KESEIMBANGAN

ASAM BASA
Autoionization of Water
What happens when water acts as both acid and base
in the same reaction? The resulting equilibrium is

atau

This reaction is responsible for the autoionization of

water, which leads to small but measurable
concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions at
equilibrium. The equilibrium expression for this
reaction is
The equilibrium constant for this particular reaction has a
special symbol: Kw, and a special name, the ion product
constant for water; its value is 1.0 x 10-14 at 25°C.

Pure water contains no ions other than H3O and OH, and
to maintain overall electrical neutrality, an equal number
of ions of each type must be present.

so that in pure water at 25°C the concentrations of both

H3O and OH are 1.0 x 10-7 M.
The ionization of an acid (symbolized by “HA”) in aqueous
solution can be written as

where A- is the conjugate base of HA. The equilibrium expression

for this chemical reaction is

where the subscript “a” stands for “acid.” For example, if the
symbol A refers to the cyanide ion (CN), we write

where Ka is the acid ionization constant for hydrogen cyanide

in water and has a numerical value of 6.17x 1010 at 25°C.
pKa = - log10 Ka
The equation representing the ionization of a base
such as ammonia in water can be written as

which gives an equilibrium expression of the form

where the subscript “b” on Kb stands for “base.”

Because [OH] and [H3O] are related through the water
autoionization equilibrium expression

the Kb expression can be written as

Keseimbangan asam HA:

[HA] = konsentrasi asam yang tersisa.

Jika persetase HA yang terionisasi  5%, maka jumlah yang
terioniasasi dapat diabaikan sehingga
x = [H ] =[HA]
+
Ka .C = konsentrasi mula-mula.
A

CA – x x x

Jika x  5% HA mula-mula, maka nilai x dapat diabaikan sehingga

C A – x = CA :
x.x x2 x = [H + ] = Ka .CA
Ka = Ka =
CA - x CA
Jika x  5%, x tidak bisa diabaikan, sehingga untuk
menghitungkan digunakan persamaan kuadrat.
Example:
Acetic acid (CH3COOH) has a Ka of 1.76 x 105 at 25°C.
Suppose 1.000 mol is dissolved in enough water to give
1.000 L of solution. Calculate the pH and the fraction
of acetic acid ionized at equilibrium.
Sehingga:

The fraction ionized is the ratio of the concentration of

CH3COO present at equilibrium to the concentration
of CH3COOH present in the first place:

The percentage of the acetic acid that is ionized is

0.42%.
Suppose that 0.00100 mol of acetic acid is used
instead of the 1.000 mol in the preceding example.
Calculate the pH and the percentage of acetic acid
ionized.
The other approach to solving the problem is to use
successive approximations

Now, continue by reinserting this approximate value

of y into the denominator and then recalculate y:
Disosiasi Asam Asam Poliprotik
Asam poliprotik kuat
Sulfuric acid reacts in two stages; first to give the hydrogen
sulfate ion,

and then

In its first ionization H2SO4 is a strong acid, but the product of
that ionization is a weak acid. So, the H3O produced in a
solution of H2SO4 comes primarily from the first ionization,
and the solution has a pH close to that of a monoprotic strong
acid of the same concentration.
But when this solution reacts with a strong base, its
neutralizing power is twice that of a monoprotic acid of the
same concentration, because each mole of sulfuric acid can
react with and neutralize two moles of hydroxide ion.
Asam poliprotik lemah.
Dua kesetimbangan yang simultan dilibatkan dalam ionisasi
asam diprotik seperti H2CO3.

Dan

[H3O+] dalam dua kesetimbangan ionisasi adalah satu jenis dan

sama.
Ka2 dapat dikatakan pasti lebih kecil dp Ka1 karena muatan
negatif yang tertinggal akibat hilangnya ion hidrorogen
pertama menyebabkan ion hidrogen kedua terikat lebih kuat.
Hitung konsentrasi pada keseimbangan dari H2CO3,
HCO3-, CO32- dan H3O+ dalam larutan jenuh
CO2dimana konsentrasi H2CO3 awal adalah 0.034 M.
Ka1 = 4,3 x 10-7 dan Ka2 = 4,8 x 10-11.

Hitung konsentrasi HS- dan S2- dalam larutan jenuh

hidrogen sulfida. Larutan jenuh hidrogen sulfida (pada
20C dan 1 atm adalah sekitar 0,1 M. Tetapan disosiasi
H2S adalah Ka1 = 8,73 x 10-7 dan Ka2 = 3,63 x 10-12.
Cara yang sama dapat diterapkan untuk reaksi basa
yang dpt menerima dua atau lebih ion hidrogen.
Sebagai contoh dalam larutan natrium karbonat.
Pertama ion karbonat bereaksi dengan air mbtk
HCO3- dan kemudian H2CO3.

Kb1>>> Kb2, sehingga hampir semua OH- dari reaksi

yang pertama.
Pengaruh pH terhadap komposisi larutan
Perubahan pH larutan menggeser semua
keseimbangan asam basa, termasuk keseimbangan
yang melibatkan asam poliprotik.

Hitunglah banyaknya karbonat yang ada sebagai

H2CO3, HCO3-, dan CO32- pada pH 10.
Air hujan mempunyai pH normal 5,6. Hitunglah
konsentrasi H2CO3, HCO3-, dan CO32- dalam air hujan
ini, jika konsentrasi karbonat total terlarut 1 x 10-5
mol/L.
Pengaruh ion sejenis
Masih ingat??

CH3COONa  CH3COO- + Na+ (elektrolit kuat)

CH3COOH  CH 3COO - + H + (elektrolit lemah)
Yang mana ion sejenis???
Bagaimana pengaruh penambahan CH3COONa
terhadap keseimbangan asam asetat?
 Kesetimbangan bergeser kemana?
 Bagaimana pengaruh thd [H+]? Atau pH?
Hitung konsentrasi ion sulfida dalam larutan HCl 0,25
M yang dijenuhkan dengan H2S. Ka1 H2S = 9,1 x 10-8
dan Ka2 H2S = 1,2 x 10-15.