Chu.o.ng 3 ' U: (B ' Aito An Truy E ' N Nhi E - T D ' U - Nghaichi E ' U)

Chu.o.
ng 3
BÀI TOÁN LOA `

. I ELÍP HAI CHIÊU
.
( BÀI TOÁN TRUYÈ̂N NHIÊ `
. T DÙ NG HAI CHIÊU)
` n nhâ´t d̄ôí vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh Poisson

3.1. Bài toán Dirichlet thuâ
3.1.1. Bài toán d̄a.o hàm riêng.

` n bi. chă.n cu’a mă.t phă’ng to.a d̄ô. (x,y) có biên là d̄u.ò.ng kı́n Γ tro.n tù.ng
Ω là mô.t miê
khúc (H.3.1.1).
.y
.Ω
.
.O .x
H.3.1.1
Cho hàm sô´ f (x, y) ∈ L2 (Ω).

Bài toán: tı̀m u(x, y) ∈ W 2 (Ω) tho’ a mãn
∂2u ∂2u
Δu := + 2 = f, (x, y) ∈ Ω (3.1.1)
∂x2 ∂y
u|Γ = 0, (x, y) ∈ Γ (3.1.2)

tú.c là :
tı̀m u(x, y) ∈ W01 (Ω) ∩ W 2 (Ω) tho’ a mãn (3.1.1).
` n nhâ´t d̄ôí vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh Poisson.
go.i là bài toán Dirichlet thuâ
3.1.2. Nghiê.m cô’ d̄iê’n. Nghiê.m cu’a bài toán vù.a phát biê’u go.i là nghiê.m cô’ d̄iê’n
cu’a bài toán (3.1.1)(3.1.2).
55
Bài toán (3.1.1)(3.1.2) là mô hı̀nh toán ho.c cu’a hiê.n tu.o..ng truyê
` n nhiê.t dù.ng trong
` ng 0.
ba’n mo’ng vâ.t châ´t Ω mà nhiê.t d̄ô. ta.i biên Γ âń d̄i.nh bă
3.2. Bài toán yêú và nghiê.m suy rô.ng

3.2.1. Công thú.c Green.
Nêú P và Q có các d̄a.o hàm riêng câ´p mô.t liên tu.c trong Ω thı̀ ta có công thú.c Green
liên hê. giũ.a tı́ch phân kép và tı́ch phân d̄u.ò.ng loa.i hai ([1],III, mu.c 4.2.3)
∫∫ ∮
∂Q ∂P
( − )dxdy = P dx + Qdy (3.2.1)
Ω ∂x ∂y Γ
trong d̄ó tı́ch phân d̄u.ò.ng o’. vê´ pha’i lâý theo chiê
` u du.o.ng cu’a Γ.
Gia’ su’. d̄u.ò.ng kı́n Γ có vecto. pháp tuyêń ngoài là ν, vecto. tiê´p tuyêń du.o.ng là τ và
vi phân cung là ds. Ta có
dx = cos(τ, x)ds = cos((τ, ν) + (ν, y) + (y, x))ds = cos(−π + (ν, y))ds = − cos(ν, y)ds
dy = cos(τ, y)ds = cos((τ, ν) + (ν, x) + (x, y))ds = cos(ν, x)ds

Do d̄ó ∫∫ ∮
∂Q ∂P
( − )dxdy = (−P cos(ν, y) + Q cos(ν, x))ds (3.2.2)
Ω ∂x ∂y
Cho P = − ∂u
∂y v, Q =
∂u
∂x v ta thu d̄u.o..c công thú.c sau d̄ây, cũng go.i là công thú.c Green:
∫∫ ∫∫ ∮
∂2u ∂2u ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u
{ 2 + 2 }vdxdy = − { + }dxdy + vds (3.2.3)
Ω ∂x ∂y Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y Γ ∂ν
trong d̄ó
∂u ∂u ∂u
= cos(ν, x) + cos(ν, y) (3.2.4)
∂ν ∂x ∂y
3.2.2. Bài toán yêú. Gia’ su’. bài toán (3.1.1)(3.1.2) có nghiê.m ∈ W01 (Ω) ∩ W 2 (Ω).
Khi d̄ó Δu và f ∈ L2 (Ω). Trong L2 (Ω) nhân vô hu.ó.ng hai vê´ cu’a (3.1.1) vó.i hàm thu’.
v ∈ D(Ω) ta có
∫∫ ∫∫
∂2u ∂2u
[ 2 + 2 ]vdxdy = f vdxdy, ∀v ∈ D(Ω)
Ω ∂x ∂y Ω
Áp du.ng công thú.c Green (3.2.3) vào vê´ trái ta d̄u.o..c:
∫∫ ∮ ∫∫
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u
− ( + )dxdy + vds = f vdxdy, ∀v ∈ D(Ω) (3.2.5)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y Γ ∂ν Ω
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Vı̀ v ∈ D(Ω) tho’a mãn v|Γ = 0 nên (3.2.5) cho
∫∫ ∫∫
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
[ + ]dxdy = −f vdxdy, ∀v ∈ D(Ω) (3.2.6)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y Ω
Vı̀ D(Ω) trù mâ.t trong W01 (Ω) nên (3.2.6) cho
∫∫ ∫∫
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
[ + ]dxdy = −f vdxdy, ∀v ∈ W01 (Ω) (3.2.7)
Trong (3.2.7) không có d̄a.o hàm câ´p hai nũ.a.

- ă.t
D ∫∫ ∫∫
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
α(u, v) := [ + ]dxdy, L(v) := −f vdxdy (3.2.8)
Ta phát biê’u bài toán mó.i:

Vó.i α(u, v) và L(v) xác d̄i.nh bo’.i (3.2.8) hãy tı̀m u ∈ W01 (Ω) tho’ a mãn
α(u, v) = L(v), ∀v ∈ W01 (Ω) (3.2.9)
tú.c là (3.2.7) tho’a mãn.

Bài toán (3.2.9) go.i là bài toán yêú ú.ng bài toán (3.1.1)(3.1.2).
3.2.3. Nghiê.m suy rô.ng.
Nghiê.m cu’a bài toán yêú (3.2.9) go.i là nghiê.m suy rô.ng cu’a bài toán (3.1.1)(3.1.2).
Theo trên, nêú u ∈ W01 (Ω) ∩ W 2 (Ω) là nghiê.m cô’ d̄iê’n cu’a bài toán (3.1.1)(3.1.2) thı̀
nó cũng là nghiê.m suy rô.ng cu’a bài toán d̄ó.
Ngu.o..c la.i, nêú u là nghiê.m suy rô.ng cu’a bài toán (3.1.1)(3.1.2), la.i thuô.c W 2 (Ω) nũ.a
thı̀ nó cũng là nghiê.m cô’ d̄iê’n cu’a nó (cách chú.ng minh xem mu.c 2.2.2, chu.o.ng 2.)
Vı̀ nghiê.m suy rô.ng u tı̀m trong W01 (Ω) ⊃ W 2 (Ω) ∩ W01 (Ω), còn hàm thu’. v la.i thuô.c
W01 (Ω) ⊂ L2 (Ω) nên nghiê.m suy rô.ng dê˜ tı̀m ho.n nghiê.m cô’ d̄iê’n.
3.2.4. Su.. tô` n ta.i nghiê.m suy rô.ng.

- ê’ chú.ng minh su.. tô
D ` n ta.i nghiê.m suy rô.ng ta sẽ áp du.ng d̄i.nh lý 1.8.1 chu.o.ng 1, mu.c
1.8.3.
Rõ ràng α(u, v) xác d̄i.nh o’. (3.2.8), là mô.t da.ng song tuyêń, d̄ôí xú.ng trên W01 (Ω).
Ta chú.ng minh thêm ră ` ng nó liên tu.c trên W01 (Ω) và W01 (Ω)−eliptic. Ta có tù. (3.2.8)
∫∫ ∫∫
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
|α(u, v)| ≤ | |.| |dxdy + | |.| |dxdy
Ω ∂x ∂x Ω ∂y ∂y
Áp du.ng bâ´t d̄ă’ng thú.c C-S-B ta suy ra

√∫ ∫ √∫ ∫ √∫ ∫ √∫ ∫
∂u 2 ∂v 2 ∂u 2 ∂v
|α(u, v)| ≤ | | dxdy | | dxdy + | | dxdy | |2 dxdy
Ω ∂x Ω ∂x Ω ∂y Ω ∂y
57
Do d̄ó
|α(u, v)| ≤ C1 kukW01 (Ω) .kvkW01 (Ω) , ∀u, v ∈ W01 (Ω), C1 = 2 (3.2.10)
Vâ.y α(u, v) liên tu.c trên W01 (Ω).
Bây giò. d̄ê’ chú.ng minh α(u, v) là W01 (Ω)−elliptic ta áp du.ng công thú.c Friedrich
(xem chu.o.ng 1, mu.c 1.6.7, công thú.c (1.6.1b)), ta có
∫∫ ∫∫
∂u 2 ∂u
u dxdy ≤ C
2
[( ) + ( )2 ]dxdy, C = const > 0
Ω Ω ∂x ∂y
∫∫ ∫∫ ∫∫
∂u ∂u ∂u 2 ∂u
⇒ 2
u dxdy + [( )2 + ( )2 ]dxdy ≤ 2C [( ) + ( )2 ]dxdy
Ω Ω ∂x ∂y Ω ∂x ∂y
Theo (3.2.8) nũ.a ta có
1
α(u, u) ≥ kukW01 (Ω) , ∀v ∈ W01 (Ω), K= (3.2.11)
2C
Vâ.y a(u, v) V −eliptic.

Vâ.y theo (3.2.10) và (3.2.11) α(u, v) là mô.t da.ng song tuyêń d̄ôí xú.ng, liên tu.c trên
W01 (Ω) và W01 (Ω)−elliptic.
Bây giò. xét L(v). Theo (3.2.8) ta có

∫∫
|L(v)| = | f vdxdy| ≤ kf kL2 (Ω) .kvkL2 (Ω) ≤ kf kL2 (Ω) kvkW01 (Ω)
Ω
Do d̄ó
|L(v)| ≤ C4 kvkW01 (Ω) , C4 = kf kL2 (Ω) , ∀v ∈ W01 (Ω)
Vâ.y L(v) liên tu.c trên W01 (Ω).

Các tı́nh châ´t cu’a α(u, v) và L(v) vù.a chú.ng minh cho phép ta áp du.ng d̄i.nh lý 1.8.1
. .
chu o ng 1, mu.c 1.8.3 và kê´t luâ.n vê` su.. tô
` n ta.i và duy nhâ´t nghiê.m cu’a bài toán (3.2.9)
.
tú c là nghiê.m suy rô.ng cu’a bài toán (3.1.1)(3.1.2).
3.2.5. Vâń d̄ê ` tı́nh gâ

` n d̄úng nghiê.m suy rô.ng.
` n d̄úng nghiê.m suy rô.ng, tú.c là nghiê.m cu’a bài toán (3.2.9) hay (3.2.7)
- ê’ tı́nh gâ
D
.
theo so d̄ô ` y o’. chu.o.ng 1 tiê´t 9, ta thay không gian V = W01 (Ω) bă
` chung d̄ã trı̀nh bâ ` ng
.
mô.t không gian con hũ u ha.n chiê ` u HN cu’a nó rô ` i gia’i bài toán (3.2.9) trên không gian
con d̄ó.
58
3.3. Phu.o.ng pháp phâ
` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n trong tru.ò.ng ho..p Ω
là mô.t d̄a giác
3.3.1. Tam giác phân.
Ta chia Ω thành các tam giác khác nhau không có d̄iê’m chung trong, không có d̄ı’nh
` ng thò.i các góc hı̀nh ho.c cu’a
` m trên ca.nh cu’a tam giác kia (H.3.3.1), d̄ô
cu’a tam giác no. nă
các tam giác ≥ θ0 > 0, khi d̄ó diê.n tı́ch cu’a mô˜i tam giác dâ
` n d̄êń 0 khi và chı’ khi các
` n d̄êń 0.
ca.nh cu’a tam giác có d̄ô. dài dâ
.y
.o .x
.
H.3.3.1
Mô˜i tam giác go.i là mô.t phâ ` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n. Mô˜i d̄ı’nh cu’a tam giác go.i là mô.t nút.
Ta d̄ánh sô´ các nút, kê’ ca’ các nút biên, tù. 1 d̄êń N : P1 , P2 , . . . , PN sao cho các nút
tù. 1 d̄êń N, N < N : P1 , P2 , ..., PN là các nút trong, còn la.i là các nút biên. D - ò̂ng thò.i các
phâ` n tu’ hũ u ha.n tam giác d̄u o. c d̄ánh sô´ tù 1 d̄êń M : T1 , T2 , ..., TM . Tam giác thú. l, Tl
. . . . .
có ba d̄ı’nh hoàn toàn xác d̄i.nh, chă’ng ha.n d̄ó là Pi , Pj , Pk .
3.3.2. Hàm to.a d̄ô. và không gian con HN .
To.a d̄ô. cu’a nút Pi ký hiê.u là (xi , yi ).

.
Ú ng mô˜i nút trong Pi (xi , yi ) ta xây du..ng hàm sô´ ϕi (x, y) sau d̄ây, go.i là hàm to.a d̄ô.
thú. i: ϕi (x, y) là mô.t hàm bâ.c nhâ´t d̄ôí vó.i x, y trong mô˜i tam giác phâ ` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n,
` ng 1 ta.i Pi và bă
bă ` ng 0 ta.i các nút Pj khác Pi . Nó có d̄ô` thi. da.ng mái nhà o’. H.3.3.2. D- ò̂
.
thi. này là mô.t hı̀nh chóp có d̄áy là mô.t d̄a giác, ho. p cu’a các tam giác con có chung d̄ı’nh
Pi . Hàm ϕi (x, y) liên tu.c và tuyêń tı́nh tù.ng phâ ` n trên Ω, chı’ khác 0 o’. trong d̄áy, và
` ng 0 ta.i mo.i (x, y) o’. ngoài d̄áy cu’a hı̀nh chóp. Cho nên hàm ϕi thuô.c W01 (Ω) và có giá
bă
d̄õ. nho’.
59
` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n tam giác Tl có d̄ı’nh là Pi (xi , yi ), Pj (xj , yj ), Pk (xk , yk ) thı̀ hàm
Trên phâ
ϕi ú.ng vó.i Pi có da.ng:
ϕi (x, y) = Ax + By + C, (x, y) ∈ Tl (3.3.1)
vó.i d̄iê
` u kiê.n
ϕi (xi , yi ) = 1, ϕi (xj , yj ) = 0, ϕi (xk , yk ) = 0 (3.3.2)
.z
.Pi
.y
.o .
.x
H.3.3.2
Ho. {ϕi , i = 1, 2, ..., N } d̄ô.c lâ.p tuyêń tı́nh. Thâ.t vâ.y, nêú
∑
N
ci ϕi (x, y) = 0, (x, y) ∈ Ω
i=1
thı̀ vı̀ {
6 i
0 khi j =
ϕi (xj , yj ) =
1 khi j = i
nên
∑
N
ci ϕi (xj , yj ) = 0, j = 1, 2, ..., N ⇒ ci = 0, i = 1, 2, ..., N
i=1
` u cu’a W01 (Ω). Ta go.i

Vâ.y ho. các ϕi , i = 1, 2, ..., N sinh ra mô.t không gian con N chiê
SN := {ϕi , i = 1, 2, ..., N, HN := span{ϕi , i = 1, 2, ..., N } (3.3.3)
60
HN nhâ.n ho. {ϕi , i = 1, 2, ..., N } là mô.t co. so’..
Ngu.ò.i ta còn go.i HN là không gian phâ ` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n.
3.3.3. Nghiê.m gâ ` n d̄úng bă` ng phu.o.ng pháp phâ ` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n.
Bây giò. ta gia’i bài toán (3.2.9) trên HN , d̄ó là bài toán:
Tı̀m wN ∈ HN tho’ a mãn
α(wN , v) = L(v) ∀v ∈ HN (3.3.4)
` n d̄úng cu’a bài toán (3.2.9).

và xem nghiê.m cu’a bài toán (3.3.4) là nghiê.m gâ
Hàm wN ∈ HN nên có da.ng
∑
N
wN (x, y) = ci ϕi (x, y) (3.3.5)
i=1
trong d̄ó ci xác d̄i.nh sao cho (3.3.4) tho’a mãn vó.i mo.i v ∈ HN .
Vı̀ ho. Sn = {ϕj } là mô.t co. so’. cu’a HN nên chı’ câ
` n (3.3.4) tho’a mãn vó.i v = ϕj , j =
. . .
1, 2, ..., N (xem nhâ.n xét o’ chu o ng 1, mu.c 1.9.3), nghı̃a là
∑N
α(wN , ϕj ) = L(ϕj ), j = 1, 2, ..., N ⇒ α( ci ϕi , ϕj ) = L(ϕj ), j = 1, 2, ..., N
i=1
hay
∑
N
ci α(ϕi , ϕj ) = L(ϕj ), j = 1, 2, ..., N (3.3.6)
i=1
Vâ.y ci , i = 1, 2, ..., N , là nghiê.m cu’a hê. d̄a.i sô´ (3.3.6), tú.c là
Ac = F (3.3.7)
vó.i 
  
c1 F1
 c2   F2 
c= 
 ...  , F = 
 ...  , A = (Aij )
cN FN
trong d̄ó theo (3.2.8)
∫∫
∂ϕi ∂ϕj ∂ϕi ∂ϕj
Aij = α(ϕi , ϕj ) = ( + )dxdy (3.3.8)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
∫∫
Fi = − f (x, y)ϕi (x, y)dxdy (3.3.9)
Ω
61
3.3.4. Su.. tô ` n ta.i và duy nhâ´t nghiê.m cu’a hê. d̄a.i sô´.
Tu.o.ng tu.. mu.c 1.9.3 chu.o.ng 1.
∪M
3.3.5. Công thú.c tı́ch lũy. Vı̀ Ω = l=1 Tl và intTj ∩ intTk = ∅, j 6= k nên theo
tı́nh châ´t cô.ng cu’a tı́ch phân xác d̄i.nh ta có
M ∫∫
∑ ∂ϕi ∂ϕj ∂ϕi ∂ϕj
Aij = ( + )dxdy
Tl ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
l=1
M ∫∫
∑
Fi = f (x, y)ϕi (x, y)dxdy
l=1 Tl
- ă.t
D
∫∫
Alij := ( + )dxdy (3.3.10)
∫∫
Fil =− f (x, y)ϕi (x, y)dxdy (3.3.11)
Tl
thı̀ có
∑
M
Aij = Alij (3.3.12)
l=1
∑
M
Fi = Fil (3.3.13)
l=1
Các công thú.c (3.3.12),(3.3.13) go.i là các công thú.c tı́ch lũy.
- ê’ có Aij và Fi ta chı’ câ

D ` n tı́nh Alij và Fil trên tù.ng phâ
` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n tù. l = 1 d̄êń
l = M rô` i tı́ch lũy la.i theo các công thú.c (3.3.12),(3.3.13).
` ng phu.o.ng pháp d̄ô’i biêń.

3.3.6. Cách tı́nh các Alij và Fil bă
Các tı́ch phân (3.3.10),(3.3.11) chı’ tı́nh trên mô.t tam giác Tl có d̄ı’nh hoàn toàn xác
d̄i.nh. Chúng có thê’ tı́nh tru..c tiê´p, nhu.ng thu.ò.ng khá phú.c ta.p. Du.ó.i d̄ây ta trı̀nh bâ`y
. . ’ .
thêm phu o ng pháp d̄ô i biêń, tù (x, y) sang (ξ, η) (H.3.3.3) nhă .
` m d̄u a viê.c tı́nh tı́ch phân
trên tam giác Tl bâ t kỳ có d̄ınh Pi (xi , yi ), Pj (xj , yj ), Pk (xk , yk ) trong mă.t phă’ng (x, y)
´ ’
` viê.c tı́nh tı́ch phân trên tam giác chuâ’n T có d̄ı’nh là (0, 0), (1, 0) và (0, 1) trong mă.t
vê
phă’ng to.a d̄ô. (ξ, η).
62
.η
.Pk
.(0, 1)
.y .Tl
.Pi .T
o. .
x .Pj
. .(0, 0)
.x .(1, 0) .ξ
H.3.3.3
Phép d̄ô’i biêń d̄ó có công thú.c
x = (xj − xi )ξ + (xk − xi )η + xi = x(ξ, η)

(3.3.14)
y = (yj − yi )ξ + (yk − yi )η + yi = y(ξ, η)
Nó có tác du.ng chuyê’n d̄ı’nh Pi (xi , yi ) cu’a Tl thành d̄ı’nh (0, 0) cu’a T , chuyê’n d̄ı’nh
Pj (xj , yj ) cu’a Tl thành d̄ı’nh (1, 0) cu’a T , chuyê’n d̄ı’nh Pk (xk , yk ) cu’a Tl thành d̄ı’nh
(0, 1) cu’a T .
Ta có
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
= xj − xi , = xk − xi ; = yj − yi , = yk − yi
∂ξ ∂η ∂ξ ∂η
Ta suy ra d̄i.nh thú.c hàm
¯ ∂x ∂x ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ∂ξ ∂η ¯ ¯ xj − xi xk − xi ¯
¯ ¯
J = ¯ ∂y ∂y ¯ = ¯ ¯ ¯ = (xj − xi )(yk − yi ) − (xk − xi )(yj − yi ) (3.3.15)
y j − yi y k − yi
¯
∂ξ ∂η
Chú ý. Ta nhâ.n thâý |J| = hai lâ ` n sô´ d̄o diê.n tı́ch hı̀nh tam giác Tl . Vı̀ góc cu’a các
tam giác phâ ` n tu’ hũ u ha.n ≥ θ0 > 0 nên |J| > 0 chù.ng nào các ca.nh cu’a tam giác Tl còn
. .
khác 0.
Bây giò. ta xét phép d̄ô’i biêń ngu.o..c la.i tù. T vê
` Tl . Trong hê. (3.3.14) nêú xem ξ, η là
â’n thı̀ nó có d̄i.nh thú c Δ = J và do d̄ó phép d̄ô’i biêń ngu.o..c la.i có công thú.c
.
(yk − yi )(x − xi ) (xk − xi )(y − yi )

ξ= − = ξ(x, y)
J J (3.3.16)
(yj − yi )(x − xi ) (xj − xi )(y − yi )
η=− + = η(x, y)
J J
Ta suy ra
∂ξ yk − yi ∂η yj − yi ∂ξ xk − xi ∂η xj − xi
= ; =− ; =− ; = (3.3.17)
∂x J ∂x J ∂y J ∂y J
63
Ta suy ra d̄i.nh thú.c hàm J cu’a phép d̄ô’i biêń ngu.o..c:
¯ ∂ξ ∂ξ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ∂x ∂y ¯ 1 ¯ yk − yi xi − xk ¯
J = ¯¯ ∂η ∂η ¯¯ = 2 ¯¯ ¯= J = 1 (3.3.18)
J y i − y j x j − xi
¯ J2 J
∂x ∂y
Ta có công thú.c d̄ô’i biêń trong tı́ch phân kép:

∫∫ ∫∫
g(x, y)dxdy = G(ξ, η)|J|dξdη, G(ξ, η) = g(x, y)|x=x(ξ,η),y=y(ξ,η) (3.3.19)
Tl T
∫∫ ∫∫
1
G(ξ, η)dξdη = g(x, y) dxdy, g(x, y) = G(ξ, η)|ξ=ξ(x,y),η=η(x,y) (3.3.20)
T Tl |J|
Áp du.ng (3.3.19) vào tı́ch phân (3.3.10) thı̀ g(x, y) có da.ng

g(x, y) = ( + ) (3.3.21)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
Theo phép d̄ô’i biêń (3.3.14) thı̀

ϕi (x, y) chuyê’n thành Φ0,0 = 1 − ξ − η
ϕj (x, y) chuyê’n thành Φ1,0 = ξ
ϕk (x, y) chuyê’n thành Φ0,1 = η
∂ϕi ∂Φ0,0 ∂ξ ∂Φ0,0 ∂η yk − yi yj − yi yj − yk

= + =− + =
∂x ∂ξ ∂x ∂η ∂x J J J
∂ϕi ∂Φ0,0 ∂ξ ∂Φ0,0 ∂η xk − xi xj − xi xj − xk
= + = − =−
∂y ∂ξ ∂y ∂η ∂y J J J
Mô.t cách tu.o.ng tu..:
∂ϕj ∂Φ1,0 ∂ξ ∂Φ1,0 ∂η yk − yi
= + =
∂x ∂ξ ∂x ∂η ∂x J
∂ϕj ∂ψ1,0 ∂ξ ∂ψ1,0 ∂η xk − xi
= + =−
∂y ∂ξ ∂y ∂η ∂y J
∂ϕk ∂Φ0,1 ∂ξ ∂ψ0,1 ∂η yi − yj
= + =
∂x ∂ξ ∂x ∂η ∂x J
∂ϕk ∂Φ0,1 ∂ξ ∂Φ0,1 ∂η xi − xj
= + =−
∂y ∂ξ ∂y ∂η ∂y J
Vâ.y tù. (3.3.10) ta có
∫∫ ∫∫
∂ϕi 2 ∂ϕi 2 yj − yk 2 xj − xk 2
l
Aii = ([ ] +[ ] )dxdy = {[ ] +[ ] }|J|dξdη =
Tl ∂x ∂y T J J
64
∫ ∫
(yj − yk )2 + (xj − xk )2 (yj − yk )2 + (xj − xk )2
= dξdη = (3.3.22)
T |J| 2|J|
∫∫ ∫∫
∂ϕj 2 ∂ϕj 2 yk − yi 2 xk − xi 2
Aljj = ([ ] +[ ] )dxdy = {[ ] +[ ] }|J|dξdη =
Tl ∂x ∂y T J J
(yk − yi )2 + (xk − xi )2
= (3.3.23)
2|J|
∫∫ ∫∫
∂ϕk 2 ∂ϕk 2 yi − yj 2 xi − xj 2
Alkk = ([ ] +[ ] )dxdy = {[ ] +[ ] }|J|dξdη =
Tl ∂x ∂y T J J
(yi − yj )2 + (xi − xj )2
= (3.3.24)
2|J|
∫∫
Alij = ( + )dxdy =
∫∫
yj − yk yk − yi xj − xk xk − xi
= { + }|J|dξdη =
T J J J J
(yj − yk )(yk − yi ) + (xj − xk )(xk − xi )
= (3.3.25)
2|J|
∫∫
l ∂ϕj ∂ϕk ∂ϕj ∂ϕk
Ajk = ( + )dxdy =
∫∫
yk − yi yi − yj xk − xi xi − xj
= { + }|J|dξdη =
T J J J J
(yk − yi )(yi − yj ) + (xk − xi )(xi − xj )
= (3.3.26)
2|J|
∫∫
l ∂ϕi ∂ϕk ∂ϕi ∂ϕk
Aki = ( + )dxdy =
∫∫
yi − yj yj − yk xi − xj xj − xk
= { + }|J|dξdη =
T J J J J
(yi − yj )(yj − yk ) + (xi − xj )(xj − xk )
= (3.3.27)
2|J|
Tù. (3.3.11) ta có

∫∫ ∫∫
Fil = f (x, y)ϕi (x, y)dxdy = F (ξ, η)Φ0,0 |J|dξdη
Tl T
∫∫
= F (ξ, η)(1 − ξ − η)|J|dξdη (3.3.28)
T
65
∫∫ ∫∫
Fjl = f (x, y)ϕj (x, y)dxdy = F (ξ, η)Φ1,0 |J|dξdη
Tl T
∫∫
= F (ξ, η)ξ|J|dξdη (3.3.29)
T
∫∫ ∫∫
Fkl = f (x, y)ϕk (x, y)dxdy = F (ξ, η)Φ0,1 |J|dξdη
Tl T
∫∫
= F (ξ, η)η|J|dξdη (3.3.30)
T
Các tı́ch phân cuôí cùng sẽ d̄u.o..c tı́nh d̄úng hoă.c gâ
` n d̄úng.
3.3.7. D - ánh giá sai sô´.

Gia’ su’. u là nghiê.m cu’a bài toán yêú (3.2.9), wN là nghiê.m cu’a bài toán gâ
` n d̄úng
(3.3.4). Khi d̄ó u − wN là sai sô´ câ
` n d̄ánh giá.
- i.nh lý 3.3.1. Gia’ su’. u(x, y) ∈ W 2 (Ω) thı̀
D
ku − wN kW 1 (Ω) ≤ K1 hkukW 2 (Ω) , K1 = const > 0 (3.3.31)
- .inh lý 3.3.2. Nêú u(x, y) ∈ W 2 (Ω) ∩ W01 (Ω) thı̀

D
ku − wN kW 1 (Ω) ≤ K2 hkf kL2 (Ω) , K2 = const > 0 (3.3.32)
- i.nh lý 3.3.3. Gia’ su’. u(x, y) ∈ W 2 (Ω) ∩ W01 (Ω) thı̀
D
ku − wN kL2 (Ω) ≤ K3 h2 kf kL2 (Ω) , K3 = const > 0 (3.3.33)
3.3.8 Phu. lu.c 1: Chú.ng minh các d̄i.nh lý 3.3.1, 3.3.2, 3.3.3.
Ta sẽ chú.ng minh d̄i.nh lý 3.3.1 thông qua mô.t sô´ bô’ d̄ê
`.
Tru.ó.c hê´t d̄ă.t
∑
N
uI (x, y) := ui ϕi (x, y), ui = u(xi , yi ) (3.3.34)
i=1
Vı̀ uI ∈ HN nên áp du.ng d̄i.nh lý 1.10.2 chu.o.ng 1, ta có

Bô’ d̄ê
` 3.3.1.
ku − wN kW 1 (Ω) ≤ K4 ku − uI kW 1 (Ω) , K4 = const > 0 (3.3.35)
Bây giò. ta d̄ánh giá vê´ pha’i cu’a (3.3.35).
66
Xét phâ ` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n tam giác Tl bâ´t kỳ có ba d̄ı’nh Pi , Pj , Pk trong to.a d̄ô. (x, y).
Ta dùng phép d̄ô’i biêń (3.3.14) d̄ê’ d̄u.a nó vê ` tam giác chuâ’n T trong to.a d̄ô. (ξ, η) vó.i ba
d̄ı’nh P̄i , P̄j , P̄k : P̄i (0, 0) ú.ng Pi , P̄j (1, 0) ú.ng Pj và P̄k (0, 1) ú.ng Pk , (xem hı̀nh H.3.3.3).
Bô’ d̄ê` 3.3.2. Gia’ su’. z = z(x, y) ∈ C 2 (T l ). Khi d̄ó tô ` ng sô´ du.o.ng K5 d̄ê’ có
` n ta.i hă
∂2z 2 ∂2z 2 ∂2z 2

kz − zI k2W 1 (Tl ) ≤ K5 h2 {k k + k k + k k } (3.3.36)
∂x2 L2 (Tl ) ∂x∂y L2 (Tl ) ∂y 2 L2 (Tl )
Chú.ng minh. Ta chú.ng minh bô’ d̄ê ` 3.3.2 thông qua 4 bu.ó.c.
. .
Bu ó c 1 Vó i qui u ó c (3.3.19) ta chú.ng minh
. . .
kz − zI k2W 1 (Tl ) ≤ K6 kZ − ZI k2W 1 (T ) , K6 = const (3.3.37)
Theo công thú.c d̄ô’i biêń trong tı́ch phân kép ta có
∫∫ ∫∫
|z − zI | dxdy =
2
|Z − ZI |2 |J|dξdη
Tl T
trong d̄ó theo (3.3.15)
J = (xj − xi )(yk − yi ) − (xk − xi )(yj − yi )
và vı̀ tam giác Tl có góc (Pj Pi , Pk Pi ) = θ vó.i |θ| ≥ θ0 > 0 nên
J ≥ |Pj Pi |.|Pk Pi | sin(θ0 ) > 0 ⇒ ∃ J −1 = J¯ 6= 0
Bây giò.
∂(z − zI ) ∂(Z − ZI ) yk − yi ∂(Z − ZI ) yi − yj
= +
∂x ∂ξ J ∂η J
∂(z − zI ) ∂(Z − ZI ) xi − xk ∂(Z − ZI ) xj − xi
= +
∂y ∂ξ J ∂η J
∫∫ ∫∫
∂(z − zI ) 2 ∂(z − zI ) 2
⇒ | | dxdy = {| | }|x=x(ξ,η),y=y(ξ,η) |J|dξdη
Tl ∂x T ∂x
` ng sô´ du.o.ng K d̄ê’
` n ta.i hă
Vâ.y tô
∫∫ ∫∫
∂(z − zI ) 2 ∂(Z − ZI ) 2 ∂(Z − ZI ) 2
| | dxdy ≤ K {| | +| | }dξdη
Tl ∂x T ∂ξ ∂η
Mô.t cách tu.o.ng tu..,

∫∫ ∫∫
∂(z − zI ) 2 ∂(Z − ZI ) 2 ∂(Z − ZI ) 2
| | dxdy ≤ K {| | +| | }dξdη
Tl ∂y T ∂ξ ∂η
67
Ta suy ra (3.3.37).
Bu.ó.c 2 Ta chú.ng minh: tô ` ng sô´ du.o.ng K7 d̄ê’ có
` n ta.i hă
∂2Z 2 ∂2Z 2 ∂2Z 2

kZ − ZI k2W 1 (T ) ≤ K7 {k k + k k + k k } (3.3.38)
∂ξ 2 L2 (T ) ∂ξ∂η L2 (T ) ∂η 2 L2 (T )
Muôń thê´ ta vẽ bô’ xung T thành mô.t hı̀nh vuông (H.3.3.4), ký hiê.u là S
.S
.T
.
H.3.3.4
và xét hàm sô´ {

Z(ξ, η), (ξ, η) ∈ T
w(ξ, η) = (3.3.39)
0, (ξ, η) ∈ S\T
Ta.i (ξ, η) ∈ T ta có
∫ s=1
∂ ∂w ∂w ∂w
(w − wI ) = (ξ, η) − (w(1, 0) − w(0, 0)) = (ξ, η) − (s, 0)ds =
∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ s=0 ∂s
∫ s=1
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
= [ (ξ, η) − (s, η) + (s, η) − (s, 0)]ds, (s, η) ∈ T
s=0 ∂ξ ∂s ∂s ∂s
∫ s=1 ∫ µ=ξ 2 ∫ ν=η 2
∂ ∂ w(µ, η) ∂ w
(w − wI ) = [ 2
dµ + (s, ν)dν]ds (3.3.40)
∂ξ s=0 µ=s ∂µ ν=0 ∂s∂ν
Ta suy ra
∂
(w − wI ) = A + B (3.3.41)
∂ξ
trong d̄ó
∫ s=1 ∫ µ=ξ ∫ s=1 ∫ ν=η
∂ 2 w(µ, η) ∂2w
A= dµds, B= (s, ν)dνds (3.3.42)
s=0 µ=s ∂µ2 s=0 ν=0 ∂s∂ν
Khi d̄ó ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
s=1 µ=ξ s=1 µ=1
∂ 2 w(µ, η) ∂ 2 w(µ, η)
|A| ≤ | |dµds ≤ | |dµds
s=0 µ=s ∂µ2 s=0 µ=0 ∂µ2
68
Áp du.ng bâ´t d̄ă’ng thú.c C-S-B ta d̄u.o..c
∫ s=1 ∫ µ=1 2 ∫ s=1 ∫ µ=1 2
∂ w(µ, η) ∂ w(µ, η) 2
|A| ≤2
( | 2
|dµ) ds ≤
2
| | dµds
s=0 µ=0 ∂µ s=0 µ=0 ∂µ2
∫ ∫ ∫ ξ=1 ∫ η=1 ∫ s=1 ∫ µ=1
∂ 2 w(µ, η) 2
⇒ |A| dξdη ≤
2
dξ dη ds | | dµ
S ξ=0 η=0 s=0 µ=0 ∂µ2
Thay d̄ô’i thú. tu.. hai tı́ch phân o’. giũ.a vê´ pha’i ta d̄u.o..c
∫∫ ∫ ξ=1 ∫ s=1 ∫ η=1 ∫ µ=1
∂ 2 w(µ, η) 2
|A| dξdη ≤
2
dξ ds dη | | dµ
S ξ=0 s=0 η=0 µ=0 ∂µ2
∫∫
∂ 2 w(µ, η) 2 ∂2w 2
= | | dµdη = k k (3.3.43)
S ∂µ2 ∂ξ 2 L2 (S)
Bây giò. d̄ánh giá B.
∫ s=1 ∫ ν=η ∫∫
∂2w ∂2w
|B| = | (s, ν)dνds| ≤ | (s, ν)|dνds
s=0 ν=0 ∂s∂ν S ∂s∂ν
∫∫ ∫∫
∂2w ∂2w ∂2w 2
|B| ≤
2
| 2
(s, ν)| dνds = | (s, ν)|2 dνds = k k
S ∂s∂ν T ∂s∂ν ∂s∂ν L2 (T )
∫∫ ∫∫
∂2w 2 ∂2w 2
⇒ |B| dξdη ≤
2
k kL2 (T ) dξdη = k k (3.3.44)
S S ∂s∂ν ∂ξ∂η L2 (S)
Tù. (3.3.41 ) ta có
∫∫ ∫∫
∂
| (w − wI )|2 dξdη ≤ 2(A2 + B 2 )dξdη (3.3.45)
S ∂ξ S
Kê´t ho..p (3.3.43) vó.i (3.3.44) và (3.3.45) ta thu d̄u.o..c

∫∫ ∫∫
∂ ∂
| (w − wI )| dξdη ≤
2
| (w − wI )|2 dξdη
S ∂ξ S ∂ξ
∂2w 2 ∂2w 2
≤ 2{k k + k k } (3.3.46)
∂ξ 2 L2 (S) ∂ξ∂η L2 (S)
Mô.t cách tu.o.ng tu.., ta có

∫∫ ∫∫
∂ ∂
| (w − wI )| dξdη ≤
2
| (w − wI )|2 dξdη
S ∂η S ∂η
∂2w 2 ∂2w 2
2{k k + k k } (3.3.47)
∂η 2 L2 (S) ∂ξ∂η L2 (S)
69
Bây giò. xét w − wI . Vı̀ (w − wI )(0, 0) = 0, nên ta.i (ξ, η) ∈ T ta có
(w − wI )(ξ, η) = (w − wI )(ξ, η) − (w − wI )(ξ, 0) + (w − wI )(ξ, 0) − (w − wI )(0, 0) =

∫ ∫
q=η
∂(w − wI ) p=ξ
∂(w − wI )
= (ξ, q)dq + (p, 0)dp (3.3.48)
q=0 ∂q p=0 ∂p
Vı̀
∂(w − wI ) ∂(w − wI ) ∂(w − wI ) ∂(w − wI )
(p, 0) = − (p, η) + (p, 0) + (p, η)
∂p ∂p ∂p ∂p
∫ q 0 =η
∂ 2 (w − wI ) ∂(w − wI )
=− 0
(p, q 0 )dq 0 + (p, η)
q 0 =0 ∂q ∂p ∂p
nên ∫ ∫ p=ξ
∂(w − wI )
q=η
∂(w − wI )
(w − wI )(ξ, η) = (ξ, q)dq + (p, η)dp
q=0 ∂q p=0 ∂p
∫ p=ξ ∫ q0 =η 2
∂ (w − wI )
− dp 0
(p, q 0 )dq 0
p=0 q 0 =0 ∂q ∂p
Do d̄ó
∫ ∫
q=η
∂(w − wI ) p=ξ
∂(w − wI )
|(w − wI )(ξ, η)| ≤ 3{(
2
(ξ, q)dq)2 + ( (p, η)dp)2
q=0 ∂q p=0 ∂p
∫ ∫ q 0 =η
p=ξ
∂ 2 (w − wI )
+(− dp (p, q 0 )dq 0 )2 }
p=0 q 0 =0 ∂q 0 ∂p
∫ ∫
q=η
∂(w − wI ) 2 p=ξ
∂(w − wI ) 2
|(w − wI )(ξ, η)| ≤ 3{
2
| | (ξ, q)dq + | | (p, η)dp
q=0 ∂q p=0 ∂p
∫∫
∂ 2 (w − wI ) 2
+ | | (p, q 0 )dq 0 dp}
S ∂q 0 ∂p
Ta suy ra : ∫∫ ∫∫
∂(w − wI ) 2
|w − wI | dξdη ≤ 3{2
| | (ξ, q)dqdξ
S S ∂q
∫∫ ∫∫
∂(w − wI ) 2 ∂ 2 (w − wI ) 2
+ | | (p, η)dpdη + | 0
| (p, q 0 )dq 0 dp} (3.3.49)
S ∂p S ∂q ∂p
Áp du.ng (3.3.46)(3.3.47)(3.3.49) ta thu d̄u.o..c: tô ` ng sô´ du.o.ng K8 d̄ê’
` n ta.i hă
∫∫
∂2w ∂2w 2 ∂2w
|w − wI |2 dξdη ≤ K8 {k 2 k2L2 (S) + k kL2 (S) + k 2 k2L2 (S) } (3.3.50)
S ∂ξ ∂ξ∂η ∂η
70
Tù. (3.3.46)(3.3.47)(3.3.50) suy ra: tô ` ng sô´ du.o.ng K9 d̄ê’
` n ta.i hă
∂2w 2 ∂2w 2 ∂2w 2

kw − wI k2W 1 (S) ≤ K9 {k k + k k + k k } (3.3.51)
∂ξ 2 L2 (S) ∂ξ∂η L2 (S) ∂η 2 L2 (S)
Tù. (3.3.51) và (3.3.39) ta suy ra (3.3.38) vó.i K7 = K9 .

Bu.ó.c 3. Ta chú.ng minh: tô ` ng sô´ du.o.ng K10 d̄ê’
` n ta.i hă
∂2Z 2 ∂2z 2 ∂2z 2 ∂2z 2

k k ≤ K 10 h 2
{k k + k k + k k }
∂ξ 2 L2 (T ) ∂x2 L2 (Tl ∂x∂y L2 (Tl ∂y 2 L2 (Tl
∂2Z ∂2z ∂2z 2 ∂2z
k 2 k2L2 (T ) ≤ K10 h2 {k 2 k2L2 (Tl + k kL2 (Tl + k 2 k2L2 (Tl } (3.3.52)
∂η ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
2 2 2
∂ Z 2 ∂ z ∂ z 2 ∂2z
k kL2 (T ) ≤ K10 h2 {k 2 k2L2 (Tl + k kL2 (Tl + k 2 k2L2 (Tl }
∂ξ∂η ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
Chú.ng minh . Ta có Z ∈ C 2 (T ). Ta có
∂Z ∂z ∂z
= (xj − xi ) + (yj − yi )
∂ξ ∂x ∂y
∂Z ∂z ∂z
= (xk − xi ) + (yk − yi )
∂η ∂x ∂y
∂2Z ∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
= (xj − xi )2
+ 2 (xj − xi )(yj − y i ) + (yj − yi )2
∂ξ 2 ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
∂2Z ∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
= (x k − xi )2
+ 2 (x k − xi )(yk − yi ) + (yk − yi )2
∂η 2 ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
∂2Z ∂2z ∂2z
= (xj − xi )(xk − xi ) + [(xj − xi )(yk − yi ) + (xk − xi )(yj − yi )
∂ξ∂η ∂x2 ∂x∂y
∂2z
+ (yj − yi )(yk − yi )
∂y 2
Áp du.ng công thú.c (3.3.19) d̄ô’i biêń trong tı́ch phân kép ta suy ra: tô ` ng sô´ du.o.ng
` n ta.i hă
K11 d̄ê’ ∫∫ ∫∫
∂2Z 2 ∂2z ∂2z 2 ∂2z
[ 2 ] dξdη ≤ K11 h 2
{[ 2 ]2 + [ ] + [ 2 ]2 }dxdy
T ∂ξ Tl ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
∫∫ ∫∫
∂2Z 2 ∂2z ∂2z 2 ∂2z
[ ] dξdη ≤ K11 h 2
{[ 2 ]2 + [ ] + [ 2 ]2 }dxdy
T ∂ξ∂η Tl ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
∫∫ ∫ ∫
∂2Z ∂2z ∂2z 2 ∂2z
[ 2 ]2 dξdη ≤ K11 h2 {[ 2 ]2 + [ ] + [ 2 ]2 }dxdy
T ∂η Tl ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
d̄ó là (3.3.52) vó.i K10 = K11 khi z = z(x, y) ∈ C 2 (T ). Vı̀ T hı̀nh sao nên C 2 (T ) trù mâ.t
trong W 2 (T ). Tù. d̄ó suy ra (3.3.52).
71
Bu.ó.c 4. Tù. các kê´t qua’ o’. bu.ó.c 1,2,3 ta suy ra (3.3.36), tú.c là bô’ d̄ê
` 3.3.2.
Bây giò. vı̀ Tl có ” tı́nh sao” nên C 2 (T l ) trù mâ.t trong W 2 (Tl ) và do d̄ó tù. bô’ d̄ê
` 3.3.2
ta suy ra
` 3.3.3. Gia’ su’. z ∈ W 2 (Tl ). Khi d̄ó tô
Bô’ d̄ê ` ng sô´ du.o.ng K12 d̄ê’
` n ta.i hă
∂2z 2 ∂2z 2 ∂2z 2

kz − zI k2W 1 (Tl ) ≤ K12 h2 {k k + k k + k k } (3.3.53)
∂x2 L2 (Tl ) ∂x∂y L2 (Tl ) ∂y 2 L2 (Tl )
` 3.3.4. Gia’ su’. z ∈ W 2 (Ω). Khi d̄ó : tô

Bô’ d̄ê ` ng sô´ du.o.ng K13 d̄ê’
` n ta.i hă
∂2z 2 ∂2z 2 ∂2z 2

kz − zI k2W 1 (Ω) ≤ K13 h2 {k k + k k + k k } (3.3.54)
∂x2 L2 (Ω) ∂x∂y L2 (Ω) ∂y 2 L2 (Ω)
Chú.ng minh. Theo gia’ thiê´t z ∈ W 2 (Ω). Do d̄ó z ∈ W 2 (Tl ) ∀l = 1, M . Theo bô’ d̄ê ` 3.3.3
ta có (3.3.53). Cô.ng la.i theo l = 1, M ta suy ra (3.3.54) vó.i K13 = K12 , tú.c là bô’ d̄ê
` 3.3.4.
Chú.ng minh d̄i.nh lý 3.3.1: Nhò. bô’ d̄ê

` 3.3.4 và bô’ d̄ê
` 3.3.1 ta suy ra d̄i.nh lý 3.3.1.
Chú.ng minh d̄i.nh lý 3.3.2. Trong lý thuyê´t các phu.o.ng trı̀nh d̄a.o hàm riêng ngu.ò.i
ta chú.ng minh d̄u.o..c mê.nh d̄ê
` quan tro.ng sau d̄ây:
Mê.nh d̄ê` 3.3.1. Nêú nghiê.m cu’ a bài toán (3.1.1)(3.1.2) ∈ W 2 (Ω) ∩ W01 (Ω) thı̀ tô
`n
. .
` ng sô´ du o ng K14 d̄ê’:
ta.i hă
kukW 2 (Ω) ≤ K14 kf kL2 (Ω) (3.3.55)
Nhò. có mê.nh d̄ê
` 3.3.1, tù. d̄i.nh lý 3.3.1 ta suy ra d̄i.nh lý 3.3.2.
Chú.ng minh d̄i.nh lý 3.3.3. Tru.ó.c hê´t ta chú ý ră ` ng
α(u, v) = L(v) ∀v ∈ W01 (Ω), α(wN , v) = L(v), ∀v ∈ HN ⊂ W01 (Ω) (3.3.56)
` ng phép trù. ta suy ra

Bă
α(u, v) − α(wN , v) = 0, ∀v ∈ HN
tú.c là
α(u − wN , v) = 0, ∀v ∈ HN (3.3.57)
Bây giò. xét bài toán
∂2ψ ∂2ψ
+ = F, F = u − wN (3.3.58)
∂x2 ∂y 2
ψ|Γ = 0 (3.3.59)
Ta d̄u.o..c bài toán da.ng (3.1.1)-(3.1.2) vó.i vê´ pha’i là F = u − wN ∈ L2 (Ω). Do d̄ó
hàm ψ tho’a mãn
α(ψ, v) = (F, v), ∀v ∈ W01 (Ω)
72
Thay v = u − wN ∈ W01 (Ω) ta có
α(ψ, u − wN ) = (F, u − wN ) = (u − wN , u − wN )
tú.c là
(u − wN , u − wN ) = α(ψ, u − wN ) (3.3.60)
Vó.i
∑
N
ψI (x, y) := ψ(xi , yi )ϕi (x, y)
i=1
thı̀ ψI ∈ HN nên theo (3.3.57 ta có
α(u − wN , ψI ) = 0
Tù. d̄ó (3.3.60) viê´t
(u − wN , u − wN ) = α(ψ, u − wN ) − α(u − wN , ψI ) = α(ψ − ψI , u − wN )
⇒ ku − wN k2L2 (0,1) ≤ K15 kψ − ψI kW 1 (Ω) ku − wN kW 1 (Ω) , K15 = const (3.3.61)

Theo d̄i.nh lý 3.3.2 ta suy ra
ku − wN kW 1 (Ω) ≤ K2 hkf kL2 (Ω)
Ngoài ra
kψ − ψI kW 1 (Ω) ≤ K16 hkF 0 kL2 (Ω) = K16 hku − wN kL2 (Ω) , K16 = const > 0
⇒ ku − wN k2L2 (Ω) ≤ K15 K16 hku − wN kL2 (Ω) K2 hkf kL2 (Ω)
⇒ ku − wN kL2 (Ω) ≤ K15 K16 K2 h2 kf kL2 (Ω)

- ó là (3.3.33) vó.i K3 = K15 K16 K2 .
D
Tù. các d̄i.nh lý 3.3.1, 2, 3 ta suy ra su.. hô.i tu. và d̄ánh giá sai sô´.
3.4. Tru.ò.ng ho..p d̄ă.c biê.t:

Ω là miê` n chũ. nhâ.t có các ca.nh cùng phu.o.ng vó.i tru.c to.a d̄ô.
Tru.ó.c hê´t chú ý ră ` n d̄a giác d̄ă.c biê.t. Cho nên nhũ.ng gı̀ d̄ã nói vê
` ng d̄ây là mô.t miê `
. .
` n d̄a giác vâñ còn giũ nguyên giá tri.. Tuy nhiên do tı́nh d̄ă.c thù cu’a hı̀nh chũ nhâ.t có
miê
ca.nh cùng phu.o.ng vó.i tru.c to.a d̄ô. so vó.i mô.t d̄a giác tô’ng quát nên ta có thê’ khai thác
thêm mô.t sô´ lo..i thê´.
3.4.1.Tam giác phân. Xét tru.ò.ng ho..p biên Γ là nhũ.ng d̄oa.n thă’ng cùng phu.o.ng
vó.i hai tru.c to.a d̄ô. (H.3.4.1a):
Ω = {(x, y)|a < x < b, c < y < d}
73
Tru.ó.c hê´t ta chia miê` n Ω thành mô.t lu.ó.i d̄ê ` ng các d̄u.ò.ng thă’ng cùng phu.o.ng
` u bă
vó.i các tru.c to.a d̄ô. (H.3.4.1b): x = xi , y = yj vó.i
b−a d−c
xi = ih, h= , yj = jk, k= , N, M nguyên ≥ 2 (3.4.1)
N +1 M +1
Sau d̄ó ke’ các d̄u.ò.ng chéo song song cu’a các hı̀nh chũ. nhâ.t con nhu. o’. hı̀nh vẽ. Nhu. vâ.y
` n Ω d̄u.o..c chia thành nhũ.ng miê
miê ` n tam giác khác nhau,không có d̄iê’m trong chung,
` . ’ ’
d̄ông thò i d̄ınh cua tam giác này không nă ` m trên ca.nh cu’a mô.t tam giác kia. Tâ.p ho..p
. .
các tam giác thu d̄u o. c ta.o nên mô.t phân hoa.ch cu’a miê` n Ω, mô˜i tam giác go.i là mô.t phâ
`n
. . ˜
tu’ hũ u ha.n, môi d̄ı’nh cu’a mô.t tam giác go.i là mô.t nút.
.y
.d
.c
.
.O .a .b .x
H.3.4.1a H.3.4.1b
3.4.2. Các hàm to.a d̄ô. và không gian con HN cu’a W01 (Ω).
Tru.ó.c hê´t ta d̄ánh sô´ các nút : mô˜i nút Pij có to.a d̄ô. (xi , yj ) ký hiê.u là (i, j)
i = 0, 1, ..., N + 1; j = 0, 1, 2, ..., M + 1. Sau d̄ó ú.ng vó.i mô˜i nút trong (i, j) i = 1, 2, ..., N ;
j = 1, 2, ..., M ta xây du..ng hàm to.a d̄ô. ϕij (x, y): là mô.t hàm bâ.c nhâ´t d̄ôí vó.i x, y trên
mô˜i tam giác, lâý giá tri. 1 ta.i nút (i, j) và lâý giá tri. 0 ta.i tâ´t ca’ các nút khác , kê’ ca’ nút
74
biên, cu. thê’ là


 1 − h1 (x − xi ) khi xi ≤ x ≤ xi+1 ,



 yj ≤ y ≤ yj + hk (x − xi ),



 1 − k (y − yj ) khi xi ≤ x ≤ xi+1 ,
1



 yj + hk (x − xi ) ≤ y ≤ yj+1 ,



 1 + h1 (x − xi ) − k1 (y − yj ) khi xi−1 ≤ x ≤ xi ,


yj ≤ y ≤ yj + hk (x − xi−1 )
ϕij (x, y) = (3.4.2)

 1 + h (x − xi ) khi xi−1 ≤ x ≤ xi ,
1



 yj−1 + hk (x − xi−1 ) ≤ y ≤ yj ,



 1 + k1 (y − yj ) khi xi−1 ≤ x ≤ xi ,



 yj−1 ≤ y ≤ yj−1 + hk (x − xi−1 ),



 1 − h1 (x − xi ) + k1 (y − yj ) khi xi ≤ x ≤ xi+1 ,


yj−1 + hk (x − xi ) ≤ y ≤ yj ,
` thi. (H.3.4.2) là mô.t hı̀nh chóp, có d̄áy là mô.t lu.c giác, ho..p
Hàm to.a d̄ô. ϕij có d̄ô
cu’a các tam giác con có chung nút (i, j). Nó liên tu.c và tuyêń tı́nh tù.ng phâ ` n trên Ω, chı’
. ` .
khác 0 o’ trong d̄áy, và bă ng 0 ta.i mo.i (x, y) o’ ngoài d̄áy cu’a hı̀nh chóp. Cho nên hàm ϕij
thuô.c W01 (Ω) và có giá d̄õ. nho’, là d̄áy cu’a hı̀nh chóp, ký hiê.u bo’.i Ωij :
.z
.y
.j
.(i, j)
.
.o .i .x
H.3.4.2
75
Ωij := {(x, y) ∈ Ω | ϕij (x, y) 6= 0} (3.4.3)
Dê˜ thâý các hàm ϕij (x, y) d̄ô.c lâ.p tuyêń tı́nh. Chúng sinh ra không gian
HN ;M = span{ϕij } (3.4.4)
và là mô.t co. so’. cu’a HN ;M . HN ;M là không gian con N × M chiê
` u cu’a W01 (Ω).
3.4.3. Hê. d̄a.i sô´.

Sau khi d̄ã có không gian HN ;M ta tı̀m nghiê.m wN ;M cu’a bài toán (3.2.9) tú.c (3.2.7)
trên HN ;M o’. da.ng
∑N ∑ M
wN ;M = cij ϕij (x, y) (3.4.5)
i=1 j=1
Nhu. vâ.y cij d̄u.o..c xác d̄i.nh sao cho
α(wN ;M , ϕrs ) = (f, ϕrs ), r = 1, 2, ..., N ; s = 1, 2, ..., M (3.4.6)
tú.c là
∑
N ∑
M
α( cij ϕij , ϕrs ) = (f, ϕrs ), r = 1, 2, ..., N ; s = 1, 2, ..., M
i=1 j=1
hay
∑N ∑
M
( cij α(ϕij , ϕrs ) = (f, ϕrs ), r = 1, 2, ..., N ; s = 1, 2, ..., M
i=1 j=1
Hê. này tro’. thành
∑
N ∑
M
Aij,rs cij = Frs , r = 1, 2, ..., N, s = 1, 2, ..., M (3.4.7)
i=1 j=1
trong d̄ó
Aij,rs = α(ϕij , ϕrs ) = α(ϕrs , ϕij ) = Ars,ij
∫∫ ∫∫
∂ϕij ∂ϕrs ∂ϕij ∂ϕrs ∂ϕij ∂ϕrs ∂ϕij ∂ϕrs
= ( + )dxdy = ( + )dxdy (3.4.8)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y Ωij,rs ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
vó.i
Ωij,rs = Ωij ∩ Ωrs (3.4.9)
∫∫ ∫∫
Frs = − f (x, y)ϕrs dxdy = − f (x, y)ϕrs dxdy (3.4.10)
Ω Ωrs
Vı̀ ϕij có giá d̄õ. nho’ nên có râ´t nhiê ` ng không. Do d̄ó hê. (3.4.7) là
` u hê. sô´ Aij,rs bă
mô.t hê. râ´t thu a. Hê. (3.4.7) là mô.t hê. d̄a.i sô´ tuyêń tı́nh có N × M phu.o.ng trı̀nh d̄ôí vó.i
.
N × M â’n là cij , i = 1, 2, ..., N ; j = 1, 2, ..., M .
76
Thu..c hiê.n các phép tı́nh tı́ch phân, tù. (3.4.7) ta thu d̄u.o..c hê.
2cij − ci−1j − ci+1j 2cij − cij−1 − cij+1

kh{ 2
+ } = Fij (3.4.11)
h k2
c0j = cN +1j = ci0 = ciM +1 = 0 (3.4.12)
i = 1, 2, ..., N ; j = 1, 2, ..., M
trong d̄ó Fij tı́nh theo (3.4.10), có thê’ tı́nh d̄úng, cũng có thê’ áp du.ng mô.t công thú.c gâ
`n
’ .
d̄úng, chăng ha.n nhu :
∫∫ ∫∫
Frs = − f (x, y)ϕrs dxdy ≈ − − f (xr , ys ) ϕrs dxdy = −f (xr , ys )hk
Ω Ωrs
Cho nên (3.4.11) tro’. thành
2cij − ci−1j − ci+1j 2cij − cij−1 − cij+1

2
+ } = −fij (3.4.13)
h k2
Nhu. vâ.y là nhò. lo..i du.ng các d̄ă.c d̄iê’m cu’a hı̀nh chũ. nhâ.t có ca.nh cùng phu.o.ng vó.i tru.c
to.a d̄ô. ta d̄ã d̄i d̄êń mô.t hê. d̄a.i sô´ khá d̄o.n gia’n nhu. (3.4.13)(3.4.12) chă’ng ha.n.
Gia’i hê. d̄a.i sô´ ta thu d̄u.o..c cij . Lă´p vào (3.4.5) ta thu d̄u.o..c nghiê.m gâ` n d̄úng wN,M
` n tı̀m.
câ
3.4.4. Su.. tô ` n ta.i và duy nhâ´t nghiê.m cu’a hê. d̄a.i sô´.
Xem mu.c 3.3.4.
Xem mu.c 3.3.7.
3.5. Tru.ò.ng ho..p biên cong
.
O’ d̄ây chı’ gió.i thiê.u mô.t phu.o.ng pháp d̄o.n gia’n.
H.3.5.1
77
Ngu.ò.i ta chia miê` n Ω thành các miê ` n tam giác, chă’ng ha.n nhu. o’. H.3.5.1, rô ` i làm
. . .
nhu o’ tiê´t 3.3. Khi d̄ó o’ gâ .
` n biên xuâ´t hiê.n nhũ ng tam giác có mô.t ca.nh cong (tam giác
kê biên), ta sẽ xem nhu nó là mô.t tam giác bı̀nh thu.ò.ng, nghı̃a là xem ca.nh cong là mô.t
` .
ca.nh thă’ng. D - u.o.ng nhiên cách làm này d̄o.n gia’n nhu.ng kém chı́nh xác. D - ê’ khăć phu.c
. . .
` u d̄ó ta chia biên nho’ ho n nũ a, nghı̃a là xét nhũ ng tam giác kê
d̄iê ` biên nho’ ho.n các tam
.
giác o’ trong.
3.6. Bài toán biên loa.i ba d̄ôí vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh Poisson

` n bi. chă.n cu’a mă.t phă’ng to.a d̄ô. (x, y) có biên là d̄u.ò.ng kı́n Γ tro.n
Cho Ω là mô.t miê
tù.ng khúc (H.3.1.1). Pháp tuyêń ngoài cu’a Γ là ν.
Cho hàm sô´ f (x, y) xác d̄i.nh trên Ω, hàm sô´ g(x, y) xác d̄i.nh trên Γ, hàm sô´ σ(x, y)
xác d̄i.nh trên Γ.
Xét phu.o.ng trı̀nh d̄a.o hàm riêng
∂2u ∂2u
Δu := + 2 = f (x, y), (x, y) ∈ Ω (3.6.1)
∂x2 ∂y
` u kiê.n biên
và d̄iê
∂u
+ σ(x, y)u = g(x, y), (x, y) ∈ Γ (3.6.2)
∂ν
` u kiê.n biên loa.i ba
go.i là d̄iê
Gia’ su’. f ∈ L2 (Ω), g, σ ∈ L2 (Γ), và tô ` ng sô´ du.o.ng σ0 sao cho
` n ta.i hă
σ(x, y) ≥ σ0 , (x, y) ∈ Γ (3.6.3)
Xét bài toán sau d̄ây, go.i là bài toán biên loa.i ba:
Tı̀m u(x, y) ∈ W 2 (Ω) tho’ a mãn (3.6.1)(3.6.2).
Bài toán (3.6.1)(3.6.2) là mô hı̀nh toán ho.c cu’a hiê.n tu.o..ng truyê ` n nhiê.t dù.ng trong
ba’n mo’ng vâ.t châ´t Ω mà quan hê. giũ.a luô ` ng nhiê.t và nhiê.t d̄ô. ta.i biên Γ d̄u.o..c âń d̄i.nh
. .
tru ó c.
Nghiê.m u ∈ W 2 (Ω) tho’a mãn bài toán (3.6.1)(3.6.2) go.i là nghiê.m cô’ d̄iê’n cu’a nó.
3.6.2. Bài toán yêú.
Gia’ su’. bài toán (3.6.1)(3.6.2) có nghiê.m ∈ W 2 (Ω). Khi d̄ó Δu và f ∈ L2 (Ω).
Trong L2 (Ω) nhân vô hu.ó.ng trong hai vê´ cu’a (3.6.1) vó.i hàm thu’. v ∈ D(Ω):
∫∫ ∫∫
∂2u ∂2u
[ 2 + 2 ]vdxdy = f vdxdy, ∀v ∈ D(Ω)
Ω ∂x ∂y Ω
Áp du.ng công thú.c Green (3.2.3) vào vê´ trái ta d̄u.o..c:
∫∫ ∮ ∫∫
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u
− ( + )dxdy + vds = f vdxdy ∀v ∈ D(Ω)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y Γ ∂ν Ω
78
.
O’ d̄ây theo (3.6.2) ∂u
∂ν = −σu + g(x, y) nên có
∫∫ ∮ ∫∫ ∮
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
( + )dxdy + σuvds = − f vdxdy + gvds (3.6.4)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y Γ Ω Γ
Vı̀ D(Ω) trù mâ.t trong W 1 (Ω) nên (3.6.4) tho’a mãn ∀v ∈ W 1 (Ω). D- ă.t
∫∫ ∮ ∫∫ ∮
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
α(u, v) = ( + )dxdy+ σuvds, L(v) = − f vdxdy+ gvds (3.6.5)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y Γ Ω Γ
Xét bài toán:

Vó.i α(u, v) và L(v) xác d̄i.nh bo’.i (3.6.5) hãy tı̀m hàm sô´ u ∈ W 1 (Ω) tho’ a mãn
α(u, v) = L(v), ∀v ∈ W 1 (Ω) (3.6.6)
Bài toán (3.6.6) go.i là bài toán yêú ú.ng vó.i bài toán (3.6.1)(3.6.2).
Nhu. vâ.y nêú u là nghiê.m cu’a bài toán (3.6.1)(3.6.2) thı̀ u cũng là nghiê.m cu’a bài
toán yêú (3.6.6).

Theo trên, nêú u là nghiê.m cô’ d̄iê’n cu’a bài toán (3.6.1)(3.6.2) thı̀ nó cũng là nghiê.m
suy rô.ng cu’a bài toán d̄ó.
Ngu.o..c la.i, nêú u ∈ W 1 (Ω) là nghiê.m suy rô.ng cu’a bài toán (3.6.1)(3.6.2), la.i thuô.c
W (Ω) thı̀ nó cũng là nghiê.m cô’ d̄iê’n cu’a nó (cách chú.ng minh xem mu.c 2.4.10 chu.o.ng
2
2.)
3.6.4. Su.. tô

` n ta.i nghiê.m suy rô.ng.
Du..a vào (3.6.5) ta thâý α(u, v) là mô.t da.ng song tuyêń d̄ôí xú.ng còn L(v) là mô.t
phiê´m hàm tuyêń tı́nh trên W 1 (Ω). Gia’ su’. Ω có ”tı́nh sao câ` u tù.ng phâ` n”. Ta có tù.
(3.6.5) ∫∫ ∮
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
α(u, v) = ( + )dxdy + σuvds (3.6.7)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y Γ
Áp du.ng bâ´t d̄ă’ng thú.c C-S-B vào tı́ch phân kép (xem cách làm o’. mu.c 3.2.4) ta d̄u.o..c
∫∫
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
( + )dxdy ≤ 2kukW 1 (Ω) .kvkW 1 (Ω) (3.6.8)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
` tı́ch phân d̄u.ò.ng ta có

Vê
∮ √∮ √∮
| σuvds| ≤ σ u2 ds v 2 ds.
Γ Γ Γ
79
` 1.6.2, mu.c 1.6.7, chu.o.ng 1: tô
Áp du.ng d̄i.nh lý nhúng, (mê.nh d̄ê ` ng sô´ du.o.ng K2
` n ta.i hă
d̄ê’ √∮ √∮
u2 ds ≤ K2 kukW 1 (Ω) , v 2 ds ≤ K2 kvkW 1 (Ω) (3.6.9)
Γ Γ
Do d̄ó ∮
| σuvds| ≤ (2 + σK22 )kukW 1 (Ω) .kvkW 1 (Ω) .
Γ
Kê´t ho..p vó.i (3.2.8) ta suy ra
|α(u, v)| ≤ K3 kukW 1 (Ω) .kvkW 1 (Ω) , ∀u ∈ W 1 (Ω), K3 = 2 + σK22
Vâ.y α(u, v) liên tu.c trên W 1 (Ω)

Bây giò. theo công thú.c Friedrich, (chu.o.ng 1, mu.c 1.6.7,công thú.c (1.6.1a)), ta có
∫∫ ∫∫ ∮
∂v 2 ∂v 2
v dxdy ≤ C{
2
(| | + | | )dxdy + v 2 ds}
Ω Ω ∂x ∂y Γ
∫∫ ∫ ∮
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
kvk2W 1 (Ω) = (v + | |2 + | |2 )dxdy ≤ (C + 1)
2
(| |2 + | |2 )dxdy + C v 2 ds
Ω ∂x ∂y Ω ∂x ∂y Γ
∫∫ ∮
∂v 2 ∂v 2 C
≤ K4 { (| | + | | )dxdy + σv 2 ds}, K4 = max{C + 1, }
Ω ∂x ∂y Γ σ0
Chú ý d̄êń (3.6.7) vó.i u = v nũ.a ta suy ra
1
⇒ α(v, v) ≥ K5 kvk2W 1 (Ω) , ∀v ∈ W 1 (Ω), K5 =
K4
Vâ.y α(u, v) W 1 (Ω)−eliptic.

Bây giò. chú.ng minh L(v) liên tu.c trên W 1 (Ω). Ta có theo (3.6.5)
∫∫ ∮
L(v) = − f vdxdy + gvds (3.6.10)
Ω Γ
∫∫ ∮ √∮ √∮
|− f vdxdy| ≤ kf kL2 (Ω) kvkW 1 (Ω) , | gvds| ≤ g 2 ds v 2 ds
Ω Γ Γ Γ
Theo d̄i.nh lý nhúng ta có (3.6.9). Do d̄ó
|L(v)| ≤ K6 kvkW 1 (Ω) , ∀v ∈ W 1 (Ω), K6 = kf kL2 (Ω) + K2 kgkL2 (Γ)
nghı̃a là L(v) liên tu.c trên W 1 (Ω)

Vâ.y theo d̄i.nh lý 1.8.1 chu.o.ng 1 ta suy ra su.. tô
` n ta.i và duy nhâ´t nghiê.m cu’a bài toán
. ` ’
(3.6.6), tú c là tôn ta.i nghiê.m suy rô.ng cua bài toán (3.6.1)(3.6.2).
80
3.7. Nghiê.m gâ ` ng phu.o.ng pháp phâ
` n d̄úng bă ` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n khi Ω là mô.t
d̄a giác
D ` n d̄úng nghiê.m suy rô.ng, tú.c là nghiê.m cu’a bài toán (3.6.6) theo so. d̄ô
- ê’ tı́nh gâ `
chung d̄ã trı̀nh bâ . . . 1
` y o’ chu o ng 1 tiê´t 9, ta thay không gian V = W (Ω) bă ` ng mô.t không
. ` ’
gian con hũ u ha.n chiêu cua nó.
3.7.1. Tam giác phân.

Giôńg nhu. tru.ò.ng ho..p bài toán biên loa.i mô.t, xem hı̀nh H.3.3.1, ta chia Ω thành
các tam giác khác nhau không có d̄iê’m chung trong, không có d̄ı’nh cu’a tam giác no. nă `m
trên ca.nh cu’a tam giác kia, d̄ô .
` ng thò i các góc hı̀nh ho.c cu’a mo.i tam giác d̄ê ` u ≥ θ0 > 0
d̄ê’ cho diê.n tı́ch cu’a mô˜i tam giác dâ .
` n tó i 0 khi và chı’ khi các ca.nh cu’a nó dâ ` n tó.i 0
(vı̀ nêú a và b là hai ca.nh cu’a tam giác ke.p góc θ ≥ θ0 thı̀ diê.n tı́ch cu’a tam giác bàng
2 |a|.|b| sin θ ≥ 2 |a|.|b| sin θ0 ).
1 1
Mô˜i tam giác go.i là mô.t phâ ` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n. Mô˜i d̄ı’nh cu’a tam giác go.i là mô.t nút.
- ı’nh Pi có to.a d̄ô. là (xi , yi ). Gia’ su’. các nút d̄u.o..c d̄ánh sô´ tù. 1 d̄êń N, trong d̄ó kê’ ca’ nút
D
trong và nút biên (xem hı̀nh H.3.3.1, mu.c 3.3.1): P1 , P2 , ..., PN , .
Gia’ su’. các tam giác cũng d̄u.o..c d̄ánh sô´ tù. 1 d̄êń M : T1 , T2 , ..., TM .
3.7.2. Hàm to.a d̄ô..

.
Ú ng mô˜i nút Pi ta xây du..ng hàm to.a d̄ô. ký hiê.u là ϕi (x, y) nhu. sau: d̄ó là mô.t hàm
bâ.c nhâ´t d̄ôívó.i x, y, bă
` ng 1 ta.i Pi và bă` ng 0 ta.i các nút khác. Nhu. vâ.y ta.i mô˜i nút trong
hàm to.a d̄ô. có d̄ô` thi. tu..a nhu. o’. H.3.3.2 là mô.t hı̀nh chóp vó.i d̄áy là mô.t d̄a giác, ho..p cu’a
nhiê ` u tam giác có chung mô.t d̄ı’nh o’. chân cu’a hı̀nh chóp. Ta.i nút biên d̄ô ` thi. cu’a hàm to.a
. ˜ .
d̄ô. là ”mô.t nu’ a” hı̀nh chóp. Môi hàm to.a d̄ô. liên tu.c và tuyêń tı́nh tù ng phâ ` n trên Ω, chı’
khác 0 o’. trong d̄áy, và bă ` ng 0 ta.i mo.i (x, y) o’. ngoài d̄áy cu’a hı̀nh chóp. Cho nên hàm ϕi
thuô.c W01 (Ω) và có giá d̄õ. nho’. Các hàm ϕi , i = 1, 2, ..., N d̄ô.c lâ.p tuyêń tı́nh.
3.7.3. Không gian con hũ.u ha.n chiê

` u cu’a W 1 (Ω).
- ó là không gian
D
HN = span{ϕi , i = 1, 2, ..., N } (3.7.1)
nhâ.n SN = {ϕi , i = 1, 2, ..., N } là mô.t co. so’..
3.7.4. Nghiê.m gâ ` n d̄úng.

` n d̄úng thuô.c HN có da.ng
Nghiê.m gâ
∑
N
wN (x, y) = ci ϕi (x, y) (3.7.2)
i=1
trong d̄ó các hê. sô´ ci d̄u.o..c xác d̄i.nh sao cho
α(wN , v) = L(v), ∀v ∈ HN (3.7.3)
81
Vı̀ SN là mô.t co. so’. cu’a HN nên muôń có (3.7.3) vó.i mo.i v ∈ HN chı’ câ
` n (3.7.3) tho’a mãn
. . . .
vó i v = ϕi , i = 1, 2, ..., N , (xem nhâ.n xét o’ chu o ng 1, mu.c 1.9.3). Vâ.y pha’i xác d̄i.nh các
hê. sô´ ci o’. (3.7.2) sao cho
∑N
α( ci ϕi , ϕj ) = L(ϕj ), j = 1, 2, ..., N
i=1
hay
∑
N
ci α(ϕi , ϕj ) = L(ϕj ), j = 1, 2, ..., N (3.7.4)
i=1
Hê. d̄a.i sô´ (3.7.4) viê´t du.ó.i da.ng ma trâ.n
Ac = F (3.7.5)
vó.i
c = (c1 , c2 , ..., cN )T , A = (Aij ), F = (F1 , F2 , ..., FN )T
trong d̄ó
∫∫ ∮
Aij = α(ϕi , ϕj ) = ( + )dxdy + σϕi ϕj ds (3.7.6)
∫∫ ∮
Fi = − f (x, y)ϕi (x, y)dxdy + gϕi ds (3.7.7)
Ω Γ
Ta d̄ă.t
ij + Aij ,
Aij = AΩ Γ
Fi = FiΩ + FiΓ (3.7.8)
vó.i ∫∫ ∮
AΩ
ij = ( + )dxdy, Aij =
Γ
σϕi ϕj ds (3.7.9)
∫∫ ∮
Fi = −
Ω
f (x, y)ϕi (x, y)dxdy, Fi =
Γ
gϕi ds (3.7.10)
Ω Γ
3.7.5. Công thú.c tı́ch lũy. Vó.i Ω ta d̄ã biê´t
∪
M
Ω= Tl , intTl1 ∩ intTl2 = ∅, l1 6= l2
l=1
Vó.i biên Γ ta gia’ su’. các nút biên là Pm , m = 1, 2, . . . , NΓ , NΓ < N sao cho
∪
NΓ
Γ= [Pm−1 Pm ), [Pm−1 Pm ) ∩ [Pn−1 Pn ) = ∅, m 6= n
m=1
82
Theo tı́nh cô.ng cu’a tı́ch phân ta có các công thú.c tı́ch lũy sau d̄ây:
∑
M ∫∫
AΩ
ij = Alij , Alij = ( + )dxdy
l=1
∑
M ∫∫
FiΩ = Fil , Fil =− f (x, y)ϕi (x, y)dxdy
l=1 Tl
∮ ∑
NΓ ∫
AΓij = σϕi ϕj ds = Am
ij , Am
ij = σϕi ϕj ds
Γ m=1 Pm−1 Pm
∫ ∑
NΓ ∫
FiΓ = g(x, y)ϕi (x, y)ds = Fim , Fim = gϕi ds
Γ m=1 Pm−1 Pm
3.7.6. Tı́nh các tı́ch phân bă ` ng phép d̄ô’i biêń.

Các tı́ch phân Alij và Fil chı’ tı́nh trên mô.t tam giác phâ ` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n Tl . Các tı́ch
phân Am ij và Fi chı’ tı́nh trên mô
m
. t ca.nh tam giác biên Pm−1 Pm . D - ê’ tı́nh Alij và Fil ta có
thê’ áp du.ng phu.o.ng pháp d̄ô’i biêń nhu. d̄ã làm o’. mu.c 3.3.6.
- ê’ tı́nh Am
D ij và Fi ta viê
m ´t phu.o.ng trı̀nh tham sô´ cu’a d̄u.ò.ng thă’ng Pm−1 Pm
x = xm−1 + (xm − xm−1 )t =: x(t), y = ym−1 + (ym − ym−1 )t =: y(t)

√ √
⇒ ds = dx2 + dy 2 = (xm − xm−1 )2 + (ym − ym−1 )2 dt
Do d̄ó các tı́ch phân d̄u.ò.ng Am ’. thành các tı́ch phân xác d̄i.nh
ij và Fi tro
m
∫ ∫ √
1 ¯
Am
ij = σϕi ϕj ds = [σϕi ϕj ]¯x=x(t), y=y(t)
(xm − xm−1 )2 + (ym − ym−1 )2 dt
Pm−1 Pm 0
∫ ∫ √
1 ¯
Fim = gϕi ds = [gϕi ]¯x=x(t), y=y(t)
(xm − xm−1 )2 + (ym − ym−1 )2 dt
Pm−1 Pm 0
Các tı́ch phân xác d̄i.nh này có thê’ tı́nh chı́nh xác hoă.c áp du.ng mô.t công thú.c gâ
` n d̄úng
. .
nhu công thú c (3.3.11).

Gia’ su’. u ∈ W 1 (Ω) là nghiê.m cu’a bài toán yêú (3.6.6), wN ∈ HN là nghiê.m cũng cu’a
bài toán yêú (3.6.6) nhu.ng trên HN . Khi d̄ó u − wN là sai sô´ câ` n d̄ánh giá.
. .
Tru ó c hê´t d̄ă.t
∑
N
uI (x, y) := ui ϕi (x, y), ui = u(xi , yi ) (3.7.11)
i=1
83
Vı̀ uI ∈ HN nên áp du.ng d̄i.nh lý 1.10.2 chu.o.ng 1, ta có
Bô’ d̄ê
` 3.7.1.
ku − wN kW 1 (Ω) ≤ K2 ku − uI kW 1 (Ω) , K2 = const > 0 (3.7.12)
` 3.7.2. Nêú u ∈ W 2 (Ω) thı̀

Bô’ d̄ê
ku − uI kW 1 (Ω) ≤ K3 hkukW 2 (Ω) , K3 = const > 0 (3.7.13)
Xem cách chú.ng minh tu.o.ng tu.. o’. mu.c 3.3.8, công thú.c (3.3.37).
Tù. bô’ d̄ê
` 3.7.1 và bô’ d̄ê
` 3.7.2 ta suy ra
- i.nh lý 3.7.1. Gia’ su’. u(x, y) ∈ W 2 (Ω) thı̀
D
ku − wN kW 1 (Ω) ≤ K1 hkukW 2 (Ω) , K1 = const > 0 (3.7.14)
Bây giò. trong lý thuyê´t vê

` phu.o.ng trı̀nh d̄a.o hàm riêng ngu.ò.i ta chú.ng minh d̄u.o..c
Mê.nh d̄ê` 3.7.1. Nêú nghiê.m u cu’a bài toán (3.6.1)(3.6.2) tho’a mãn u ∈ W 2 (Ω) thı̀
kukW 2 (Ω) ≤ K6 {kf kL2 (Ω) + kgkW 1/2 (Γ) }, K6 = const > 0 (3.7.15)
` không gian W 1/2 (Γ) và bâ´t d̄ă’ng thú.c (3.3.15) có thê’ xem [4].
Chú ý. Vê
Vâ.y tù. d̄i.nh lý 3.7.1 và mê.nh d̄ê
` 3.7.1 ta suy ra
- i.nh lý 3.7.2. Gia’ su’. u(x, y) ∈ W 2 (Ω) thı̀ có
D
ku − wN kW 1 (Ω) ≤ K7 h{kf kL2 (Ω) + kgkW 1/2 (Γ) }, K7 = const > 0 (3.7.16)
Tù. d̄ó ta suy ra su.. hô.i tu. và d̄ánh giá sai sô´.
3.8. Bài toán biên loa.i hai (bài toán Neumann) d̄ôí vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh Poisson

` n bi. chă.n cu’a mă.t phă’ng to.a d̄ô. (x,y) có biên là d̄u.ò.ng kı́n Γ tro.n
.
tù ng khúc. Pháp tuyêń ngoài cu’a Γ là ν.
Cho các hàm sô´ q(x, y), f (x, y) ∈ L2 (Ω) , hàm sô´ g(x, y) ∈ L2 (Γ).
Xét bài toán d̄a.o hàm riêng sau d̄ây go.i là bài toán biên loa.i hai: tı̀m u(x, y) ∈ W 2 (Ω)
tho’ a mãn
∂2u ∂2u
Δu := + 2 − q(x, y)u = f, (x, y) ∈ Ω (3.8.1)
∂x2 ∂y
∂u
= g(x, y) (3.8.2)
∂ν
84
trong d̄ó f, q ∈ L2 (Ω), g ∈ L2 (Γ),
q(x, y) ≥ c0 > 0, (x, y) ∈ Ω, c0 = const (3.8.3)
Hàm sô´ u nói trên là nghiê.m cô’ d̄iê’n cu’a bài toán (3.8.1)(3.8.2).
Bài toán (3.8.1)(3.8.2) là mô hı̀nh toán ho.c cu’a hiê.n tu.o..ng truyê ` n nhiê.t dù.ng trong
` ng nhiê.t ta.i biên Γ d̄u.o..c âń d̄i.nh tru.ó.c.
ba’n mo’ng vâ.t châ´t Ω mà luô
3.8.2. Bài toán yêú.

Bây giò. gia’ su’. bài toán (3.8.1)(3.8.2) có nghiê.m duy nhâ´t thuô.c W 2 (Ω). Trong L2 (Ω)
nhân vô hu.ó.ng hai vê´ cu’a (3.8.1) vó.i hàm thu’. v ∈ D(Ω) ta có
∫∫ ∫∫
∂2u ∂2u
[ 2 + 2 − qu]vdxdy = f vdxdy (3.8.4)
Ω ∂x ∂y Ω
Áp du.ng công thú.c Green (3.2.3) ta d̄u.o..c

∫∫ ∫∫ ∮
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
[ + + quv]dxdy = − f vdxdy + gvds, ∀v ∈ W 1 (Ω) (3.8.5)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y Ω Γ
Nêú d̄ă.t
∫∫ ∫∫ ∮
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
α(u, v) := [ + + quv]dxdy, L(v) := − f vdxdy + gvds (3.8.6)
Ω ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y Ω Γ
thı̀ (3.8.5) go..i ý ta phát biê’u bài toán:

Vó.i α(u, v) và L(v) xác d̄i.nh bo’.i (3.8.6) hãy tı̀m u ∈ W 1 (Ω) tho’ a mãn
α(u, v) = L(v), ∀v ∈ W 1 (Ω) (3.8.7)
go.i là bài toán yêú ú.ng bài toán (3.8.1)(3.8.2).

Nêú u là nghiê.m cô’ d̄iê’n cu’a bài toán (3.8.1)(3.8.2) thı̀ nó cũng là nghiê.m suy rô.ng
cua bài toán d̄ó. Ngu.o..c la.i nêú u là nghiê.m suy rô.ng cu’a bài toán (3.8.1)(3.8.2) la.i thuô.c
’
W 2 (Ω) thı̀ cũng là nghiê.m cô’ d̄iê’n cu’a nó (cách chú.ng minh xem mu.c 2.4.9 chu.o.ng 2.)
3.8.4. Su.. tô` n ta.i nghiê.m suy rô.ng.

Gia’ su’. miê
` n Ω có ”tı́nh sao câ` u tù.ng phâ
` n”. Du..a vào (3.8.6) và áp du.ng d̄i.nh lý
nhúng và công thú.c Friedrich o’. chu.o.ng 1, mu.c 1.6.7 ngu.ò.i ta chú.ng minh d̄u.o..c (xem
` ng α(u, v) là mô.t da.ng song tuyêń d̄ôí xú.ng, liên tu.c trên W 1 (Ω) và
(3.2.4) và (3.6.4)) ră
85
W 1 (Ω)-eliptic, d̄ô` ng thò.i L(v) là mô.t phiê´m hàm tuyêń tı́nh liên tu.c trên W 1 (Ω). Vâ.y
theo d̄i.nh lý 1.8.1 chu.o.ng 1 ta suy ra su.. tô
` n ta.i và duy nhâ´t nghiê.m cu’a bài toán (3.8.7),
. ’
tú c là nghiê.m suy rô.ng cua bài toán (3.8.1)(3.8.2).
3.8.5. Tı́nh gâ ` n d̄úng nghiê.m suy rô.ng bă ` ng phu.o.ng pháp phâ ` n tu’. hũ.u
ha.n.
D ` n d̄úng nghiê.m suy rô.ng, tú.c là nghiê.m cu’a bài toán (3.8.7) theo so. d̄ô
- ê’ tı́nh gâ `
chung d̄ã trı̀nh bâ . . . ’ . . ’
` y o’ chu o ng 1 và có thê tiêń hành giôńg nhu o’ tiê´t 3.6. Có thê lă.p la.i
viê.c làm d̄ó vó.i chú ý ră
` ng α(u, v) và L(v) o’. d̄ây có da.ng (3.8.6).
Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p Ω là mô.t miê ` n d̄a giác, d̄ê
` nghi. xem mu.c 3.6.5.
` n nhâ´t.
3.9. Bài toán biên loa.i mô.t không thuâ
3.9.1. Bài toán d̄a.o hàm riêng

` n bi. chă.n cu’a mă.t phă’ng to.a d̄ô. (x,y) có biên là d̄u.ò.ng kı́n Γ tro.n
tù.ng khúc. Pháp tuyêń ngoài cu’a Γ là ν.
Cho hàm sô´ f (x, y) xác d̄i.nh trên Ω, hàm sô´ g(x, y) xác d̄i.nh trên Γ là các hàm sô´ d̄u’
.
tro n.
Xét bài toán d̄a.o hàm riêng sau d̄ây: tı̀m u(x, y) ∈ W 2 (Ω) tho’ a mãn
∂2u ∂2u
Δu := + 2 = f (x, y), (x, y) ∈ Ω (3.9.1)
∂x2 ∂y
u|Γ = g(x, y), (x, y) ∈ Γ (3.9.2)

trong d̄ó f ∈ L2 (Ω), g ∈ L2 (Γ).
Vó.i ε là mô.t tham sô´ du.o.ng, nói chung là nho’, xét bài toán phu.:
∂ 2 uε ∂ 2 uε
Δuε := + = f (x, y), (x, y) ∈ Ω (3.9.3)
∂x2 ∂y 2
∂uε
ε + uε |Γ = g(x, y), (x, y) ∈ Γ (3.9.4)
∂ν
Ta xét bài toán phu. này vı̀ bài toán (3.9.1)(3.9.2) chu.a có cách gia’i bă ` ng phu.o.ng
` n tu’. hũ.a ha.n, trong khi bài toán (3.9.3)(3.9.4) d̄ã có cách gia’i o’. tiê´t 3.6, ta hi
pháp phâ
` n d̄úng cu’a u.
vo.ng uε là gâ
Ta có kê´t qua’:
3.9.2. D - ánh giá sai sô´. d̄i.nh lý. Nêú u là nghiê.m cu’a bài toán (3.9.1)(3.9.2) và uε
là nghiê.m cu’a bài toán (3.9.3)(3.9.4) thı̀
√
ku − uε kW 1 (Ω) ≤ K ε, K = const > 0 (3.9.5)
86
Chú.ng minh. D
- ă.t z = u − uε ta có
∂2z ∂2z ∂z ∂u
Δz := + = 0, (x, y) ∈ Ω, z+ε |Γ = ε , (x, y) ∈ Γ
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂ν ∂ν
Ta suy ra ∫∫
∂2z ∂2z
[ 2 + 2 ]zdxdy = 0
Ω ∂x ∂y
∫∫ ∮
∂z 2 ∂z 2 ∂z
⇒ [( ) + ( ) ]dxdy − zds = 0
Ω ∂x ∂y Γ ∂ν
∫∫ ∮
∂z 2 ∂z 2 ∂u 1
⇒ [( ) + ( ) ]dxdy − ( − z)zds = 0
Ω ∂x ∂y Γ ∂ν ε
∫∫ ∮ ∮
∂z 2 ∂z 2 1 2 ∂u
⇒ [( ) + ( ) ]dxdy + z ds = zds
Ω ∂x ∂y Γ ε Γ ∂ν
∫∫ ∮ ∮
∂z 2 ∂z 2 1 2 ∂u
⇒ [( ) + ( ) ]dxdy + z ds ≤ 2ε( )2 ds
Ω ∂x ∂y Γ 2ε Γ ∂ν
` chuâ’n tu.o.ng d̄u.o.ng, chu.o.ng 1 thı̀ tô
Theo d̄i.nh lý vê ` ng sô´ du.o.ng M d̄ê’ có
` n ta.i hă
∫∫ ∮
∂z 2 ∂z 2 1
kzkW 1 (Ω) ≤ M {
2
[( ) + ( ) ]dxdy + ( √ zds)2
Ω ∂x ∂y Γ 2ε
∮
∂u 2
⇒ kzk2W 1 (Ω) ≤M 2ε( ) ds
Γ ∂ν
Vâ.y d̄i.nh lý d̄u.o..c chú.ng minh vó.i
√ ∮
∂u 2
K= M 2( ) ds
Γ ∂ν
Bâ´t d̄ă’ng thú.c (3.9.5) chú.ng to’ nghiê.m cu’a bài toán phu. uε xâ´p xı’ nghiê.m u cu’a bài toán
d̄ã cho. Vâ.y ta có thê’ tù. cho tru.ó.c ε d̄u’ nho’ rô
` i gia’i bài toán phu. thay thê´ bài toán d̄ã
cho.
BÀI TÂ
.P
1. Cho
Ω = {(x, y) | 0 < x < 1, 0 < y < 1}
vó.i biên ký hiê.u là Γ.
Áp du.ng phu.o.ng pháp phâ
` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n gia’i bài toán
∂2u ∂2u
+ 2 = 2(x2 + y 2 − x − y), (x, y) ∈ Ω
∂x2 ∂y
87
u(x, y) = 0, (x, y) ∈ Γ
2. Cho
Ω = {(x, y) | 0 < x < π, 0 < x + y < π}
vó.i biên ký hiê.u là Γ.
Áp du.ng phu.o.ng pháp phâ
` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n gia’i bài toán
∂2u ∂2u
+ 2 = −2 sin (x + y), (x, y) ∈ Ω
∂x2 ∂y
u(x, y) = 0, (x, y) ∈ Γ
3. Cho
Ω = {(x, y) | x2 + y 2 < 1}
vó.i biên ký hiê.u là Γ, pháp tuyêń cu’a Γ là ν.
` y phu.o.ng pháp phâ
Trı̀nh bâ ` n tu’. hũ.u ha.n gia’i bài toán
∂2u ∂2u
+ 2 =1
∂x2 ∂y
∂u
+ u = 0, (x, y) ∈ Γ
∂ν
88

Chu.o.ng 3 ' U: (B ' Aito An Truy E ' N Nhi E - T D ' U - Nghaichi E ' U)

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Chu.o.ng 3 ' U: (B ' Aito An Truy E ' N Nhi E - T D ' U - Nghaichi E ' U)

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Chu.o.

BÀI TOÁN LOA `

` n nhâ´t d̄ô´i vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh Poisson

3.1.1. Bài toán d̄a.o hàm riêng.

Cho hàm sô´ f (x, y) ∈ L2 (Ω).

u|Γ = 0, (x, y) ∈ Γ (3.1.2)

3.2. Bài toán yê´u và nghiê.m suy rô.ng

dy = cos(τ, y)ds = cos((τ, ν) + (ν, x) + (x, y))ds = cos(ν, x)ds

Trong (3.2.7) không có d̄a.o hàm câ´p hai nũ.a.

Ta phát biê’u bài toán mó.i:

α(u, v) = L(v), ∀v ∈ W01 (Ω) (3.2.9)

tú.c là (3.2.7) tho’a mãn.

3.2.4. Su.. tô` n ta.i nghiê.m suy rô.ng.

Áp du.ng bâ´t d̄ă’ng thú.c C-S-B ta suy ra

Vâ.y α(u, v) liên tu.c trên W01 (Ω).

Theo (3.2.8) nũ.a ta có

Vâ.y a(u, v) V −eliptic.

Bây giò. xét L(v). Theo (3.2.8) ta có

Vâ.y L(v) liên tu.c trên W01 (Ω).

3.2.5. Vâ´n d̄ê ` tı́nh gâ

3.3.1. Tam giác phân.

3.3.2. Hàm to.a d̄ô. và không gian con HN .

To.a d̄ô. cu’a nút Pi ký hiê.u là (xi , yi ).

ϕi (x, y) = Ax + By + C, (x, y) ∈ Tl (3.3.1)

` u cu’a W01 (Ω). Ta go.i

SN := {ϕi , i = 1, 2, ..., N, HN := span{ϕi , i = 1, 2, ..., N } (3.3.3)

α(wN , v) = L(v) ∀v ∈ HN (3.3.4)

` n d̄úng cu’a bài toán (3.2.9).

- ê’ có Aij và Fi ta chı’ câ

` ng phu.o.ng pháp d̄ô’i biê´n.

Phép d̄ô’i biê´n d̄ó có công thú.c

x = (xj − xi )ξ + (xk − xi )η + xi = x(ξ, η)

(yk − yi )(x − xi ) (xk − xi )(y − yi )

Ta có công thú.c d̄ô’i biê´n trong tı́ch phân kép:

∂ϕi ∂ϕj ∂ϕi ∂ϕj

Theo phép d̄ô’i biê´n (3.3.14) thı̀

∂ϕi ∂Φ0,0 ∂ξ ∂Φ0,0 ∂η yk − yi yj − yi yj − yk

Tù. (3.3.11) ta có

3.3.7. D - ánh giá sai sô´.

ku − wN kW 1 (Ω) ≤ K1 hkukW 2 (Ω) , K1 = const > 0 (3.3.31)

- .inh lý 3.3.2. Nê´u u(x, y) ∈ W 2 (Ω) ∩ W01 (Ω) thı̀

ku − wN kW 1 (Ω) ≤ K2 hkf kL2 (Ω) , K2 = const > 0 (3.3.32)

ku − wN kL2 (Ω) ≤ K3 h2 kf kL2 (Ω) , K3 = const > 0 (3.3.33)

Tru.ó.c hê´t d̄ă.t

Vı̀ uI ∈ HN nên áp du.ng d̄i.nh lý 1.10.2 chu.o.ng 1, ta có

ku − wN kW 1 (Ω) ≤ K4 ku − uI kW 1 (Ω) , K4 = const > 0 (3.3.35)

Bây giò. ta d̄ánh giá vê´ pha’i cu’a (3.3.35).

∂2z 2 ∂2z 2 ∂2z 2

kz − zI k2W 1 (Tl ) ≤ K6 kZ − ZI k2W 1 (T ) , K6 = const (3.3.37)

trong d̄ó theo (3.3.15)

J = (xj − xi )(yk − yi ) − (xk − xi )(yj − yi )

J ≥ |Pj Pi |.|Pk Pi | sin(θ0 ) > 0 ⇒ ∃ J −1 = J¯ 6= 0

Mô.t cách tu.o.ng tu..,

∂2Z 2 ∂2Z 2 ∂2Z 2

và xét hàm sô´ {

Kê´t ho..p (3.3.43) vó.i (3.3.44) và (3.3.45) ta thu d̄u.o..c

Mô.t cách tu.o.ng tu.., ta có

(w − wI )(ξ, η) = (w − wI )(ξ, η) − (w − wI )(ξ, 0) + (w − wI )(ξ, 0) − (w − wI )(0, 0) =

∂2w 2 ∂2w 2 ∂2w 2

Tù. (3.3.51) và (3.3.39) ta suy ra (3.3.38) vó.i K7 = K9 .

∂2Z 2 ∂2z 2 ∂2z 2 ∂2z 2

Chú.ng minh . Ta có Z ∈ C 2 (T ). Ta có

∂2z 2 ∂2z 2 ∂2z 2