1….

A nucleotide with an empirical formula of C10H16N5O13P3

(2) An organic compound that is composed of adenosine (an adenine ring and a ribose
sugar) and three phosphate groups, hence, the name.

Supplement

ATP is a nucleotide that contains a large amount of chemical energy stored in its high-
energy phosphate bonds. It releases energy when it is broken down (hydrolyzed) into
ADP (or Adenosine Diphosphate). The energy is used for many metabolic processes.
Hence, ATP is considered as the universal energy currency for metabolism.

ATP is produced via cellular respiration in the mitochondria and photosynthesis in

chloroplasts.

Its functions are for intracellular energy transport for various metabolic processes
including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. It is also used as a substrate
by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids, and by adenylate cyclase to produce
cyclic AMP.

Abbreviation: ATP.

2......

(1) A form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen in order to generate energy.

(2) The process of generating energy by the full oxidation of nutrients through Krebs
cycle where oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

Supplement

With aerobic respiration, glycolysis continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative
phosphorylation. These post-glycolytic reactions occur in the mitochondria in eukaryotic
cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.

Aerobic metabolism is more efficient than anaerobic metabolism in terms of ATP net
gain.
3......

(1) A form of cellular respiration that occurs when oxygen is absent or scarce.

(2) The process of generating energy by the oxidation of nutrients and using an external
electron acceptor other than oxygen.

Supplement

Obligate anaerobes strictly rely on anaerobic respiration to produce energy.

Humans, who are aerobes, carry out anaerobic respiration, especially when muscles
perform strenuous exercise resulting in oxygen debt The cells then turn to anaerobic
respiration to generate energy. Lactic acid and ATP are produced however the energy net
gain is less compared with that in aerobic respiration.

5…..

carbon dioxide bound to haemoglobin by means of a reactive amino group on the latter,
i.e., Hb-NHCOOH; approximately 20% of the total content of carbon dioxide in blood is
combined with haemoglobin in this manner.

6….