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Learning (Cont.)
Learning (Cont.)
)
Operant conditioning
Given by B.F.Skinner
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior
leads to a reward or prevents a punishment
Operant conditioning advocates shaping of behaviour.
Operant conditioning investigates the influence of
consequences on subsequent behaviour.
Key
KeyConcepts
Concepts
••Reinforcement
Reinforcementisisrequired
requiredto
tochange
changebehavior.
behavior.
••Some
Somerewards
rewardsare
aremore
moreeffective
effectivethan
thanothers.
others.
••The
Thetiming
timingof
ofreinforcement
reinforcementaffects
affectslearning
learningspeed
speed
and
andpermanence.
permanence.
Types of Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Providing a reward for a desired behavior.
Negative reinforcement
Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired
behavior occurs.
Punishment
Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable
behavior.
Extinction
Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation.
Positive Reinforcement You receive bonus after successful
completion of project.
Punishment Demotion
Continuous Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced
each time it is demonstrated.
Intermittent Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced
often enough to make the
behavior worth repeating but not
every time it is demonstrated.
Fixed-Interval Schedule
Rewards are spaced at
uniform time intervals.
Variable-Interval Schedule
Rewards are initiated after a
fixed or constant number of
responses.
EEXXHHIIBBII
TT 2–5
2–5
2–12 © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights
reserved.
Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d)
EEXXHHIIBBIITT
2–5
2–5(cont’d)
(cont’d)
2–13 © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights
reserved.
Behavior Modification