‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Al-Imam Mohammed Bin Saud University

College of Medicine

1 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21

 PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE II BLOCK
(PATH 213)
Credit Hours: 4(2+1+1)
MICROBIOLOGY

Adnan S. Jaran BSc. MSc. PhD. AIBMS.

2 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21

 Nomenclature and
Classification of
human parasites
(protozoa and
helminthes)
3 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21
 CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL
PARASITOLOGY
• Parasites of medical importance come under the
kingdom called protista and animalia.
• Protista includes the microscopic single-celled
eukaroytes known as protozoa.
• Incontrast, helminthes are macroscopic,
multicellular worms possessing well
differentiated tissues and complex organs
belonging to the kingdom animalia.

4 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21

• Medical Parasitology is generally classified into:
• Medical Protozoology - Deals with the study of
medically important protozoa.
• Medical Helminthology - Deals with the study
of helminthes (worms) that affect man.
• Medical Entomology - Deals with the study of
arthropods which cause or transmit disease to
man.

5 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21

 Describing animal parasites follow certain rules of
zoological nomenclature and each phylum may be
further subdivided as follows:
PROTOZOA
Phylum Sarcomatigophora
Sub phylum Sarcodina (Amoebae)
Sub phylum Mastigophora (Flagellates)
Phylum Sporozoa
Phylum Ciliates (Ciliophora)

6 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21

Sub kingdom: METAZOA (HELIMINTHS)
Phylum :Platyhelminthes:
Class: Trematodea:
class: Cestoda:
Phylum: Nemathelminthes (Nematoda)

7 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21

TABLE 1. CLASSIFICATION OF THE PATHOGENIC PROTOZOA:

IMPORTANT HUMAN ORGAN OF PROTOZOA

PATHOGENS LOCOMOTION

Entamoeba Pseudopodia 1. Rhizopoda(Amoeba)

histolytica
Flagella 2. Mastigophora(Flagellates)
Trypanosomes
Leishmania
Trichomonas
Giardia
None, exhibit a
slight Amoeboid 3. Sporozoa
Plasmodium.Spp movement

8 Balantidium coli Cilia 4. Ciliates

Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21
 TABLE 2. DIFFERENTIATING FEATURES OF HELMINTHES

NEMATODE TREMATODE CESTODE

Elongated, Cylindrical Leaf like, Unsegmented Tape like, segmented Shape

Separate (diecious) Not separate(monoecious) Not separate (monoecious) Sexes

. Except blood flukes

which are dioecious

No suckers, and Hooks Suckers: no hooks Suckers: with hooks "Head" End

Present complete Present and Absent Alimentary canal

but incomplete

Present Absent Absent Body cavity

9 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21

Classification of Human Parasites
I. PROTOZOA
1. Amebae (Intestinal)
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Entamoeba dispar
• Entamoeba hartmanni
• Entamoeba coli
• Entamoeba polecki
• Endolimax nana
• Iodamoeba bütschlii
• Blastocystis hominis

10 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21

2. Flagellates (Intestinal)
• Giardia lamblia.
• Chilomastix mesnili
• Dientamoeba fragilis
• Trichomonas hominis
• Enteromonas hominis
• Retortamonas intestinalis
3. Ciliates (Intestinal)
• Balantidium coli
11 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21
4. Coccidia, Microsporidia (Intestinal)
• Cryptosporidium parvum
• Cyclospora cayetanensis
• Isospora belli
• Sarcocystis hominis
• Sarcocystis suihominis
• Sarcocystis “lindemanni”
• Microsporidia
• Enterocytozoon bieneusi
• Encephalitozoon intestinalis
12 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21
5. Sporozoa, Flagellates (Blood, Tissue)
• Sporozoa (Malaria and babesiosis)
• Plasmodium vivax
• Plasmodium ovale
• Plasmodium malariae
• Plasmodium falciparum
• Babesia spp.

13 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21

• Flagellates (Leishmaniae, Trypanosomes)
• Leishmania tropica complex
• Leishmania mexicana complex
• Leishmania braziliensis complex
• Leishmania donovani complex
• Leishmania peruviana
• Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
• Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
• Trypanosoma cruzi
• Trypanosoma rangeli
 Amebae, Flagellates (Other .6
Body Sites)
• Amebae
• Naegleria fowleri
• Acanthamoeba spp.
• Hartmanella spp.
• Balamuthia mandrillaris (Leptomyxid ameba)
• Entamoeba gingivalis
• Flagellates
• Trichomonas vaginalis
• Trichomonas tenax
15 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21
 Coccidia, Sporozoa, .7
Microsporidia (Other Body Sites)
• Coccidia
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Sporozoa
• Pneumocystis carinii

16 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21

 Microsporidia
• Nosema
• Brachiola
• Vittaforma
• Pleistophora
• Trachipleistophora
• Encephalitozoon
• “Microsporidium”

17 12/09/21
 II. NEMATODES (Roundworms)
• 1. Intestinal
• Ascaris lumbricoides
• Enterobius vermicularis
• Ancylostoma duodenale
• Necator americanus
• Strongyloides stercoralis
• Trichostrongylus spp.
• Trichuris trichiura
• Capillaria philippinensis
18 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21
• 2. Tissue
• Trichinella spiralis
• Visceral larva migrans (Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati)
• Ocular larva migrans (Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati)
• Cutaneous larva migrans (Ancylostoma braziliense or Ancylostoma
• caninum)
• Dracunculus medinensis
• Angiostrongylus cantonensis
• Angiostrongylus costaricensis
• Gnathostoma spinigerum
• Anisakis spp. (larvae from saltwater fish)
• Phocanema spp. (larvae from saltwater fish)
• Contracaecum spp. (larvae from saltwater fish)
• Capillaria hepatica
• Thelazia spp.

19 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21

• 3. Blood and Tissues (Filarial Worms)
• Wuchereria bancrofti
• Brugia malayi
• Brugia timori
• Loa loa
• Onchocerca volvulus
• Mansonella ozzardi
• Mansonella streptocerca
• Mansonella perstans
• Dirofilaria immitis (usually lung lesion; in dogs,
heartworm)
• Dirofilaria spp. (may be found in subcutaneous nodules

20 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21

III. CESTODES (Tapeworms)
• 1. Intestinal
• Diphyllobothrium latum
• Dipylidium caninum
• Hymenolepis nana
• Hymenolepis diminuta
• Taenia solium
• Taenia saginata
21 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21
2. Tissue (Larval Forms)
• Taenia solium
• Echinococcus granulosus
• Echinococcus multilocularis
• Multiceps multiceps
• Spirometra mansonoides
• Diphyllobothrium spp.
22 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21
 IV. TREMATODES (Flukes)
1. Intestinal
• Fasciolopsis buski
• Echinostoma ilocanum
• Heterophyes heterophyes
• Metagonimus yokogawai
23 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21
2. Liver/Lung
• Clonorchis (Opisthorchis) sinensis
• Opisthorchis viverrini
• Fasciola hepatica
• Paragonimus westermani
• Paragonimus mexicanus

24 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21

3. Blood
• Schistosoma mansoni
• Schistosoma haematobium
• Schistosoma japonicum
• Schistosoma intercalatum
• Schistosoma mekongi
25 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21
 V. ARTHROPODS
1. Arachnida
• Scorpions
• Spiders (black widow, brown recluse)
• Ticks (Dermacentor, Ixodes, Argas, Ornithodoros)
• Mites (Sarcoptes)
2. Crustacea
• Copepods (Cyclops)
• Crayfish, lobsters, crabs
3. Pentastomida
• Tongue worms
4. Diplopoda
• Millipedes
5. Chilopoda
• Centipedes

26 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21

• 6. Insecta
• Anoplura: sucking lice (Pediculus, Phthirus)
• Dictyoptera: cockroaches
• Hemiptera: true bugs (Triatoma)
• Coleoptera: beetles
• Hymenoptera: bees, wasps, etc.
• Lepidoptera: butterflies, caterpillars, moths, etc.
• Diptera: flies, mosquitoes, gnats, midges
(Phlebotomus, Aedes,
• Anopheles, Glossina, Simulium, etc.)
• Siphonaptera: fleas (Pulex, Xenopsylla, etc.)

27 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21

 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
MEDICALLY IMPORTANT PARASITES
• Medically important protozoa, helminthes,
and arthropods, which are identified as causes
and propagators of disease have the following
general features.
• These features also differ among parasites in a
specific category.

28 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21

29 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21
 Thank you

30 Dr. Adnan Jaran 12/09/21