A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF LAVENDER OIL AND

CINNAMON OIL AS ALTERNATIVE MOSQUITOES REPELLENT

A Research Paper

Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High Department

Cabantian National High School - Senior High

Km 10.5 Cabantian, Davao City

______________________________________________

In Fulfillment of the Requirements in

Practical Research

_____________________________________________

SKYE SEBASTIAN P. ABAJERO

ANGEL NICOLE KATE T. BAYATI
FERNAN MARK T. BRIGOLE
SANDY QUEEN D. DELA PEÑA
SEGFREUD ALEKSI L. NUGAS
RHEA MAE F. OCDENARIA
SHEILA P. RAZONABLE
EDRIENNE CHLOE S. SALIBAY
KWI JUNG HAN P. YUSON

July 2023
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled “A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE EFFICACY

OF LAVENDER OIL AND CINNAMON OIL AS ALTERNATIVE MOSQUITOES
REPELLENT” prepared and submitted by SKYE SEBASTIAN ABAJERO,
ANGEL NICOLE KATE BAYATI , FERNAN MARK BRIGOLE, SANDY QUEEN
DELA PEÑA, SEGFREUD ALEKSI NUGAS, RHEA MAE OCDENARIA,
SHEILA RAZONABLE, EDRIENNE CHLOE SALIBAY, KWI JUNG HAN
YUSON in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation of the Senior High
School Secondary Schools of the Department of Education, has been examined
and is hereby recommended for approval and acceptance.

ZENY B. EGUT
ADVISER

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the panel of examiners on oral examination with a grade .

PHEE MAY P. DIEL FRECHE L. EK

PANELIST PANELIST

ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements under PRACTICAL II

and INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS AND IMMERSION.

Final Defense:
NELIA L. DE GUIA
Principal II
 ABSTRACT

Essential oil repellent can help keep mosquitoes away from your home.

Widely used to ward off insects and avoid contracting dengue. Also, dengue is a

serious disease for which there is no treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this

study is to prove the efficacy of cinnamon and lavender essential oils in the

absence of water and alcohol as an alternative mosquito repellent. Through an

experiment using these samples, same number of mosquitoes divided into six

containers, and the use of essential oil with 35, 40, and 45 sprays. Time was

allotted for each container, up to a maximum of 5 minutes. It is thought that

mosquito repellent effectiveness is limited if essential oil sprays are ineffective.

The effectiveness of lavender oil has been evaluated, but even the smallest

number of sprays failed to deter mosquitoes. However, the probability that the

sprays will be successful as you apply more. Although cinnamon repellent is not

as good in keeping mosquitoes away, yet it is still useful.

Moreover, to determine which essential oil repellent is more effective,

cinnamon and lavender oils were compared. By the process of this experimental

research, we use essential oils repellent to ensure that the repellents are safe

and effective. Additionally, it won't hurt our skin in any way.

Keywords: repellent, essential oils, effectiveness, quasi-experimental, Philippines

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The following people in particular are acknowledged by the researchers

because they generously donated their time, effort, and support made it all
possible.

To Ma’am Kimberly Faye Fonollera, our research adviser, who kindly

contributed her expertise to the concept's development from the papers
beginning to its conclusion. Although it was really difficult, we were able to
complete this assignment with her assistance.

For their unwavering support and motivation, we thank Mrs. Zeny B. Egut,
our class adviser and Practical Research 2 Teacher and Ma’am Kimberly Faye
Fonollera, our research adviser and Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
Teacher.

To Mrs. Phee May P. Diel and Sir Freche L. Ek, our panelists, who given
their creative and intelligent remarks, as well as their compassion, approval, and
support. Thank you.

To dear our friends, parents and guardians, brothers and sisters who have
undying support for us, thank you. Thanks for giving us much strength to do
better and for our research.

And lastly, the researchers, thank you for the teamwork and support for
each other. Let’s do our best always for our research.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………………………..…i

APPROVAL SHEET………………………………………………………………..…..ii

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………….….…iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………....iv

LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………...v

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………..vi

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………..1

1.1 Rationale………………………………………………………………….....1

1.2 Significance of the Study………………………………………….……….2

1.3 Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………….3

1.4 Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………….4

1.5 Purpose of the Study…………………………………………………….....5

1.6 Objectives…………………………………….……………………………..5

1.7 Research Questions……………………………….……………………....6

1.8 Hypothesis of the Study……………………………….………..………….6

1.9 Definition of Terms……………………………………………….………...7

1.10 Scope and Limitation of the Study………………..……………….........7

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…………………..…………..9

2.1 Dengue Diseases………...…………………………………………......….9

2.2 Essential Oil Repellent………………………………………….….….13

2.3 Lavender Oil Repellent………………………………………..…........20

2.4 Cinnamon Oil Repellent………………………………….…………...24

3 METHODOLOGY………………………………………..………...32

3.1 Research Design………………………………………………………32

3.2 Research Subjects…………………………………………………….32

3.3 Research Instruments………………………………………………...33

3.4 Materials………………………………………………………………..33

3.6 Process…………………………………………………………………34

3.6.1 Catching Mosquitoes……………………………………….34

3.6.2 Purchasing an essential oils……………………………….34

3.6.3 Measuring of the Ingredients………………………………35

3.6.4 Combined the ingredients………………………………….35

3.7 Product Testing………………………………………………………..36

3.8 Statistical Analysis…………………………………………………….36

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION…………………………………….37

4.1 Table 1………………………………………………………………….37

4.2 Table 2………………………………………………………………….38

4.3 Table 3………………………………………………………………….39

4.4 Solving………………………………………………………………….39

4.5 Solution…………………………………………………………………40
 4.5.1 Lavender Oil………………………………………………….40

4.5.2 Cinnamon Oil…………………………………………………40

5 FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION……..41

5.1 Findings and Discussion……………………………………………….41

5.2 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….42

5.3 Recommendation……………………………………………………….42

CURRICULUM VITAE………………………………………………43

REFERENCES……………………………………………………...52
 LIST OF TABLES

4.1 Table 1…………………………………………………………………………..37

4.2 Table 2…………………………………………………………………………..38

4.3 Table 3…………………………………………………………………………..39

 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

One of the most common issue or problems in the Philippines is dengue, a

wide spectrum of disease that can cause severe flu to the infected individuals,

and worse, dengue’s fatality rate is high and should be taken care of (WHO,

2022). Dengue is caused by a stagnant body of water (whether a pond or a lake

and especially in warm humid environments) that stays there for days in any

places like the used tires or an open containers that’s why someone will get sick,

for the result that mosquitoes can live and lay their eggs there . Even though there

are no stack water, mosquitoes cannot be avoided.

Bednets—also known as mosquito nets—are used by Filipinos. Indoor

mosquitoes are able to bite both during the day and at night. To avoid mosquito

bites, mosquito nets can be put above a bed or cot. To avoid mosquito bites,

adults and kids both sleep with mosquito nets. (2022, Central of Disease Control

and Prevention).

Lavender, have many health benefits in eczema, insomnia, acne, and

more (Bowman, J., 2021). It is highly effective repellent to use to make sure your

family are protected from mosquitoes (Sonoma Lavender Co., 2021).

 Cinnamon oil, a derived extract from different types of tree such as

Cinnamomum verum tree and the Cinnamomum cassia tree (Whelan, C., 2019).

It can used for food flavorings and cosmetics, and according a study in Taiwan,

cinnamon oil can be effective in killing mosquitoes, especially its eggs (Yasin, K.

& Marcin, A., 2022).

The researchers are going to compare the findings and the result of both

alternative repellents solution to recognize the effectiveness of an essential oil to

be a repellent.

Significance of the Study

A lot of people still struggle how to fight mosquitoes from biting them or at

least how can they avoid mosquito bites. Which is vital considering the

Philippines’ history in dengue. Finding the right product as repellents to

mosquitoes are hard to find especially that today people tend to be extra careful

with what product they use in order to secure the safety and effectiveness of a

product. By the process of this experimental research, we use essential oil

repellents to ensure the safety and efficiency of the used repellents.

This study signifies the comparison of these two repellents, Lavender oil

and Cinnamon oil, as to which one is more effective. Lavender smells good to

humans (Kimberly Button, 2020). In fact, we use it in a variety of drawer

fresheners, cosmetics, bath products and more. However, lavender is offensive

to mosquitoes. It is a similar response like using DEET to prevent mosquito bites.

While DEET (diethyltoluamide) is controversial for its potential health effects, it

does work because it overwhelms mosquito olfactory senses (Kimberly Button,

2020). Lavender’s linalool oil repelled female mosquitoes by 58% outside, other

natural oils such as geraniol worked better (repelled up to 75%) (Kimberly Button,

2020). Cinnamon oil does repel mosquitoes! It’s actually one of the most effective

natural substances at doing so (Sprinkler Magician, 2022). According to the

American Chemical Society, cinnamon oil is a promising, environmentally-friendly

way to repel and kill mosquitoes (Sprinkler Magician, 2022). Most species of

cinnamon trees grow in warm and tropical places where hundreds of bugs feed

on (and kill) plants. Over time, the cinnamon tree adapted to produce chemicals

that repel harmful bugs, including mosquitoes.

Thus, through this study people can trust the efficiency of these two

essential oil repellents, Lavender and Cinnamon in order to repel mosquitoes and

avoid dengue diseases with enough security that these repellents are safe and

effective.

Theoretical Framework

In recent years, interest in essential oil repellents has been revived, as

they contain a rich source of bio-active phytochemicals that are safe and

biodegradable into non-toxic by-products, which could be screened for

insecticidal activities and mosquito repellent. Many studies have reported

evidence of repellent activities of plant extracts or essential oils against malaria

vectors around the world. The present systematic review was performed to
reveal which essential oil repellent can be relied on to provide a prolonged and

predictable protection from species of Anopheles mosquitoes without causing

side effects on human health.

Cinnamon oil shows promise as a great-smelling, environmentally friendly

pesticide, with the ability to kill mosquito larvae, according to a new study

published in the July 14 issue of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,

a peer-reviewed journal of the American Chemical Society, the world’s largest

scientific society.

The scientific study in the tropics suggests that using lavender oil in

combination with other natural repellents is more effective for immediate

protection from mosquitoes. Another mosquito repellant study showed that while

lavender’s linalool oil repelled female mosquitoes by 58% outside, other natural

oils such as geraniol worked better (repelled up to 75%).

Conceptual Framework

Diagram 1 illustrates the study’s main concept, which is to find out

between Lavender and Cinnamon oil, which is more effective as a repellent to

mosquitoes. It shows the independent and dependent variables. The

independent variable is the essential oil repellent that was used: Lavender oil and

Cinnamon oil repellent and the amount of sprays. And the dependent variable is

the efficacy of the product.

  Collecting mosquitoes and
purchasing essential oil.
grou
Alternative Which
 Mix the essential oil in distilled
Repellent between
water and ethyll alcohol base.
from Lavender Oil
 Testing the each product, spray
Lavender Oil and Cinnamon
it 35 to 45 times to the
and Oil is more
mosquitoes.
effective
Cinnamon oil  Identify which product is the
most effective and which of
them have the better result.

Diagram 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this comparative study is to find out which essential oil

repellents is more effective through an experiment with the use of the samples,

which is the same amount of mosquitoes separated in six containers and with the

use of Lavender oil and Cinnamon oil sprays.

Objectives

This aims the comparative study between the lavender oil and cinnamon

oil, and the effectiveness of the product in preventing mosquito to attack.

1. Level of the effectiveness of Lavender oil repellent.

2. Level of the effectiveness of Cinnamon oil repellent.

3. Difference between the lavender oil and cinnamon oil repellent products in

terms of level of concentration.

Research Question

The study directs to answer the following research questions:

1. What is the level of effectiveness of Lavender Oil as an alternative

mosquito repellent in terms of:

a. Level of concentration

b. Amount sprayed

2. What is the level of effectiveness of Cinnamon Oil as an alternative

mosquito repellent in terms of:

a. Level of concentration

b. Amount sprayed

3. Is there a significant difference in the level of effectiveness between

Lavender Oil and Cinnamon Oil in terms of:

a. Level of concentration

Hypothesis of the Study

Null Hypothesis:

Either of the two essential oil alternative repellent can be effective

and not effective within the five minutes time frame.

Alternative Hypothesis:

The Lavender oil and Cinnamon oil alternative repellent is effective

to use within the five minutes time frame.

Definition of Terms

The title of the study is defined operationally for the better understanding

of every reader of the terms used.

Alternative refers to the (one or more things) available as another

possibility.

Cinnamon Oil is derived from the bark or leaves of several types of trees,

including the Cinnamomum verum tree and the Cinnamomum cassia tree.

Dengue refers to a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite

of infected mosquitoes.

Efficacy refers to the ability to produce a desired or intended result.

Essential Oil refers to a natural oil typically obtained by distillation and

having the characteristic fragrance of the plant or other source from which it is

extracted.

Lavender Oil refers to an essential oil made from the lavender plant.

Repellent refers to the ability to repel a particular thing; impervious to a

particular substance.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This research will cover the efficiency of lavender oil and cinnamon oil as

an alternative repellent. The researchers will experiment the two essential oil,
with the help of distilled water and ethyl alcohol to make an effective essential oil

product and to measure the differences of the two. This product is aiming a

budget-friendly and easy to make repellent but also effective. There are no use of

laboratory equipment’s nor using chemical substances in this experiment. The

materials they will use are the only key ingredients/materials in making a

repellent. This study also aim to determine which essential oil is the most

effective, comparing the results with a given time frame to measure the

effectiveness of the repellent solution in every sprays after it was made.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related literature consisting of the dengue

diseases, essential oil repellent, lavender oil repellent and cinnamon oil repellent.

Dengue Diseases

Any one of the four dengue virus types can cause dengue fever. Being

around someone who has dengue fever won't cause you to catch it. In contrast,

mosquito bites are how dengue disease is transmitted. The two mosquito species

that carry dengue viruses most frequently are widespread in and around

residential areas. The dengue virus enters the mosquito when it bites a person

who is affected with it. The virus then enters the bloodstream of the person who

is bitten by the infected mosquito and produces an infection. Once you have

recovered from dengue fever, you are immune to the virus type that caused your

infection for life, but not to the other three types that cause dengue fever. This

implies that one of the other three virus types could infect you once more in the

future. In the event that you contract dengue fever a second, third, or fourth time,

your risk of acquiring severe dengue fever rises (Mayo Clinic, 2022).

The viral illness dengue, which is spread by mosquitoes, has recently

spread quickly throughout all WHO areas. Female mosquitoes, primarily of the

species Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, Ae, carry the dengue virus

albopictus. These mosquitoes can transmit the Zika, yellow fever, and
chikungunya viruses. The risk of dengue varies locally depending on local

climate, socioeconomic, and environmental factors, which are both common in

the tropics. A wide range of illnesses are brought on by dengue. This can range

from mild flu-like symptoms in those who are sick to severe disease (people may

not even be aware they are infected). Even though it's less often, some people

experience severe dengue, which can lead to a variety of issues include severe

bleeding, organ damage, and/or plasma leakage. When severe dengue is not

treated properly, a larger risk of death exists. During dengue epidemics in the

Philippines and Thailand in the 1950s, severe dengue was first identified.

Dengue fever has become a leading cause of hospitalization and death among

children and adults in most Asian and Latin American countries today. There are

four different but closely related serotypes of the Flaviviridae family virus that

causes dengue, which is the disease's primary cause (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-

3 and DENV-4). Immunity against that serotype is thought to last a lifetime

following infection recovery. Cross-immunity to the other serotypes is only

transitory and partial following recovery. The risk of acquiring severe dengue is

increased by subsequent infections (secondary infection) by various serotypes.

There are four different serotypes of the dengue virus, each of which has its own

specific epidemiological patterns. All four serotypes are hyperendemic in many

countries, and they can co-circulate within a given area. Both human health and

the world and national economies are adversely affected by dengue. Infected

travelers frequently bring DENV from one location to another; if susceptible

vectors are found in these new regions, there is a possibility for local

transmission to be established (WHO, Jan 10, 2022).

Dengue is likely the most well-known and dreaded tropical illness in the

Philippines. Dengue has remained an endemic disease ever since the first known

epidemic in Southeast Asia occurred in Manila in 1954. The Philippines

contributed to the greatest number of dengue cases ever reported internationally

in 2019 with 437,563 cases.

The National Dengue Prevention and Control Program was formed by the

Philippine government in 1993 to address this rising issue. The program includes

monitoring cases and vectors, diagnosing and treating cases, managing

integrated vectors, responding to outbreaks, promoting health and advocating for

policies that promote it, and conducting research. The Department of Health has

been emphasizing environmental control methods, urging people to adopt the "4

o'clock habit" of emptying water containers that could serve as Aedes breeding

grounds every day, as well as certain chemical methods (fogging during

epidemics).

In order to combat dengue fever, the nation introduced the Dengvaxia

vaccine in 2016. Sadly, Sanofi, the company that developed the vaccine,

revealed that Dengvaxia may result in "more severe disease" in those who had

never had dengue infection, over two years after the campaign began. A public

outcry followed the indiscriminate vaccination of over 800,000 kids at this point,

and lawsuits were brought against Sanofi and different government figures over

allegations of child vaccine deaths and political corruption. The subsequent lack
of confidence in the public health sector caused immunization rates to plummet,

which led to a measles outbreak in 2019 (June 2022, Elsevier LTD).

An illness means that it will be treated by the body's immune system and

go away on its own. Aside from rest and plenty of fluids, there is no particular

therapy for moderate dengue fever patients. Treatment for severe instances will

be more rigorous, and a hospital stay is likely.

In Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Caribbean, Africa, the

Americas, Australia, and the Pacific islands, dengue fever, a disease carried by

mosquitoes, is a common ailment. Dengue fever is characterized by flu-like

symptoms such as fever, muscle pain, and widespread weakness and is

transmitted by the bite of a mosquito, often one of the Aedes aegypti species.

Even moderate illnesses can cause uncomfortable or disabling symptoms, yet

most dengue fever episodes are rather mild. Rarely, severe dengue, also known

as dengue hemorrhagic fever, can develop. This illness can be potentially lethal

and lead to major health problems. Dengue fever often self-limits, implying that it

will be dealt with by the immune system of the body and disappear on its own.

For people with mild dengue fever, there is no specific treatment outside rest and

a lot of fluids. Serious cases may likely require more stringent treatment and a

hospital stay (Ada’s medical knowledge team).

Dengue is an infection caused by a virus. You can get it if an infected

mosquito bites you. Dengue does not spread from person to person. It is

common in warm, wet areas of the world. Outbreaks occur in the rainy season.

Dengue is common in the Philippines. Symptoms include a high fever,

headaches, joint and muscle pain, vomiting, and a rash. In some cases, dengue

turns into dengue hemorrhagic fever, which causes bleeding from your nose,

gums, or under your skin. It can also become dengue shock syndrome, which

causes massive bleeding and shock. These forms of dengue are life-threatening.

There is no specific treatment. Most people with dengue recover within 2 weeks.

Until then, drinking lots of fluids, resting and taking non-aspirin fever-reducing

medicines might help. People with the more severe forms of dengue usually

need to go to the hospital and get fluids.

Essential Oil Repellent

In essence, chemical insecticides work to keep insects away by perplexing

their sense of smell. For instance, a mosquito initially seeks us out by smelling

the carbon dioxide we exhale, and then she finds you by detecting the lactic acid

on your skin (yes, all mosquitoes that bite are female). She misses her mark and

goes on if those smells are covered up by another one (Sonoma Lavender Co.,

2021). Since ancient times, people have used plants to keep insects away from

their homes and gardens. In the past, burning plants was a common and

primitive way to get rid of insects. To keep insects and other animals out, people

have also hung damaged plants inside homes and strategically placed

lemongrass, citronella, or neem (Jabeen Begum., 2021).

Using essential oils to repel insects is simple. Although mosquitoes dislike

the scent of essential oils, they will avoid those that people find appealing. One
strategy to keep mosquitoes away from your skin is to use perfumes that repel

them (and your blood). Citronella is among the most well-known scents that

mosquitoes abhor. However, there are a few additional natural scents that the

creatures are repulsed by. Since everyone has a distinct preferred scent, try a

few different ones until you find one that suits you. It's also vital to remember that

mosquito repellents mask the aroma of your body with other scents. What works

for you might not work for your friends or family because everyone smells a little

bit differently. Furthermore, while many of these scents and plants may deter

mosquitoes, others may be alluring to other insects. For instance, whereas

butterflies and bees appear to enjoy lemon balm, mosquitoes seem to loathe it.

Avoid using lemon balm if there are a lot of bees in the neighborhood (Mosquito

Squad, 2022).

The use of synthetic chemicals raises several concerns related to

environment and human health. To address this issue, an alternative is to use

natural products that are environmentally friendly. Among these are essential oils

from plants which is tested to assess their repellent properties as a valuable

natural resource (L. Quintana, J. Verbel, and E. Stashenko, 2009).

Due to its effective antibacterial, aroma, and medicinal qualities, herbal

products are frequently used. By regulating the release rate, essential oils and

scents can be put to textile substrates as micro- or nanocapsules to extend

Longevity, the goal of this paper is to provide a broad overview of the use

of essential oils that have been micro- or nanoencapsulated on textile substrates

to create textiles that may be used as aromatherapy. These are broken down into
four distinct categories: medical textiles, scented textiles, mosquito-repellent

textiles, and antimicrobial fabrics. According to publications in this field, the

encapsulation process is crucial for completing plant extracts on textile

substrates. It is also envisaged that new applications, such as multifunctional

fabrics with wound-healing, antibacterial, and aromatic qualities, will require the

development of aromatherapy textiles (Soraya Ghayempour, Majid Montazer,

2016).

Essential oils from plant have been recognized as important natural

resources of insecticides. Moreover, some essential oils are selective,

biodegradable and have few effects on non-target organisms and environment. It

has a volatile mixture of hydrocarbons with variety of usage. Their repellent

activity has been linked to the presence of mono- terpenes and sesquiterpenes

(Geetha Rv, A.Roy, 2014). E. Hiatt (2021) defined terpenes as aromatic

compounds found across the plant world affiliated with their plant’s particular

smell. In addition, terpenes are largely found as constituents of essential oils.

Furthermore, the study of E. Silva, J, da Costa, R. Figueiredo, W. Setzer,

J.da Silva, J. Maia, and P. Figueiredo titled “Monoterpenes and Sesquiterpenes

of Essential Oils from Psidium Species and Their Biological Properties” revealed

that essential oils showed various biological activities, including antioxidant,

antifungal, antibacterial, phytotoxic, larvicidal, anti- inflammatory, and cytotoxic

properties. The variability of chemical composition, biological activities and

content of essential oil is strongly affected by extraction technology,

environmental and sex factors (W. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Ru Qi, and T. Yuan,

2019).

Using essential oils to repel insects is simple. Although mosquitoes dislike

the scent of essential oils, they will avoid those that people find appealing. One

strategy to keep mosquitoes away from your skin is to use perfumes that repel

them (and your blood). Citronella is among the most well-known scents that

mosquitoes abhor. However, there are a few additional natural scents that the

creatures are repulsed by. Since everyone has a distinct preferred scent, try a

few different ones until you find one that suits you. It's also vital to remember that

mosquito repellents mask the aroma of your body with other scents. What works

for you might not work for your friends or family because everyone smells a little

bit differently. Furthermore, while many of these scents and plants may deter

mosquitoes, others may be alluring to other insects. For instance, whereas

butterflies and bees appear to enjoy lemon balm, mosquitoes seem to loathe it.

Avoid using lemon balm if there are a lot of bees in the neighborhood (Mosquito

Squad, 2022).

Essential oils used to ward off mosquitoes are currently available in a wide

variety. As a result, there is a lot of interest in the topic, "Can and should

mosquito repellent essential oil be used?" The Central Institute of Malaria,

Parasitology & Entomology's entomologists claim that the hospitalization of 4

persons from Hoa Binh was not caused by essential oil poisoning intended to

deter mosquitoes. The kind of chemical the family used was imported from

China; its main component, cypermethrin, has the effect of killing worms,
mosquitoes, and other insects in general. In reality, using essential oils to ward

off mosquitoes from plants like rosemary, lemongrass, mint, and lavender won't

be harmful to people and will degrade safely into the environment. Currently,

essential oils to deter mosquitoes frequently contain a variety of components,

some of which have active chemicals that have an impact on insects through

scent, causing them to get uneasy and either lose the ability to locate a human

host or fly away. To sting both people and animals.

Due to its low concentration, safety, and lack of unfavorable effects on

people when exposed and utilized, studies throughout the globe and in Vietnam

demonstrate that the present insect-repellent essential oil is essentially less

harmful. Utilizing essential oils to ward off insects has not been associated with

acute toxicity or clinical symptoms in Vietnam. A specialist from the National

Institute of Malaria, Parasites & Insects said in response to the question "could I

use essential oils to repel mosquitoes?" that it is feasible to do so. But for usage

in the home and on patients, only essential oils that have been examined and

approved by the Ministry of Health should be used the drug administration of

Vietnam (VNDP) must have registered the product and certified it, along with

detailed usage and dosing directions.

The development of effective and safe repellents against arthropods is

very important, because there are no effective vaccines against arthropod-borne

viruses (arboviruses) and parasites. Arboviruses and parasites are transmitted to

humans from arthropods, and mosquitoes are the most common arthropods

associated with dengue, malaria, and yellow fever. Enormous efforts have been
made to develop effective repellents against arthropods, and thus far synthetic

repellents have been widely used. However, the use of synthetic repellents has

raised several concerns in terms of environmental and human health risks and

safety. Thus, plant essential oils (EOs) have been widely used as an alternative

to synthetic repellents. In this review, we briefly introduce and summarize recent

studies that have investigated EOs as insect repellents.

A repellent is generally defined as a substance that discourages

arthropods from landing or biting human skin. The attractants for female

mosquitoes include carbon dioxide and lactic acid present in sweat, and the

resulting odor is recognized by chemoreceptors present in their antennae.

Insects detect specific scents via odorant receptors (ORx), which form

complexes with coreceptors (Orco) that act as ion channels. When an odorant

binds to an ORx, the Orco ion channel is opened, ultimately activating a sensory

neuron that detects the odor. Therefore, allosteric agonists and antagonists that

target ORx and Orco could act as potential repellents by disrupting the odor-

sensing activity in insects. Repellents, such as DEET, IR3535, and picaridin,

have been proposed to act as olfactory agonists or antagonists, via modulating

ORx activity, in the absence and presence of indole and octanol, which are

specific to these ORx. There are various suggestions for the mode of action of

insect repellency; however, the underlying mechanisms of insect repellency are

not clear, and it is still a controversial topic. Understanding the mode of action of

insect repellents and how repellents modulate odor-sensing will allow us to

design and develop better repellent formulations.

 Many methods have been described for the improvement of repellent

efficacies of EOs. The most cited general method to increase the effectiveness of

a repellent is to combine several EOs from different plants, leading to a

synergistic effect. The synergistic use of various components has been reported

to provide a higher repellent activity than that obtained with single isolated

components. A mixture of sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes present in different

EOs was found to efficiently enhance the repellent effect, comparable to the

effect of the sum of the individual components. Mixtures of EOs derived from L.

cubeba, L. salicifolia, and M. leucadendron led to a much stronger escape

response by Ae. aegypti than each separate single EO. EOs from Cryptomeria

japonica were more effective against Ae. aegypti larvae than the combined major

constituents including 16-kaurene and elemol. In addition, the minor compounds,

including 3-carene, terpinolene, and α-terpinene, exhibited superior larvicidal

activity against mosquito larvae. However, in some cases, the repellent effects of

a mixture of synthetic pure compounds were not higher than those of a single

compound. Moreover, synthetic blends formulated with major components of

EOs had much lower repellent effects than their corresponding EOs.

Interestingly, according to the reports on combined toxicity of Manuka, oregano,

and clove bud EOs and their components against mosquito larvae, an

antagonistic interaction between Manuka and clove bud EOs was reported,

whereas a synergistic interaction between Manuka and oregano EOs occurred.

Carvacrol has been proposed to contribute to the synergistic interaction between

Manuka and oregano EOs, whereas eugenol contributed to the antagonistic

interaction between Manuka and clove bud EOs [21]. Taken together, these

findings suggest that minor ingredients might play a major role in modulating

repellent efficacy, suggesting the importance of compositional complexity in

expressing repellency.

Essential oils are from plant’s extract. Essential oils are made from

distilled from a plant that is being use for making it. It is also made from the

different parts of the plants. It must comprise 0.8% or greater of the flowering

plant's dry weight, when it is distilled in that way by a law (Grow Fragrance Inc.,

2022). It is used in any way like inhaling it scent, used in diffusers and

humidifiers. But by using essential oils should observe safety precaution

especially if it’s your first time using it (Cronkleton, E., 2019).

Lavender Oil Repellent

There are many beautiful things to anticipate as the summer months draw

near. Unfortunately, warmer weather frequently brings with it an increase in the

number of insects in the area. Consumer data show that natural insect repellents

have gained popularity over the past few years. This is consistent with the rising

awareness of and desire for ecologically friendly, chemical-free products.

Fortunately, Essential Oils such as Lavender Essential Oil and Citronella

Essential Oil function perfectly to repel insects and to keep small animals out of

homes. Using these Essential Oils also provides a wide range of benefits beyond

that of functioning as a repellent (Clive Teubes Group, 2020). The benefits of it

are the aroma of lavender essential oil is powerful and calming, and it keeps flies

and other unpleasant small animals away. It calms skin rashes and bug bites. Its

aroma offers aromatherapeutic qualities that are believed to reduce stress, calm

the mind, and improve sleep quality (Clive Teubes Group, 2020).

One of the most well-liked and frequently used oils in aromatherapy is

lavender oil. It is well-liked since people think it has a variety of therapeutic

benefits and behaves gently. There are various lavender oils accessible, so be

careful to know which one you are utilizing. There are several methods for using

lavender oil to repel insects. Before using lavender oil as a bug repellent, speak

with a licensed healthcare practitioner (Sharon Falsetto, 2022). Insect and bug

repulsion is just one of the many advantages of lavender oil, which is also very

adaptable. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory effects can aid in the healing of

insect bites and reduce itching. Most effective against Bed Bugs, Fruit Flies, Lice,

Gnats, Spiders, Ticks, Fleas, and Mosquitos (isabellasclearly.com, 2021).

Linalool, a substance found in this essential oil and the plant from which it

is derived, emits a potent odor that is appealing to people but repulsive to

mosquitoes. In terms of testing, a 2009 study discovered that lavender oil had a

93% indoor mosquito repellent rate but just a 53% outdoor mosquito repellant

rate. When used in conjunction with other natural repellents, lavender oil is one

of the most powerful natural mosquito deterrents (Mosquito Review, 2022). The

smell of lavender is distinct and potent, which deters mosquitoes. Crushing

lavender flowers yields lavender oil. Lavender has narcotic, antibacterial, and

antifungal effects. In addition to protecting against mosquito bites, these skills

can calm and relax the skin. You can use lavender oil by dilution with milder oils,

lotions, etc. In-home diffusers can also be filled with lavender oil (NDTV, 2022).

The smell of lavender is distinct and potent, which deters mosquitoes.

Crushing lavender flowers yields lavender oil. Lavender has narcotic,

antibacterial, and antifungal effects. In addition to protecting against mosquito

bites, these skills can calm and relax the skin. You can use lavender oil by

dilution with milder oils, lotions, etc. In-home diffusers can also be filled with

lavender oil (ndtv,.2022).

There are many uses for lavender oil, and in addition to being one of the

most widely used and adaptable essential oils recognized for their calming

effects on our bodies, pure lavender oils are also highly respected for their skin-

loving properties. Esters, which are aromatic compounds with antispasmodic,

pacifying, tonic, antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, are

particularly abundant in lavender oil. To encourage everyday natural healing,

lavender oil's potent fragrant qualities can be used in the following ways.

Effective repellent that irritates your skin is useless that’s why one of our aim in

this experiment is that so produce a repellent that feels relaxed and comfortable

in your skin with the benefits of lavender oil It is easier to produce our aim

product.

The lavender essential oil has proven to be 85.7% effective as a repellent

against Culex quinquefasciatus for 8 h. Kulkarni et al. investigated the repellence

and larvicidal effects of lavender essential oils from Lavandula gibsoni against

adult Aedes aegypti and its larvae, the larvae of Anopheles sfttephensi, and
Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. The species of lavender contained α-

Terpinolene (22.22%) as the main compound, in addition to linalool (2.65%);

however, no 1,8-cineole, camphor, or borneol was present. At 2.0 mg/cm2, the

essential oil of Lavandula gibsoni offered 100% protection for a period of 7 h and

15 min against adult Aedes aegypti. For comparison, DEET offered 100%

protection for more than 8 h at 0.25 mg/cm2. Lavandula gibsoni produced 100%

mortality at 150 mg/L for the tested species, with LC50 values ranging from

48.32–62.79 mg/L.

Cossetin et al. found that the Lavandula dentata Lamiaceae species

contained largely 1,8-cineole (41.67%) in addition to camphor and linalool. The

essential oil was toxic to Musca domestica and Chrysomya albiceps adults at

concentrations of LC50 = 3.13 ± 0.64 and 1.39 ± 0.19%, respectively, at the live

weight (l/v), using the superficial application test. Toxicity was also found using

the oil-impregnated paper exposure test, with LC50 = 4.15 ± 0.64 and g5.14 ±

0.81%, respectively. At a concentration of 2.5% (m/v), the larvicidal effect was

observed on third-stage Musca domestica larvae.

Lavender essential oils are mostly used for their long-lasting fragrance on

textile products. The essential oil is typically coated onto cotton cellulose fabric

using an exhaust method. In this process, the essential oil is emulsified using

water and alcohol in the presence of a binder. This is followed by doping the

fabric in the emulsion, after which it is dried and cured at 120 °C. As in the case

of most essential oils, their effectiveness can be prolonged by encapsulation. It

was found by Aracil et al. that lavender essential oil encapsulated with melamine-
formaldehyde exhibited much greater washing fastness when crosslinked with

succinic acid compared to using an acrylic binder on cotton fabric.

According to Zack DeAngelis, CEO/Founder of Pest Pointers in his article

entitled “What Scents Do Mosquitoes Hate and How Can You Use Them?”

(2023), in order to repel mosquitoes with lavender, plant or place 5-10 plants in

areas you want to repel them. The more plants, the better. At times when you

need to repel mosquitoes, crush some of the lavender to release the lavender oil

inside, which will help to repel mosquitoes. The scent of lavender will waft

through the air and help repel mosquitoes. Lavender has a sweet, floral scent to

it with a woodsy undertone that many people find pleasant. Through the

connection between the mosquito’s antennae, the scent is detected and

transmitted to the brain which will notify the insect of a potential meal or another

less pleasant scent that will ward these pests off. Linalool is the active chemical

component found in lavender and is a type of terpene alcohol – a naturally

occurring product in certain plants. Linalool also helps give lavender its distinctive

scent. Because of its aroma, linalool is a highly useful ingredient or addition to

insect repellents.

Burhan et. Al (2019) concluded on their study of “Optimisation of the

microencapsulation of lavender oil by spray drying” that Lavender oil was

successfully microencapsulated into stable microparticles by spray drying using

gum acacia/maltodextrin polymeric blend. As the result of their experimental

study, Lavender microparticles of size 12.42 ± 1.79 µm prepared at 30 w/w%

polymer concentration, 16.67 w/w% oil loading, and 25w/w% gum acacia showed
maximum oil protection at high loading (12 mg w/w%), and encapsulation

efficiency (77.89 w/w%).

Cinnamon Oil Repellent

According to a study in Taiwan, cinnamon oil can kill off mosquito eggs. It

can also act as a repellent against adult mosquitoes, most notably the Asian tiger

mosquito. (2022 Yasin K. and Marcin A.) Cinnamon is a typical spice that has

been utilized by numerous nations throughout history. Cinnamon essential oils

can be extracted using a variety of methods, just like most other essential oils.

There are two major categories into which these approaches and methods can

be placed: traditional methods and advanced methods. One of the earliest,

simplest, and most popular ways to extract cinnamon essential oils is through

distillation, especially at commercial scales. Water vapors are utilized as a

solvent to drive the molecules of the cinnamon essential oil at boiling

temperature during the hydrodistillation of cinnamon bark or leaf. One of the

cutting-edge methods used to extract cinnamon oil and other essential oils is

supercritical fluid extraction. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-

assisted extraction are two other, more recent methods for extracting cinnamon

oil, primarily for small-scale and laboratory research (Khalid Haddi, Lêda R.A.

Faroni, Eugênio E. Oliveira, 2017). Because cinnamon has such potent

components, it is a potent essential oil that helps keep mosquitoes away from the

area where the aroma is present. Mosquitoes are put off by the strong aroma of

cinnamon and run away to hide (Pesky Little Critters, 2021).

 According to a Taiwanese study, cinnamon oil is an environmentally

benign technique to destroy mosquito hatchlings. It may even improve the

fragrance of insect repellent; however, whether cinnamon oil prevents adult

mosquitos from biting has yet to be proven. Sen-Sung Cheng, a natural products

chemist at National Taiwan University, and colleagues published their findings in

the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry on July 14. Organophosphate

pesticides are often used in current mosquito control operations. Because the

use of these agents has created health and environmental issues, Cheng and

colleagues sought an alternative way. Cinnamon leaf oils have been

demonstrated to prevent germs, termites, mites, mildew, and fungus, according

to the researchers. Cheng's team derived various oils from the leaves of a type of

cinnamon tree that grows in Taiwan. They tested the oils -- and their main

ingredients -- against the larvae of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This is one of the

mosquito species spreading dengue fever -- a viral illness transmitted to humans

by mosquitoes during the feeding process. They found that one chemical in the

oil, cinnamaldehyde, worked the best. At less than 50 parts per million, it killed

half the mosquito larvae. That's different than DEET, which is currently the best-

known mosquito repellent -- meaning it keeps the mosquitos from landing on the

skin rather than killing the larvae before they develop. "We think that cinnamon

oil might also affect adult mosquitoes by acting as a repellent," Cheng says in a

news release. Cheng says his team plans to test this theory. Because cinnamon

has such potent components, it is a potent essential oil that helps keep

mosquitoes away from the area where the aroma is present. Mosquitoes are put
off by the strong aroma of cinnamon and run away to hide (Pesky Little

Critters,.2021).

The researchers also expect that cinnamon oil could be a good mosquito

repellant, though they have not yet tested it against adult mosquitoes. Besides

being a summer nuisance, mosquitoes pose some major public health problems,

carrying such deadly agents as malaria, yellow fever and West Nile virus. While

conventional pesticide application is often effective in controlling mosquito larvae

before they hatch, repeated use of these agents has raised serious

environmental and health concerns. “These problems have highlighted the need

for new strategies for mosquito larval control,” says Peter Shang-Tzen Chang, a

professor in the School of Forestry and Resource Conservation at National

Taiwan University and lead author of the paper. Scientists are increasingly

turning to more benign natural chemicals to ward off mosquitoes and other pests.

Chang and his coworkers tested eleven compounds in cinnamon leaf oil

for their ability to kill emerging larvae of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes

aegypti. “Four compounds — cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol and

anethole — exhibited the strongest activity against A. aegypti in 24 hours of

testing,” Chang says. Larvicidal activity is judged with a measurement called

LC50. “The LC50 value is the concentration that kills 50 percent of mosquito

larvae in 24 hours,” Chang explains. Lower LC50 translates into higher activity,

because it takes a lower concentration to kill larvae in the same amount of time.

All four compounds had LC50 values of less than 50 parts per million (ppm), with

cinnamaldehyde showing the strongest activity at an LC50 of 29 ppm.

 Other common essential oils, such as catnip, have shown similar promise

in fighting off mosquitoes, but this is the first time researchers have demonstrated

cinnamon’s potential as a safe and effective pesticide, according to Chang.

Cinnamaldehyde is the main constituent in cinnamon leaf oil and is used

worldwide as a food additive and flavoring agent. A formulation using the

compound could be sprayed just like a pesticide, but without the potential for

adverse health effects — plus the added bonus of a pleasant smell. Bark oil from

the Cinnamomum cassia tree is the most common source of cinnamaldehyde,

but the tree used in this study — indigenous cinnamon, or Cinnamomum

osmophloeum — has been of interest to researchers because the constituents of

its leaf oil are similar to those of C. cassia bark oil. The leaves of C.

osmophloeum, which grows in Taiwan’s natural hardwood forests, could be a

more economical and sustainable source of cinnamon oil than isolating it from

bark, Chang says.

Though the team only tested the oil against the yellow fever mosquito,

cinnamon oil should prove similarly lethal to the larvae of other mosquito species,

the researchers say. In further studies they plan to test cinnamon oil against

other types of mosquitoes as well as different commercial pesticides. “We think

that cinnamon oil might also affect adult mosquitoes by acting as a repellant,”

Chang says. The researchers haven’t yet tested this theory, but they plan to find

out in the near future. The Council of Agriculture of the Executive Yuan, a

government agency in Taiwan, provided support for this research."

 A study by Chaiphongpachara et al. proved that cinnamon essential oil

was the most effective at eliminating Aedes aegypti larvae at LC50 = 0.03 ppm

and LC90 = 0.04 ppm. It is known to also control the larvae of Culex

tritaeniorhynchus successfully and Anopheles subpictus. In this experiment

cinnamon essential oil outperformed holy basil essential oil as a larvicide against

the 2nd instar larvae of Aedes aegypti.

Jo et al. developed a packaging material by microencapsulating cinnamon

essential oil with polyvinyl alcohol using emulsification, which was coated onto

polypropylene film by printing. The film was tested against Plodia interpunctella

larvae. At a concentration of 2%, cinnamon essential oil >95% repellence was

maintained for 30 days.

Nuraeni et al. proved that microencapsulation of cinnamon essential oil

with PVA provided an effective slow release of volatile components for up to 59

days. Cinnamon essential oil proved as a very effective repellent against Aedes

aegypti mosquitoes with a repellent dosage (RD50) of 75.92 mg. A major

improvement was made by blending cinnamon essential oil with geranium and

rosemary essential oils, which revealed a synergistic interaction, with an

estimated RD50 of 29.50 mg.

Cinnamon bark oil has a warm and spicy scent. According to research

published by research published out of National Taiwan University, researchers

found that Cinnamaldehyde, the primary organic compound in cinnamon was

effective at inhibiting the growth of larvae of yellow fever mosquitos.

 Cinnamon contains manganese, iron, dietary fibre, and calcium. It has

derivatives, such as cinnamaldehyde (CNAD), cinnamic acid, cinnamate, and

many other ingredients, such as polyphenols and antioxidants, with anti-

inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. Several

reports have shown numerous properties of cinnamon in the form of bark and

bark powder. Essential oils and phenolic compounds in cinnamon contribute

positively to human health. Studies have recently shown the positive influence of

cinnamon in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, arthritis, and

arteriosclerosis.

Wang et al. reported other major compounds in cinnamon: coumarin,

cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, eugenol, and cinnamyl

acetate. Tung et al. have also reported the presence of a wide range of essential

oils in cinnamon, such as trans-cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol, L-

borneol, caryophyllene oxide, b-caryophyllene, L-bornyl acetate, E-nerolidol, α-

cubebene, α-terpineol, terpinolene, and α-thujene. Cinnamon consists of a

variety of resinous compounds.

Sharifi-Rad et al., 2021 showed that the bioactive compounds of

Cinnamomum species possess antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-

inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects.

Cinnamon has been suggested for use as a repellent against insects.

Cinnamon oils and their components, such as cinnamaldehyde, are insecticidal

compounds that have been used against a variety of insects.

 Cinnamon leaf oil proved to be very effective as a killing agent for

mosquito larvae. The compounds cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol,

and anethole, which are ingredients of cinnamon leaf oil, were found to be the

most effective against mosquito larvae. The insecticidal and fumigant properties

of C. cassia bark-derived materials against the oak nut weevil (Mechoris ursulus)

were examined using filter paper diffusion and fumigation methods. In a test with

the filter paper diffusion method, trans-cinnamaldehyde showed 100 and 83.3%

mortality at rates of 2.5 and 1.0 mg/filter paper, respectively. At 2.5 mg/paper,

strong insecticidal activity was produced from eugenol (90.0% mortality) and

salicylaldehyde (88.9%), whereas trans-cinnamic acid had a moderate activity

(73.3%). At 5 mg/paper, weak insecticidal activity (50.0%) was produced from

cinnamyl alcohol. In a fumigation study, the cinnamon bark-derived components

were considerably more effective in closed cups than in open ones. The results

indicated that the insecticidal activity of the tested compounds was attributable to

fumigant action, but significant contact toxicity also occurred.

 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods used in the conduct of the study. It is

composed of the research design, research subjects, research instruments,

materials, process, and statistical analysis.

Research Design

This research is a quasi-experimental method of research. Quasi-

experimental method is to aim the result of certain invasion that was impact from

comparing units (The World Bank, n.d.). It also aims to establish the cause-or-

effect between the variables, but it doesn’t rely on randomize data. It is assigned

based on a non-random criterion (Thomas, L. 2020). According to Iowa State

University’s Library, there is a manipulation on the independent variable like the

experimental research but there is no active manipulator. In this research, this is

the appropriate method in which between the Lavender oil and Cinnamon oil

alternative repellent is more effective.

Research Subjects

This study will use mosquitoes, because that is the main factor of this

research. It is to prevent the mosquito to affect people with the disease it brought

to us. This study will test an alternative repellent, to prove and compare the

products that is being made. There is no specific type of mosquito that will be use

in this experiment. The essential oils that will used in this study is being bought in

stores and will used a simple method to make an effective product.

Research Instruments

The researchers will used the instruments that are relevant for this study.

The following are being used: (1) lavender and Cinnamon essential oils, (2) jars

for the mosquitoes, (3) distilled water, (4) ethyl alcohol, (5) plastic bowl, and

dropper and spray bottles.

Materials

 500ml of Distilled Water

  500ml of Ethyl Alcohol

 60 drops of Lavender Oil and Cinnamon Oil

 6 Jars (for mosquitoes)

 Plastic Bowl

 2 Spray Bottles

 Dropper

Process

Catching mosquitoes

Researchers catch mosquitoes in the same place, at the same time, and

in the same weather. They selected a favorable location and utilized the jars to

capture it; each jar contained at least three mosquitoes. When doing the

experiment, the weather was gloomy and the ground was moist after a rain, so

when the catching of mosquitoes is hard. Then the researchers switch location to

find a good one to catch one.

Purchasing an essential oils

It was difficult to find essential oils in any drug stores or establishments

that offer them, especially the lavender and cinnamon oils. When cinnamon oil

was acquired online, lavender oil was purchased at the mall by the researchers.

The price is also affordable for the researchers to split.

Measuring of the Ingredients

 The researchers decided to use a 250ml bottle of juice. That was utilized

by researchers to measure the alcohol and water ingredients. Each solution

contains 250ml of alcohol and water. To determine the weight of each essential

oil, we weigh them on a scale. Cinnamon weighs 1.46ml, while lavender weighs

2.15ml. The researchers make sure that the amount of substances is precise

when measuring them.

Combined the ingredients

Prepare and measure each ingredients/material that will be used. Pour a

250 mL bottle of water in each plastic bowl and add a 250 mL bottle of ethyl

alcohol. Lastly, 60 drops of Lavender oil and Cinnamon oil in plastic bowl. Mix it

and pour it in a bottle, then try to spray a small amount on your skin to see if it’s

okay for humans to use (Noonan, J., 2021).

Product Testing

After catching mosquitoes and combining the solution, researchers

proceed in doing the experiment where they’re going to use a cloth to prevent

water drops directly hit the mosquito and to prevent it to fly. Rather than spraying

it upwards, we used a technique where we tilt the jar and spray it side wards.

After, we put back the lid on and wait until the time limit comes. Originally, the

spray should be 3-9 times but after 2 times of trial and error, we finally get the

right amount of spray to get our ideal results. That is to why it is 35-45 sprays.
Statistical Analysis

The collected data was determined by using the formula of percent by

volume. To identify if the volume of sprays and the level of concentration gives
the effectiveness of the repellent.

volume of oil
wt = x 100
volume of total solution
 Chapter 4

RESULTS

This chapter covers the presentation and analysis of the data in this study.

These are the answers to the problems raised by the researchers. Interpretation

of tables of the results in the: level of effectiveness of Lavender oil, level of

effectiveness of Cinnamon oil, the significant difference between the

effectiveness of Lavender oil and Cinnamon oil, the solving and solution.

Table 1. Results of the Experiment in Observing the Efficacy of Lavender to

Mosquitoes.

Number of Sprays Time of Death Result

35 5 mins Not effective

40 2 mins and 12 secs Effective

45 2 mins and 10 secs Effective

Level of Concentration: 0.43%

Amount sprayed: 40-45 sprays

For the lavender spray, the data shows that using 35 sprays was not
effective in repelling the mosquito because it passed the time limit and the
mosquito did get dizzy but not killed. However, increasing the number of sprays
to 40 and 45 resulted in effective repelling times of 2 minutes and 12 seconds
and 2 minutes and 10 seconds, respectively. This indicates that increasing the
number of sprays has a significant impact on the effectiveness of lavender as a
mosquito repellent.

Table 2. Results of the Experiment in Observing the Efficacy of Cinnamon to

Mosquitoes.

Number of Sprays Time of Death Result

35 5 mins Not effective

40 3 mins and 19 secs Effective

45 5 mins Not effective

Level of concentration: 0.29%

Amount sprayed: 40 sprays

On the other hand, the cinnamon spray was not effective when 35 sprays

were used as it took more than 5 minutes for the mosquito to be repelled.

However, increasing the number of sprays to 40 resulted in an effective repelling

time of 3 minutes and 19 seconds. Although using 45 sprays was not effective in

repelling the mosquito, the mosquito died at 6 minutes, indicating that cinnamon

may have a potent insecticidal effect. Both 35 and 45 sprays were 5 minutes but

it is not effective because they already stopped the timer after it hits the time

limit.
Table 3. Significant difference in the Level of Effectiveness between Lavender

Oil and Cinnamon Oil in terms of:

LAVENDER OIL CINNAMON OIL

REPELLENT REPELLENT

LEVEL OF 0.43% 0.29%

CONCENTRATION

According to the date presented in the table, it can be inferred that the

repellent containing lavender oil at a concentration of 0.43% is likely to be more

effective compared to the repellent containing cinnamon oil at a concentration of

0.29%.

Solving

In getting the total solution, use the formula of

total solution = volume of water + volume of alcohol + volume of the oil

In getting the level of concentration, since they are measuring a liquid then we

will use the formula of percent by volume,

volume of oil
wt = x 100
volume of total solution

Solution

LAVENDER OIL:
 Total solution = v of H2O + v of C2H6O + v of essential oil

= 250 mL + 250 mL + 2.15mL

= 502.15 mL

v of essential oil 2.15 mL

wt = x 100 = x 100
total solution 502.15 mL

= 0.43%
CINNAMON OIL:

Total solution = v of H2O + v of C2H6O + v of essential oil

= 250 mL + 250 mL + 1.46

= 501.46 mL

v of essential oil
wt = x 100
total solution

1.46 mL
= x 100
501.46 mL
= 0.29 %

Therefore, they concluded that the Lavender oil repellent solution has the

highest chance of being more effective than the Cinnamon oil repellent solution.

The result of Lavender oil repellent has the highest chance to kill a mosquito

within the 5 minutes frame than the Cinnamon oil repellent, while increasing the

number of sprays turned the repellent less effective.

 CHAPTER 5

FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter covers the findings and discussion, conclusion and the

recommendations of the research.

Findings and Discussion

Findings of the study while conducting the research may include the following:

The researchers gather 6 jars with mosquitoes inside. Each jar was filled

with the exact number of sprays (35, 40, and 45) of Lavender and Cinnamon

repellent. 6 jars of mosquitoes were tested, and it is effective but some of them

did not die but are already dizzy with the smell of the repellent.

The lavender repellent only works after 40 sprays, 2 minutes, and 12

seconds, and 45 sprays, 2 minutes, and 10 seconds. With 40 to 45 sprays,

lavender mosquito repellent may repel mosquitoes more effectively. It seems that

the more sprays the researchers use, the greater their impact on lavender's

ability to repel mosquitoes. Cinnamon took 40 sprays, 3 minutes, and 19 seconds

to become effective. While increasing the number of sprays turned the repellent

less effective. It shows that the Lavender repellent has 0.43% and Cinnamon

repellent has 0.29% of concentration.

Hence, the Lavender repellent has a very effectively level of repelling

mosquitoes, compared to Cinnamon repellent. Also, the researchers simply

made the repellent at home, and it didn't cost a lot of money. The researchers

considered it to be affordable. Since the lavender oil cost 299 pesos, cinnamon

oil cost 180 pesos, ethanol cost 67 pesos, and distilled water cost 16.25 pesos to

purchase.

Conclusion

Based in the foregoing findings, the following conclusion were drawn by the

researchers.

1. The level of effectiveness of lavender oil repellent was proven when the

researchers tested the solution and got the results. In terms of level of

concentration that was solved using the percent by volume, they got the

results with 0.43%, and when being sprayed at the variable it should be at

least 40 to 45 times. And the product was the most effective than the

cinnamon oil repellent.

2. The level of effectiveness of cinnamon oil repellent was proven when the

researchers tested the solution and got the results. In terms of level of

concentration that was solved using the percent by volume, they got the

results with 0.29%, and when being sprayed at the variable it should be at

least 40 to effect but the more the sprays increase, the more it gets less

effective. And the product was the least effective than the lavender oil

repellent.
 3. The differences between both repellents’ solution in terms of level of

concentration were 0.43% and 0.29%, which we can include that the

highest one can surely repel mosquitoes.

4. The outcome of the alternative repellent products which is the lavender oil

repellent is highly effective to repel mosquitoes than the cinnamon oil

repellent.

Recommendation

The researchers recommend that:

1. Future researchers may compare the effectiveness of cinnamon essential

oil and lavender essential oil as alternatives to repel mosquitoes.

Researchers can use this experiment.

2. The lavender oil can kill the mosquito, while the cinnamon oil can repel it,

but the researchers are satisfied with the result because, either way, both

of the products can keep mosquitoes away no matter where you spray

them, but it's better to stock the mixture for as many days as possible so

that the repellent will be much more effective.

3. More in-depth studies on the action mode and chemical structural

modifications remain to be explored in the future.

4. Less alcohol should be used while manufacturing the repellent because it

may kill mosquitoes more effectively than essential oil does. To increase

effectiveness, use additional drops of the essential oils.

 CURRICULUM VITAE

SKYE SEBASTIAN P. ABAJERO

“Everything happens for a reason.”

ADDRESS: Deca Homes Cabantian

AGE: 18

GENDER: Male

CIVIL STATUS: Single

BIRTHDAY: November 08, 2004

BIRTHPLACE: Davao City

FATHER’S NAME: Garnet Abajero

MOTHER’S NAME: Jeanneth Abajero

EMAIL: skyeabajero@gmail.com
 ANGEL NICOLE KATE T. BAYATI

“Follow your heart but take your brain with you.”

ADDRESS: The Prestige Subdivision, Cabantian, Davao City

AGE: 19

GENDER: Female

CIVIL STATUS: Single

BIRTHDAY: August 22, 2003

BIRTHPLACE: Davao City

FATHER’S NAME: Jomer Bayati

MOTHER’S NAME: Connie Bayati

EMAIL: angelbayati@gmail.com
 FERNAN MARK T. BRIGOLE

“Being ALONE is better than getting attached to a temporary people.”

ADDRESS: Garnet Street Gem Village, Maa, Davao City

AGE: 19

GENDER: Male

CIVIL STATUS: Single

BIRTHDAY: November 03, 2003

BIRTHPLACE: Sibugay, Zamboanga

FATHER’S NAME: Federico Brigole

MOTHER’S NAME: Marilyn Brigole

EMAIL: abdulmuhaimin112003@gmail.com
 SANDY QUEEN D. DELA PEÑA

“It’s better to lose your pride on someone you love than to

lose someone you love over your pride.”

ADDRESS: Pioneer Gate 1, Buhangin, Tigatto Road, Davao City,

AGE: 17

GENDER: Female

CIVIL STATUS: Single

BIRTHDAY: June 12, 2005

BIRTHPLACE: Davao City

FATHER’S NAME: Sunny Dela Peña

MOTHER’S NAME: Janalyn Dainhay

EMAIL: queenbundat@gmail.com
 SEGFREUD ALEKSI L. NUGAS

“Laughing at the faces of adversaries makes you bulletproof.”

ADDRESS: Deca Homes Cabantian

AGE: 18

GENDER: Male

CIVIL STATUS: Single

BIRTHDAY: February 31, 2005

BIRTHPLACE: Davao City

FATHER’S NAME: Rey Nugas

MOTHER’S NAME: Lucia Nugas

EMAIL: segfreud@gmail.com
 RHEA MAE F. OCDENARIA

“Too young to rush things yet too old to waste time.”

ADDRESS: Jade Valley Buhangin, Davao City

AGE: 19

GENDER: Female

CIVIL STATUS: Single

BIRTHDAY: March 15, 2004

BIRTHPLACE: Davao City

FATHER’S NAME: Ricson P. Ocdenaria

MOTHER’S NAME: Annabellia F. Ocdenaria

EMAIL: ocdenariarhea@gmail.com
 SHEILA P. RAZONABLE

“You can do anything, but not everything.”

ADDRESS: Emily Homes Cabantian, Davao City

AGE: 18

GENDER: Female

CIVIL STATUS: Single

BIRTHDAY: December 09, 2004

BIRTHPLACE: Sabang, Lingig, Surigao del Sur

FATHER’S NAME: Leonilo G. Razonable

MOTHER’S NAME: Melissa P. Razonable

EMAIL: sheilarazonable6@gmail.com
 EDRIENNE CHLOE S. SALIBAY

“This moment, this unwavering first step, will mark the beginning

of something great.” — Kim Mingyu

ADDRESS: Deca Homes Cabantian, Davao City

AGE: 17

GENDER: Female

CIVIL STATUS: Single

BIRTHDAY: June 29, 2005

BIRTHPLACE: Davao City

FATHER’S NAME: Ediseo L. Salibay, Jr.

MOTHER’S NAME: Gee A. Senoy

EMAIL: senoyedriennechloe@gmail.com
 KWI JUNG HAN P. YUSON

“Always Say Less Than Necessary.”

ADDRESS: San Nicolas, Buhangin

AGE: 19

GENDER: Male

CIVIL STATUS: Single

BIRTHDAY: May 14, 2004

BIRTHPLACE: Davao City

FATHER’S NAME: Rodolfo Yuson

MOTHER’S NAME: Belinda Yuson

EMAIL: kwijunghanyuson@gmail.com
 References

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