Quicl, Review 19

Definition 1.11

Statistical thinl<ing involves applying rational thought and the science of statistics to critically assess data and inferences.

1.5 A Guide to Statistical Methods Presented in This Text

..... Although we present some useful methods for exploring and describing data sets (Chapter 2), the major emphasis in this text and in modern statistics is in the area of inferential statistics. The flowchart in Figure 1.1 (p. 8) is provided as an outline of the chapters in this text and as a guide to selecting the statistical method appropriate for your particular analysis.

Quick Review Key Terms

Data 2

Descriptive statistics 2 Experimental unit 3 Inference 2

Inferential statistics 2 Measure of reliability 4 Measurement error 4 Population 3

Qualitative data 6 Quantitative data 6 Reliability 4 Sample 3

Statistical thinking 9 Statistics 2

Variable 3

Chapter Summary Notes

f.' Two types of statistical applications: descriptive and inferential

e Fundamental elements of statistics: population, experimental units, variable, sample, inference, measure of reliability e Descriptive statistics involves summarizing and describing data sets.

e Inferential statistics invol yes using a sample to make inferences about a population.

Two types of data: quantitative and qualitative

Supplementary Exercises

1.15 Reliability of a computer system. The reliability of a computer system is measured in terms of the lifelength of a specified hardware component (e.g., the hard disk drive). To estimate the reliability of a particular system, 100 computer components are tested until they fail, and their lifelengths are recorded.

a. What is the population of interest?

b. What is the sample?

c. Are the data quantitative or qualitative?

d. How could the sample information be used to estimate the reliability of the computer system?

1.16 Traveling turtle hatchlings. Hundreds of sea turtle hatchlings, instinctively following the bright lights of condominiums, wandered to their deaths across a coastal highway in Florida (Tampa Tribune, Sept. 16, 1990). This incident led researchers to begin experimenting with special lowpressure sodium lights. One night, 60 turtle hatchlings were released on a dark beach and their direction of travel noted. The next night, the special lights were installed and the samejiO hatchlings were rei eased. Finally, on the third niglli, tar paper was placed over the sodium lights. Conse-

. ",S

quently, the direction of travel was recorded for each hatchling under three experimental conditions-darkness, sodium lights, and sodium lights covered with tar paper.

a. Identify Ule population of interest to the researchers.

b. Identify the sample.

c. What type of data were collected, quantitative or qualitative?

1.17 Acid neutralizer experiment. A chemical engineer conducts an experiment to determine the amount of hydrochloric acid necessary to neutralize 2 milliliters (ml) of a newly developed cleaning solution. The chemist prepares five 2-ml portions of the solution and adds a known concentration of hydrochloric acid to each. The amount of acid necessary to achieve neutrality of the solution is determined for each of the five portions.

a. Identify the experimental units for the study.

b. Identify the variable measured.

c. Describe the population of interest to the chemical engineer.

d. Describe the sample .

50 chapter 2 Descriptive Statistics

Chapter Summary Notes

" Graphical methods for qualitative data: pie chart, bar graph, and Pareto diagram

~ Graphical methods for quantitative data: dot plot, stem-and-leaf display, and histogram

Numerical measures of central tendency: mean, median, and mode

" Numerical measures of variation: range, variance, and standard deviation Ci Sample numerical descriptive measures are called statistics.

~ Population numerical descniptive measures are called parameters.

o Rules for determining the percentage of measurements in the interval (mean) ± 2 (std. dev.): Chebyshev's Rule (at least 75%) and Empirical Rule (approximately 95%)

€ Measures of relative standing: percentile score and z-score o Methods for detecting outliers: box plots and z-scores

Supplementary Exercises

2.55 scrapped tires. The accompanying pie chan describes the fate of the (estimated) 250 million automobile tires that are scrapped in the United States each year,

Burned for fuel

10.7%

Recycled into new products 6.7%

Exported 5~{:'

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and National Solid Waste Management Association.

a. Interpret the pie cbarl.

b. Convert the pie chart into a relative frequency bar graph,

c. Convert the pie chart into a frequency bar graph.

2.56 Switching off air bags. Driver-side and passenger-side air bags are installed in all new cars to prevent serious or fatal injury in an automobile crash. However, air bags have been found to cause deaths in children and small people or people with handicaps in low-speed crashes. Consequently, in 1998 the federal government began allowing vehicle owners to request installation of an on-off switch for air bags. The next table describes the reasons for requesting the installation of passenger-side on-off switches given by car owners in 1998 and [999.

a. What type of variable, quantitative or qualitative, is summarized in the table? Give the values that the variable could assume.

b. Calculate the relative frequencies for each reason.

c. Display the information in the table in an appropriate . ~_'graph.

d. What proportion of the car owners who requested onoff air bag switches gave Medical as one of the reasons?

Reason Infant Child Medical

Infant & Medical

Number of Requests 1,852

17,148

8,377

44

903

[,878

135 30,337

Child & Medical Infant & Child

Infant & Child & Medical Total

Source: National Highway Transportation Safety Administration; Sept. 2000.

2.57 unsafe Florida roads. In Florida, civil engineers arc designing roads with the latest safety-oriented construction methods in response to the fact that more people in Florida are killed by bad roads than by guns. One year, a total of 135 traffic accidents that occurred were attributed to poorly constructed roads. A breakdown of the poor road conditions that caused (he accidents is shown in the following table. Construct and interpret a Pareto diagram for the data.

I ...

-3 BAD ROADS

Poor Road condition Number of Fatal.ities

Obstructions without warning 7

Road repairs/Under construction 39

Loose surface material 13

Soft or low shoulders 20

Holes, flits, etc. 8

Standing water Worn road surface Other

Total

25 6 17 135

Source: Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles.

52 chapter 2 Descriptive Statistics

a. Compute and interpret three numerical descriptive measures of central tendency for the AllBe ratios.

b. Compute and interpret three numerical descriptive measures of variation for the At/Be ratios.

c. Construct a box plot for the data. Do you detect any outliers?

i I

'I

I

I ~

2.63 Red dye in gaSOline. Dyes are used in boloration products, such as textiles, paper, leather, and '{<ilOdSUlffs, and are required by law to be in gasoline to indicate the presence of lead. To monitor environmental contamination,

I~
,_j)REDDYE
Red Dye compound Relative Abundance
H ,021
CH3 . 210
CZH5 .354
C)H7 .072
C7H'5 .054
CgHn .127
C9Hl9 .118
CI(JH21 .025
Others .019 Source: Voyksner, R. D., "Characterization of dyes in environmental samples by therrnospray high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry." Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 57, No. 13, Nov. 1985, p. 2601 (Table 1). Reprinted with permission. Copyright 1985 American Chemical Society.

12

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analytical methods must be developed to identify and quantify these dyes. In one study, thermospruy high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to characterize dyes in wastewater and gasoline. The accompanying table gives the relative abundance (relative frequency of occurrence) of commercial Diazo Reel dye components in gasoline. Describe the relative abundance of red dye compounds with a bar graph. Interpret the graph.

2.64 Deep-hole drilling Refer to the Journal of Engineering for Industry (May 1993) study of deep hole drilling described in Exercise 1.13 (p. 7). An analysis of drill chip congestion was performed using data generated via computer simulation. The simulated distribution of the length (in millimeters) of 50 drill chips is displayed below in a frequency histogram, shown at the bottom of the page .

a. Convert the frequency histogram into a relative frequency histogram.

b. Based on the graph in pari a, would you expect to observe a drill chip with a length of at least 190 mrn? Explain.

2.65 LUmpy iron ore. Sixty-six bulk specimens of Chilean lumpy iron ore (95% particle size, 150 millimeters) were randomly sampled from a 35,325-long-ton shipload of ore, and the percentage of iron in each ore specimen was determined. The data arc shown in the table on p. 53.

a. Describe the population from which the sample was selected.

b. Give one possible objective of this sampling procedure.

"

G' 10 -

" "

g. 8

J:

Ii

4

2

20

40

80

100 120 140

Chip length (mm) Frequency histogram for Exercise 2.64

180 200

Source: Chin;Jih-I'!l!:l, ct ill. "The computer simulation and experimental analysis of chip rnoniloringfor deep hole drilling." Journal of Engineering for Industry, Transactions of IlwASME,Vol'. 115, May 1993, p. 187 (Figure 12).

f/
j) LUMPYORE
62.66 61.82 62.24
62.87 63.01 63.43
63.22 63.01 62.87
63.0l 62.S0 63.64
62.10 62.80 63.92
63.43 63.01 '\. 63.71
63.22 62.10 '\ 63.64
63.57 63.29 64.06
61.75 63.37 62.73
63.15 61.75 62.52
63.08 63.29 62.10
63.22 62.38 63.29
63.22 62.59 63.01
63.08 63.92 63.36
62.87 63.29 63.08
61.68 63.57 62.03
62.45 62.80 64.34
62.10 62.31 64.06
62.87 63.01 62.87
62.87 62.94 63.50
62.94 63.08 63.78
62.38 63.43 62.10 Source: Satn, T., Ito, K., Chujo, S., and Takahashi, U., "Example or experiments on systematic sampling of iron ore." Reports

of Statistical Application Research. U Ilion of Japanese Scientists and Engineers, Vol. 18. No. I, 1971.

C. Construct a relative frequency histogram for the data.

d. Calculate y and s.

e. Find the percentage of the total number (11 = 66) of observations that lie in the interval y ± 2.1'. Docs this percentage agree with the Empirical Rule?

f. Find the 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles for the data set. Interpret these values.

2.66 PCB in soil samples. Refer to the Chemosphere (Feb. 1986) study to obtain information OJ] the background levcls of the toxic substance polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) in soil samples in the United Kingdom; Exercise 1.18 (p. 10). Such information is used as a benchmark against which PCB levels at waste disposal facilities in the United Kingdom can be compared. The accompanying table contains the measured PCB levels of soil samples taken at 14 rural and 15 urban locations in the United Kingdom. (PCB concentration is measured in .0001 gram per kilogram of soil.) From these preliminary results, the researchers

I

Supplementary Exercises I 53

reported "a significant difference between (the PCB levels) for rural areas ... and for urban areas."

Ie

'..2 PCBUI(

Rural Urban
3.5 1.0 1.6 12.0 24.0 11.0 107,0 18.0
8.1 5.3 23.0 8.2 29.0 49.0 94.0 12.0
1.8 9.8 1.5 9.7 16.0 22.0 141.0 18.0
9.0 15.0 21.0 13.0 11.0 Source: Badsha, K., and Eduljee, G .• "PCB in the U.K. environment-A preliminary survey." Cnemosphere, Vol. 15, No.2, Feb. 1986, p. 213 (Table I). Reprinted with permission. Copyright 1986, Pergamon Press, Lid.

a. Construct a stem-and-leaf display for tile PCB levels of rural soil samples.

b. Construct a stern-and-leaf display for the PCB levels of urban soil samples. .

c. Combine the data for rural and urban soil samples and construct a stem-and~1caf display. Identify each of the urban PCB levels on the display with a circle. Does the graph support the researchers' conclusions?

2.67 Unplanned nuclear scrams. Scram is the term used by nuclear engineers to describe a rapid emergency shutdown of a nuclear reactor. The nuclear industry has made a concerted effort to significantly reduce the number of unplanned scrams. The accompanying table gives the number of scrams at each of 56 U.S. nuclear reactor units in a recent year. Would you expect to observe a nuclear reactor in the future with 11 unplanned scrams? Explain.

I,

-.:.y SCRAMS

0 3 4 2 10 6 5 2 0 3 5
4 2 7 12 0 3 8 2 0 9 3 3 4 7
2 4 5 3 2 7 13 4 2 3 3 7 0 9
4 3 5 2 7 8 5 2 4 3 4 0 7 2.68 Work measurement data. Industrial engineers periodicalIy conduct "work measurement" analyses to determine the time required to produce a single unit of output. At a large processing plant, the number of total worker-hours required per day to perform a certain task was recorded for 50 days. The data are shown in the table.

I,.

,,:2 WORKHRS

128 119 95 97 124 128 142 98 108 120
113 109 124 132 97 138 [33 136 120 112
146 128 103 135 114 109 100 III 131 ]]3
124 131 133 131 88 118 [ [6 98 112 138
100 112 111 150 117 122 97 116 92 122 I

i

54 I Chapter 2 Descriptive Statistics

a. Compute the mean, median, and mode of the data set.

b. Find the range, variance, and standard deviation of the data set.

C. Construct the intervals y ± s, y ± 25, and y ± 3s.

Count the number of observations that fall within each interval and find the corresponding proportions. Compare the results to the Empirical Rule. Do you detect

any outliers? \..

d. Construct a box plot for the data. '15>0 you detect any outliers?

e. Find the 70th percentile for the data on total daily worker-hours. Interpret its value.

2.69 Oil spill impact 011 seabirds. The Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics (Sept. 2000) published a study on the impact of the Exxon Valdez tanker oil spill on the seabird population in Prince William Sound, Alaska. A subset of the data analyzed is stored in the EVOS file. Data were collected on 96 shoreline locations (called transects) of constant width but variable length. For each transect, the number of seabirds found is recorded as well as the length (in kilometers) of the transect and whether or not the transect was in an oiled area. (The first five and lust five observations ill the EVOS file are listed in the table.)

a. Identify the variables measured as quantitative or qualitative.

b. Identify the experimental unit.

c. Use a pic chart to describe the percentage of transects in oiled and unoiled areas.

d. Use a graphical method to examine the relationship between observed number of seabirds and transect length.

e. Observed seabird density is defined as the observed count divided by the length of the transect, MINITAB descriptive statistics for seabird densities in unoiled and oiled transects are displayed in the printout shownat the botLom of the page. Assess whether the distribution of seabird densities differs for transects in oiled and unoiled areas.

f. For unoiled transects, give an interval of values that is likely to contain at least 75% of the seabird densities.

g. For oiled transects, give an interval of values that is likely to contain at least 75% of the seabird densities.

11. Which type of transect, an oiled or unoiled one, is more likely to have a seabird density of 16? Explain.

~
EVOS
(Selected observations)
Transect Seabirds Length Oil
0 4.06 No
2 0 6.5l No
3 54 6.76 No
4 a 4.26 No
5 14 3.59 No
92 7 3.40 Yes
93 4 6.67 Yes
94 0 3.29 Yes
95 a 6.22 Yes
96 27 8.94 Yes Source: McDonald, T. L., Erickson.W, P. and McDormld, L. L., "Analysis of count durn from before-after control-impact studies." Journal of Agricultural, Biological. and Environmental Statistics, Vol 5, No.3, Sept. 2000, pp.277-278 Crable A.I).

2.70 Speed of light from galaxies. Refer to The Astronomicai Journal study of galaxy velocities, Exercise 2.39 (p. 37). A second cluster of galaxies, named AI775, is thought to be a double cluster; that is, two clusters of galaxies in close proximity. Fifty-one velocity observations (in kilometers per second, krnIs) from cluster A1775 are listed in the table.

a. Use a graphical method to describe the velocity distribution of galaxy cluster A1775.

22922 20210 21911 19225 18792 21993 23059
20785 22781 23303 22192 19462 19057 23017
20186 23292 19408 24909 19866 22891 23121
19673 23261 22796 22355 19807 23432 22625
22744 22426 19111 18933 22417 19595 23408
22809 19619 22738 18499 19130 23220 22647
22718 22779 19026 22513 19740 22682 19179
19404 22193
Source: Ocgerle, W R., Hill,l. M., and Fitchett. M. L, "Observations of
high dispersion clusters of galaxies: Constraints on cold dark matter."
11Ie Astronomical Journal, Vol. 110, No.1, July 1995, p. 34 (Table 1).
p. 37 (Figure I). Descriptive Statistics: Density
Variable Oil N I·lean 9cDev lIinimum Ql Hed1an Q3 Haximwn
Density no 3fi 3 _27 6.70 0.000 0.000 0.890 3.87 36.23
yes 60 3.'195 5.968 0.0000 0.000 0.700 5.233 32 _836 APplied Exercises

2.49 Barium content of clinkers. Paving bricks--called clinkers-were examined for trace elements in order to determine the origin (e.g., factory) of the clinker. (Advances ill Cement Research, Jan. 2004.) The barium content (rug/kg) for each in a sample of 200 clinkers was measured, yielding the {allowing summary statistics:

QJ. = 115, I7l = 170, and Q~ = 260.

a. Interpret the value of the median, Ill.

b. Interpret the value of the lower quartile, QL' C. Interpret the value of the upper quartile, Qu.

d. Find the interquartile range, IQR.

e. Find the endpoints of the inner fence in a box plot for barium content.

f. The researchers found no clinkers with a barium content beyond the boundaries of the inner fences. What does this imply?

IIl~'i ASTEROIDS

<:» 2.50 spectral images of asteroids. Refer to the asteroid data given in Exercises 2.12 and 2.40 (p. 25 and p. 38).

a. Construct a box plot for the data. Do you detect any outliers?

b. Use the method of z-scores to detect outliers.

~ VOLTAGE

2.51 Process voltage readings. Refer to the voltage reading data supplied in Exercise 2.14 (p. 26).

a. Construct a box plot for the data at the old location. Do you detect any outliers?

b. Use the method of z-scores to detect outliers at the old location.

c. Construct a box plot for the data at the new location.

Do you detect any outliers?

d. Use the method of z-scores to detect outliers at the new location.

e. Compare the distributions of voltage readings at the two locations by placing the box plots, parts II and c, side by side vertically.

~ SHIPSANIT

2.52 Sanitation inspection of cruise ships. Refer to the datu on sanitation levels of cruise ships, Exercise 2.15 (p. 26).

a. Use the box plot method to detect any outliers in the data.

b. Use the z-score method to detect any outliers in the data.

c. Do the two methods agree? If not, explain why.

2.53 Zinc phosphide in sugarcane. A chemical company produces a substance composed of98% cracked corn particles and 2% zinc phosphide for use in controlling rat populations in sugarcane fields. Production must be carefully controlled to maintain the 2% zinc phosphide because too much zinc phosphide will cause damage to the sugarcane

2.8 Distortlng the 1Mh with Descriptive StatistiCS!45

and too little will be ineffective in controlling the rat population. Records from past production indicate [hat the distribution of the actual percentage of zinc phosphide present in the substance is approximately mound-shaped, with a mean of 2.0% and a standard deviation of .08%. Suppose one batch chosen randomly actually contains 1.80% zinc phosphide. Does this indicate that there is too little zinc phosphide in today's production? Explain your reasoning.

2.54 Sensor motion of a robot. Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University developed an algorithm for estimating the sensor motion of a robotic arm by mounting a camera with inertia sensors on the arm. (The International Journal of Robotics Research, Dec. 2004.) Two variables of interest were the error of estimating arm rotation (measured in radians) and the error of estimating arm translation (measured in centimeters). Data for II experiments are listed in the table. In each experiment, the perturbation of camera intrinsics and projections were varied.

j) SENSOR

Trial Perturbed Perturbed Rotation Error Translation

Intrinsics projections (radians) Error (ern)

No No .0000034 .0000033
2 Yes No .032 1.0
3 Yes No .030 1.3
4 Yes No .094 3.0
5 Yes No .046 1.5
6 Yes No .028 1.3
7 No Yes .27 22.9
8 No Yes .19 21.0
9 No Yes .42 34.4
10 No Yes .57 29.8
11 No Yes .32 17.7 Source: Strelow, D., and Singh, S., "Motion estimation form image and inertial measurements." Tire lntcmational Iournal of Robotics Research, Vol. 23, No. 12, Dec. 2004 (Table 4).

a. Find y and s for translation errors in trials with perturbed intrinsics but no perturbed projections.

b. Find y and s for translation errors in trials with perturbed projections but no perturbed intrinsics,

c. A trial resulted in a translation error of 4.5 ern. Is this value an outlier for trials with perturbed intrinsics but no perturbed projections? For trials with perturbed projections hut no perturbed intrinsics? What type of camera perturbation most likely occurred for this trial?

2.8 Distorting the Truth with Descriptive statistics

A picture may be "worth a thousand words," but pictures can also color messages or distort them. In fact, the pictures in statistics-histograms, bar charts, and other graphical descriptions-are susceptible to distortion, so we have to examine each of

a. Summarize the daily oxon/thion ratios with a stemand-leaf display.

b. Comment on the statement, "The oxon/thion ratio for the insecticide chlorpyrifos is greater in the clear air [han in fog air."

2.19 Growing ultrafine copper particles. Scientists in India experimented with growing copper nanoparticles within a glass medium (Journal of 4.!:pLied Physics, Sept. (993). A glass ceramic was subjected to an alkali/copper ion

135 130
105
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]
....
'" 75 70
0-
~
0
....
.,
.0
6 45
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Z 35
30
15
0 2.3 Numerical Methods for Describing Quantitative Data 27

exchange reaction followed by a reduction treatment in hydrogen. Upon drying, a sample of 255 copper panicles was extracted from the glass surface. The diameters of the copper particles were measured and are described by the accompanying frequency histogram.

a. Approximately how many copper particles had a diameter between 5 and 7 nanometers?

b. Convert the frequency histogram to a relative frequency histogram.

c. Approximately what proportion of copper panicles exceeded 9 nanometers in diameter?

2.20

Estimating the age of glacial drifts. Tills are glacial drifts consisting of a mixture of clay, sand, gravel, and boulders. Engineers from the University of Washington's Department of Earth and Space Sciences studied the chemical makeup of buried tills in order to es tim ate the age of the glacial drifts in Wisconsin. (American Journal of Science, Jan, 2005.) The ratio of the elements aluminum (AI) and beryllium (Be) in sediment is related to the duration of burial. The AI/Be ratios for a sample of 26 buried till specimens are given in the table. With the aid of a graph, estimate the proportion of till specimens with an AlIBe ratio that exceeds 4.5.

2 4

6

2; TILLRATIO

3.754.05 3.81 3.233.13 3.30 3.2] 3.324.093.905.063.853.88 4.064.56 3.60 3.27 4.09 3.38 3.37 2.73 2.95 2.25 2.73 2.55 3.06

Source: Adapted from American Journal of Science, Vol. 305, No. I, Jan. 2005, p. 16 (Tuble 2).

2.3 Numerical Methods for Describing Quantitative Data

Numerical descriptive measures are numbers computed from a data set to help us create a mental image of its relative frequency histogram. The measures that we will present fall into three categories: (1) those that help to locate the center of the relative frequency distribution, (2) those that measure its spread around the center, and (3) those that describe the relative position of an observation within the data set. These categories are called, respectively, measures of central tendency, measures of variation, and measures of relative standing. In the definitions that follow, we will denote the variable observed to create a data set by the symbol)' and the II measurements of a data set by YI, Y2,"" YII'

Numerical descriptive measures computed from sample data are often called statistics. In contrast, numerical descriptive measures of the population are caned parameters. Their values are typically unknown and are usually represented by Greek symbols. For example, we will see that the average value of the population is represented by the Greek letter 11. Although we could calculate the value of this parameter if we actually had access to the entire population, we generally wish to avoid doing so, for economic or other reasons. Thus, as you will subsequently see, we will sample the

10 12 J4

Diameter (nanometers)

Source: Roy, B. and Chakravorty, D. "Ultrafinc copper panicles grown in a glass ceramic." Journal of Applied Physics, Voi. 74. No.6. Sept. 15, 1993, p. 4192 (Figure 3).

Supplementary Exercises 151

MINITAB output for Exercise 2.58

Descriptive Statistics: MAGNITUDE

Variable HAGNITUDE

3J EARTHQUAKE

'\.

2.58 Earthquake aftershock magrn~udes. Refer to the magnitudes (measured on the Richter scale) of 2929 earthquake aftershocks, Exercise 2.13 (p. 25). The data are saved in the EARTHQUAKE file.

a. Descriptive statistics for the data are shown in the accompanying MlNlTAB printout. Interpret these statistics.

b. Use a box plot to identify any outliers in the data.

2.59 surface roughness of pipe. Refer to the Anti-corrosion Methods and Materials (Vol. 50, 2003) study of the surface roughness of coated oil field pipes, Exercise 2.16 (p. 26). The data (in micrometers) are repeated in the table. Give an interval that will likely contain about 95% of all coated pipe roughness measurements.

~ROUGHPIPE
1.72 2.50 2.16 2.13 1.06 2.24 2.31 2.03 1.09 1.40
2.57 2.64 1.26 2.05 1.19 2.13 1.27 1.51 2.41 1.95 Source: Farshad, E, and Pcsacretn, T., "Coaled pipe interior surface roughness as measured by three scanning probe instruments." Al1ti-co"lV.~ioll Method» and Materials, Vol. 50, No.1, 2003 (Table Ill).

1Jj) CRASH

2.60 Crash tests on new cars. Each year, the National Highway Truffle Safety Administration (NHTSA) crash tests new car models to determine how well they protect the driver and front-seat passenger in a head-on collision. The NHTSA has developed a "star" scoring system [or the frontal crash test, with results ranging from one star {*} to five stars (*****). The more stars in the rating, the

1~

Jl TILlRATJO

N 2929

StDev 0.6636

Q3 2.4000

Q1 1.7000

Hedian 2.0000

Hean 2.1197

better the level of crash protection in a head-on collision. The NHTSA crash test results for 98 cars in a recent model year are stored in the data file named CRASH. The driver-side star ratings for the 98 cars are summarized in the following MINJTAB printout. Use the information in the printout to form a pie chart. Interpret the graph.

Tally for Discrete Variables: DRrVSTAR

DRIVSTAR Count Percent
2 'I 'l.OB
3 17 17.35
4 59 60.20
5 18 lB.37
Me 98 2.61 Crash tests on new cars. Refer to Exercise 2.60 and the NHTSA crash [est data. One quantitative variable recorded by the NHTSA is driver's severity of head injury (measured on a scale from 0 to 1500). The mean and standard deviation for the 98 driver head-injury ratings in the CRASH file are displayed in the MINlTAB printout at the bottom of the page. Use these values to find the zscore for a driver head-injury rating of 408. Interpret the result.

2.62 Chemical makeup of glacial drifts. Refer to Ole American Journal of Science (Ian., 2005) study of Ole chemical makeup of buried glacial drifts (tills), Exercise 2.20 (p. 27). The data on the Al/Be ratios for a sample of 26 buried till specimens are repeated in the table.

3.76 4.05

4.06 4.56

3.21 3.37

3.85 2.55

3.88 3.06

3.81 3.60

3.23 3.27

3.13 4.09

3.30 3.38

3.32 2.73

4.09 2.95

3.90 5.06

2.25 2.73

Source: Adapted from American Journal of SciCllce, Vol. 305, No. I, Ian. 2005, p. 16 (Table 2).

MINlTAB output for Exercise 2.61

Descriptive Statistics: DRIVHEAD

Variable N Ifean scnev Minimwn Q1 Median Q3 JiIaxilnUln DRIVHEAD 98 603.7 185.4 216.0 475.0 605.0 724.3 1240.0

_-'

521 Chapter 2

Descriptive Statistics

a. Compute and interpret three numerical descriptive measures of central tendency for the AI/Be ratios.

b. Compute and interpret three numerical descriptive measures of variation for the AI/Be ratios.

c. Construct a box plot for the data. Do you detect any outliers?

2.63

Red dye in gasoline. Dyes are used in "coloration products, such as textiles, paper, leather, and fqodstuffs, and are required by law to be in gasoline to indicate the presence of lead. To monitor environmental contamination,

I,

_j) REDDYE

Red Dye compound H

CH3

C2H5

C3Ih

C7Hl5

Csl'In

C9Hl9

ClllE2l

Others

Relative Abundance .021

. 210

.354

.072

. 054

.127

.118

.025

.019

Source: Voyksner, R. D., "Characterization of dyes in cnvirornnerual samples by tncnnospray higb-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry." Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 57, No. 13, Nov. 1985, p. 260J Crable I). Reprinted with permission. Copyright 1985 American Chemical Society,

Hi -

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10

analytical methods must be developed to identify and quantify these dyes. ln one study, therrnospray high-perfonnancc liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to characterize dyes in wastewater and gasoline. The accompanying table gives the relative abundance (relative frequency of occurrence) of commercial Diazo Red dye components in gasoline. Describe the relative abundance of red dye compounds with a bar graph. Interpret the graph.

2.64 Deep-JJoJe drilling. Refer to the Journal of Engineering [or Industry (May] 993) study of deep hole drilling described in Exercise 1.13 (p, 7). An analysis of drill chip congestion was performed using data generated via computer simulation. The simulated distribution of the length (in millimeters) of 50 drill chips is displayed below in a frequency histogram, shown at the bottom of the page .

a. Convert the frequency histogram into a relative fre-

quency histogram. .

b. Based on the graph in part a, would you expect La observe a drill chip with a length of ill least 190 rnm? Explain .

2.65 LUmpy iron are. Sixty-six bulk specimens of Chilean lumpy iron ore (95% particle size, 150 millimeters) were randomly sampled from a 35,325-long-ton shipload of ore, and the percentage of iron in each are specimen was determined. The data are shown in the table on p. 53.

a. Describe, the population from which the sample was selected.

b. Give one possible objective ofthis sampling procedure.

Chip length (mrn) Frequency histogram for Exercise 2.64

160 180

Source: Chin, Jih-Hua, et al. '.'The computer simulation and experimental analysis of chip monitoring fo;deep-holc drilling." Journal of Engineering [orIndustry, Transactions of the AS1V1E:yol.~115, May 1993, p. 187 (Figure 12).

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