to form one, like the fusion of copper inductive method ” their declining the reveries
and zinc to produce brass), filtration (the (imaginations/ dreams) of Plato.‛
process of filtering a liquid or gas), etc.;
215 216
54
2/5/2009
217 218
219 220
55
2/5/2009
221 222
223 224
56
2/5/2009
Most divine knowledge must come John Locke one of the fathers of
from revelation, and reason has empiricism did consider revelation, in
nothing to do with it. There is such a principle, as a source of certain type of
thing as divine philosophy (what was knowledge. But he assigned to it a very
later called rational, or natural, marginal and subordinate role.
theology), but its sole task and He argues that knowledge acquired by
competence is to prove that there is a human reasoning is more reliable and
God. certain than knowledge received
through revelation.
227 228
57
2/5/2009
Positivism
In philosophy, generally, any system As a philosophical ideology and
that confines itself to the data of movement, Positivism first assumed
its distinctive features in the work of
experience and excludes a priori
Auguste Comte (1798”1857).
(knowledge that is independent of all
It then developed through several
particular experiences, as opposed to stages known by various names,
a posteriori knowledge, which derives such as Empirio criticism, Logical
from experience alone) or Positivism, and Logical Empiricism,
metaphysical speculations. etc.
231 232
58
2/5/2009
235 236
59
2/5/2009
237 238
239 240
60
2/5/2009
241 242
243 244
61
2/5/2009
245 246
247 248
62
2/5/2009
249 250
251 252
63
2/5/2009
253 254
255 256
64
2/5/2009
257 258
65
2/5/2009
261 262
66
2/5/2009
265 266
67
2/5/2009
269 270
Each civilization has a body or matter The soul of civilization is the set of;
and a soul. ideologies,
The body of the civilization is its concepts,
material achievements such as buildings, moral values,
infrastructure, agriculture, industry,
manners and traditions that are
educational institutions, technological
embodied in the behavior of
equipment, and all that is related to
individuals, groups, and their
various pleasures of worldly life.
interrelations.
271 272
68
2/5/2009
273 274
2. Universality
Islamic civilization was the first This civilization is attributed to all
civilization which embraced the entire Muslims on an equal basis.
humanity (Arab nationalism / Western civilization
It declared equality of all human beings of /supremacy of white man)
all descents, races, and colours [Universality vs. Globalization]
ٌْ َّللاِ أَ ْجقَب ُم
َّ ‚ إَُِّ أَ ْم َر ٍَ ُن ٌْ ِع ْْ َدVerily the most Open to the contribution of all members
honoured of you in the sight of Allah is he of the Muslim ummah regardless of
who is the most righteous of you‛ (49: their race, ethnicity, or colour, and even
13). non-Muslim citizens.
275 276
69
2/5/2009
3- Moderate Rationalism
4.Tolerance
It gives human reason a high position
Tolerance towards people of different
Its faith is based on reasoning and conviction
religions (especially Christians and
It rejects superstitious and unfounded beliefs. Jews)
It does not go to the extreme of denying the Minorities enjoyed a high level of
truths which are not directly related to tolerance and freedom of religion and
empirical knowledge but are based on economic pursuit.
revealed knowledge
This characteristic is peculiar for a
civilization based on religious
foundations.
277 278
279 280
70
2/5/2009
Western Civilization
Characteristics of Western civilization Technological achievements =
In terms of material progress and eased human life, luxury
scientific exploration, the modern Effective management and
Western civilization has surpassed
all civilizations across history. organization
Pushing forward man’s incentives Respect of human rights within
and capabilities to exploit nature and its homelands
benefit from it.
283 284
71
2/5/2009
285 286
287 288
72
2/5/2009
289 290
5. Dualism
Adherence to the validity of dualistic
vision of reality and truth
Affirmation of the reality of the
The Rise and Decline
temporary/impermanent aspect of of Islamic civilization
existence projecting a secular
worldview
291 292
73
2/5/2009
295 296
74
2/5/2009
297 298
75
2/5/2009
641:
- Liberation of oppressed people in 644: Umar dies and is succeeded by Caliph
Egypt. Uthman
- The Catholic Archbishop of Egypt 654: Islam spreads into all of North Africa
invites the Muslims to help free Egypt which was partly occupied by Romans.
from Roman oppressors. 656: Ali becomes the Caliph. Battle of the
- This exemplifies the alliances formed Camel. Another period of turmoil and
between Muslims, Christians and Jews political instability (fighting between
due to the Muslims' establishment of different political groups)
religious freedom for Christians and 660: Mu'awiyah declares himself as the
Jews. Caliph at Damascus.
301 302
303 304
76
2/5/2009
710: Tariq ibn Malik crosses the strait 756: The first breakaway
separating Africa and Europe with a Abdul Rahman founds the
group of Muslims and enters Spain. A
year later, 7000 Muslim men invade Umayyad state in Spain.
Gibraltar. 763: Foundation of Baghdad.
718: By this year almost the entire Iberian 767: The second breakaway
peninsula is under Muslim control. Khawarij set up their own state by
750: Fall of Damascus. End of the Ibn Madrar at Sijilmasa.
Umayyad rule.
750: The establishment of the Abbasid
Third breakaway:
rule Rustamid state set up in Morocco
305 306
77
2/5/2009
309 310
311 312
78
2/5/2009
313 314
315 316
79
2/5/2009
1550: The rise of the Muslim 1718: In the war against Austria,
kingdom of Aceh in Sumatra. Turkey suffers defeat. By the
1550: Islam spreads to Java, the treaty of Passarowich
Moluccas, and Borneo. Turkey loses Hungary.
1687: Defeat of the Turks by 1797: Russia occupied Daghestan.
Austria. 1811:The British occupied
Indonesia.
317 318
319 320
80
2/5/2009
321 322
323 324
81
2/5/2009
325 326
327 328
82
2/5/2009
329 330
Causes of decline
The new comers to Islam, who used to live
under the rule of tribes or monarchs and
Tribalism
emperors, brought with them those loyalties.
Ethnocentrism Sectarianism
The Prophet (saw) was able to suppress Obsession with power/ prestige/
these social diseases and reduce them to Striving for power ” assassinations ”
the minimal level among sahabah and overthrowing each other ” civil wars ”
substitute them with a strong brotherhood. separation ” seeking help from enemies
331 332
83
2/5/2009
Deterioration in the educational level of They did infuse some manhood into the
the rulers: The guardians, soon became declining empire, which would have
the masters. perished but for them.
They were men of simple, downright, They managed to free some Muslim
brutal character, of energy and common territories, stop the advancement of
sense. Mongols, and expand the Muslim
The Ottoman Turks/ Mamalik were empire.
soldiers first. They were soldierly in all But those rulers were not really qualified
they did. to maintain the Muslim civilization.
335 336
84
2/5/2009
337 338
339 340
85
2/5/2009
341 342
343 344
86
2/5/2009
345 346
347 348
87
2/5/2009
349 350
88
2/5/2009
355 356
89
2/5/2009
359 360
90
2/5/2009
363 364
91
2/5/2009
Medical system:
4. Al-Hawi was the largest medical
encyclopaedia composed by then. A special feature of his medical
It contained on each medical subject all system was that he greatly
important information that was
available from Greek and Muslim favoured cure through correct and
sources, regulated food.
and this was concluded by him by This was combined with his
giving his own remarks based on his
experience and views. emphasis on the influence of
psychological factors on health.
365 366
367 368
92
2/5/2009
369 370
371 372
93
2/5/2009
he employed mathematical
Six hundred years before Galileo, Al-
techniques unknown to his
Biruni discussed the theory of the
predecessors that involve analysis earth rotating about its own axis.
of instantaneous motion and
Using the astrolabe and the presence
acceleration, described in
of a mountain near a sea or flat plain,
terminology that can best be
he calculated the earth circumference
understood if we assume that he
by solving a highly complex geodesic
had "mathematical functions" in
equation.
mind.
373 374
375 376
94
2/5/2009
He learned Greek and Syriac languages. He was one of the first Muslim
He was proficient in the arts of the scholars involved in translating and
Greeks, Persians and Hindus. commenting on Greek philosophical
He was employed as a calligrapher as manuscripts.
he was well known for his beautiful He first wrote treatise in epistemology
calligraphy. and logic books such as Risalah fi
al-Ma'mun (813-833) appointed him as Hudud al-Ashya’ wa Rusumiha (On the
a researcher and translator in the House Definitions of Things and their
of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikmah), Baghdad. Descriptions).
377 378
379 380
95
2/5/2009
381 382
383 384
96
2/5/2009
385 386
This encyclopaedia was intended for In places the use of instrument i.e. the
medical students and the practising surgical procedure itself is shown.
physician, for whom it was a ready and In discourse l and 2, al-Zahrawi
useful companion in a multitude of classified 325 diseases and discussed
situations since it answers all kinds of their symptomatology and treatment.
clinical problems. In page 145, he described, for the first
It contained the earliest picture of
time, in medical history, a hemorrhagic
disease transmitted by unaffected
surgical instruments in history, about women to their male children; today we
200 instruments are described and call it hemophilia.
illustrated.
387 388
97
2/5/2009
391 392
98
2/5/2009
393 394
395 396
99
2/5/2009
His major contribution to medical The Qanun deals with general medicines,
drugs (seven hundred and sixty), diseases
science is his famous book known as al- affecting all parts of the body from head to
Qanun fi al-Tibb; which is known as foot, especially pathology and
pharmacopoeia.
Canon in the West. In this book he His book was recognized as the most
reviewed the medical knowledge authentic materia medica.
available from ancient and Muslim Among his original contributions are such
sources and he also made many original advances as recognition of the contagious
nature of phthisis and tuberculosis,
contributions. distribution of diseases by water and soil, and
interaction between psychology and health.
397 398
He was the first to describe meningitis and Ibn Sina condemned conjectures and
made rich contributions to anatomy, presumptions in anatomy and called upon
gynecology and child health. physicians and surgeons to base their
Ibn al-Sina was the first scientist to describe knowledge on a close study of human body.
the minute and graphic description of different He observed that Aorta at its origin contains
parts of the eye, such as conductive sciera, three valves which open when the blood
cornea, choroid, iris, retina, layer lens, rushes into it from the heart during contraction
aqueous humour, optic nerve and optic and closes during relaxation of the heart so
chiasma. that the blood may not be poured back into
the heart.
399 400
100
2/5/2009
Evolution of
Dr William Osler, author of the Human Sciences:
Modern Science, writes, “The Qanun has
remained a medical bible for a longer period Philosophy
than any other book.”
Theology
Ibn Sina also wrote Kitab al-Shifa (Book of
Healing), known in its Latin translation as Sociology
„Sanatio‟. It is a philosophical encyclopedia
covering a vast area of knowledge from
philosophy to science.
401 402
403 404
101
2/5/2009
405 406
Rationalism:
European philosophers discovered He was regarded as the herald of rationalism
Aristotle through Ibn Rushd's writings long before the Renaissance (Gilson)
and commentaries on Aristotle’s works. Later, his works became the ruling mode of
And he used to be called "the Great social thought in the West. And scholars of
Commentator.‚ medieval Europe were provoked and
His commentaries on Aristotle were inspired by those writings.
translated into Latin and Hebrew, and A dominant and influential school of
soon became a part of the curriculum at philosophical thought emerged under his
different European universities and name (Averroism)
institutions of learning.
407 408
102
2/5/2009
409 410
411 412
103
2/5/2009
Ibn Khaldun made great intellectual The main theme of Muqaddimah was to
contributions in many areas of learning. He is identify psychological, economic,
internationally recognized as the founder and environmental and social facts that contribute
father of sociology, father of philosophy, to the advancement of human civilization and
historian of civilization, and the father of the the currents of history.
economic science. He analyzed the dynamics of group
He is best known for his famous Muqaddimah relationships and showed how group feelings,
(prolegomena) which is a masterpiece in al-„Asabiyyah, produce the ascent of a new
literature on philosophy of history and civilization and political power.
sociology.
413 414
He identified an almost rhythmic repetition of Thus, he found a new science: the science of
the rise and fall in human civilization, and social development or sociology, as it is called
analyzed factors contributing to it. today.
His views attracted the attention of Muslim
He wrote: “I have written on history a book in
scholars as well as many Western thinkers.
which I discussed the causes and effects of
He pioneered the critical study of history.
the development of states and civilizations,
He provided an analytical study of human and I followed in arranging the material of the
civilization, its beginning, factors contributing
book an unfamiliar method, and I followed in
to its development and the causes of decline.
writing it a strange and innovative way.”
415 416
104
2/5/2009
Thus, by selecting his particular method of He remarked that historians have committed
analysis, he created two new sciences: errors in their study of historical events, due to
Historiography and Sociology simultaneously. three major factors:
1) Their ignorance of the natures of civilization
He saw reason as a necessity in judging
and people;
history and social events.
2) Their bias and prejudice; and
He pointed out that injustice, despotism and
3) Their blind acceptance of reports given by
tyranny are the clear signs of the downfall of others.
the state.
417 418
He pointed out that true progress and 3) He should not limit history to the study of
development comes through correct political and military news or to news about
understanding of history, and correct rulers and states. For history should include
understanding of which can only be achieved the study of all social, religious and economic
by observing the following three main points: conditions.
1) A historian should not be in any way
prejudiced for or against any one or any idea;
2) He needs to conform and scrutinize the
reported information; and
419 420
105
2/5/2009
421 422
Although he is the author of numerous books, Ibn Abd al-Barr said that Malik was the first
his most important work is the Kitab al- who compiled a book formed exclusively of
Muwatta, which deals with the subject of sound narrations.
Islamic Law based on Ahadith and Sunnah. It Abu Bakr ibn al-„Arabi said: “The Muwatta‟ is
is the earliest surviving book of its kind - the first foundation and the core, while al-
written around 150 A.H. Bukhari‟s book is the second foundation in
this respect. Upon these two all the rest have
built, such as Muslim and al-Tirmidhi.”
423 424
106
2/5/2009
Shah Wali Allah said something similar and Imam Malik held the hadith of the Prophet in
added that it is the principal authority of all such reverence that he never narrated
four Schools of Law, which stand in relation to anything nor gave a fatwa unless in a state of
it like the commentary stands in relation to the ritual purity.
main text. Malik composed it in the course of
forty years, having started with ten thousand
narrations until he reduced them to their
present number of under 2,000.
425 426
107
2/5/2009
429 430
431 432
108
2/5/2009
Among his sayings is: “The study of hadith is Being a prominent figure, his lectures
better than supererogatory prayer, and the attracted a huge gathering of at least 5,000
pursuit of knowledge is better than students among whom nearly 500 took down
supererogatory prayer.” notes daily. Imam Bukhari, Imam Muslim, and
Imam Tirmizi were also amongst his
noteworthy students.
433 434
435 436
109
2/5/2009
437 438
110
2/5/2009
443 444
111
2/5/2009
To islamize the existing science and Brain drain in the Muslim world
put them in an Islamic context. - Political instability
- Lack of incentives and facilities
To produce Muslim minds who will
- Bad living conditions
be able to produce sciences and
Sponsorship/Government sponsorship:
technology which may serve - lack of funds,
Islamic values and Muslim - unconvinced of the merit of
interests. scientific research
Joint ventures (OIC, Arab league, regional
groups …etc.)
445 446
Historical Background:
Islam Hadari was publicized nation-wide
for the first time in the 2004 Manifesto
Islam Hadari: of the National Front for the tenth
Its Role in Reviving General Election held in March 2004.
Dato’ Seri Abdullah Badawi, as the fifth
Islamic Civilization Prime Minister of Malaysia, made Islam
Hadari a new policy of his government
447 448
112
2/5/2009
451 452
113
2/5/2009
453 454
114
2/5/2009
457 458
Prospects
Development
balanced development - cultural and religious Knowledge
diversity will be protected based on a value and
acquiring knowledge is compulsory and an act
moral system
of ibadah
internalization of high moral values - ensure
Islam Hadari encourages learning from others
prosperity, harmony and peace in multiracial
society Prophet Muhammad said ‚Go forth and seek
knowledge even if you have to travel to China
cultural integration must be consistent with the
noble values of Islam
459 460
115
2/5/2009
Health
Wealth
Sick and physically weak - unable to carry out
wealth must be acquired in halal way religious duties and responsibilities
society must be bold and independent in good health ” society with free spirit will
acquiring wealth produce positively
Surah al-Qasas (77) Prophet Muhammad s.a.w has said ‚The
‚ Life in hereafter depends on the ability of mu’mins who are strong are better and loved by
individual to achieve good life in all aspects ” Allah than those who are weak‛
spiritual, physical & material‛
461 462
STRATEGIES
To work towards
reducing/eliminating poverty
To expend Islam Hadari into the To increase economic resources and
building of civilization financial assets.
Islamic countries should enhance To improve the living standards of
and develop their institutions of people
knowledge at all levels. To make a continuous effort towards
People should be more open- the physical and spiritual
minded and forward looking. development of the human beings.
463 464
116
2/5/2009
To hold religious and civilizational To protect the political institution and keep the
country in peace
dialogues To help preparing Muslims in facing global
To expand Islam Hadari that challenges
reflects intellectuality, humanity, To have long term plans & programs for
instilling responsibility towards the defense and
tolerance and critical thinking. dignity of the nation, country and individual
To persuade our non-Muslim
colleagues not to be prejudiced
against Muslims
465 466
467 468
117