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LS
r
-VALUED GAUSS MAPS
AND
SPACELIKE SURFACES OF REVOLUTION IN R
4
1
Dang Van Cuong

June 1, 2011
Abstract
To study spacelike surfaces in the Lorentz-Minkowski space R
4
1
, we construct
a pair of maps whose values are in the lightcone, called l

r
-Gauss maps. We can
use these maps to study umbilical spacelike surfaces and nd parametrizations of
spacelike surfaces of revolution of hyperbolic and eliptic types in some particular
cases.
1 Introduction
It is well known that Gauss maps have been used as one of the most useful tools to
study the behavior and geometric invariants of hypersurfaces. The Gauss maps associated
with an arbitrary normal eld is particularly important for the study of surfaces with
codimension larger than one. This method provides a convenient way to study invariants
and characters of surfaces that are dependent or independent on . For instance, Izumiya
et. al. [6] used the Gauss map associated with a normal eld to study -umbilicity for
spacelike surfaces of codimension two in the Lorentz-Minkowski space. Marek Kossowski
[10] introduced two S
2
-valued Gauss maps, whose values are in the lightcone, in order

The author is supported in part by the National Foundation for Science and Technology Development,
Vietnam (Grant No. 101.01.30.09)
AMS Mathematics Subject Classication. 53C50; 53A35.
Key words and phrases. Lorentz-Minkowski space, spacelike surface of revolution, LS
r
-valued Gauss
map, Umbilical surfaces, Maximal surfaces.
1
to study spacelike 2-surfaces in R
4
1
, and the method was followed by Izumiya et. al.
[4] to study properties of spacelike surfaces of codimension two. By introducing the
HS
r
-valued Gauss maps called n

r
-Gauss maps, Cuong and Hieu [1] studied the umbilical
spacelike surfaces of codimension two in R
n+1
1
. By a similar way, it is possible to introduce
LS
r
-valued Gauss maps, called l

r
-Gauss maps, for the study of spacelike surfaces of
codimension two.
As an application of the l

r
-Gauss maps, in this paper we use LS
r
-valued Gauss maps
in order to study umbilcal spacelike surfaces of codimension two, especially when the
surfaces lie in a de Sitter. We are able to calculate the curvatures of spacelike surfaces of
revolution of hyperbolic and eliptic types using l

r
-Gauss maps such as l

r
-Gauss Kronecker
curvatures, l

r
-mean curvatures, and l

r
-principal curvatures. Then we specically describe
the totally umbilical and maximal spacelike surfaces of revolution and give their specic
parametrizations. The proofs of these results are based on two useful lemmas that involve
solving dierential equations.
From now on we assume that surface M is a spacelike surface of codimension two.
2 Preliminery
2.1 The Lorentz-Minkowski Space R
4
1
The Lorentz-Minkowski space R
4
1
is the 4-dimensional vector space
R
4
= (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
) : x
i
R, i = 1, 2, . . . , 4
endowed with the pseudo scalar product dened by
'x, y` =
3

i=1
x
i
y
i
x
4
y
4
,
where x = (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
), y = (y
1
, y
2
, y
3
, y
4
) R
4
. Since ', ` is non-positively dened, for
a given x R
4
1
, 'x, x` may receive negative value. We say that a nonzero vector x R
4
1
is spacelike, lightlike or timelike if 'x, x` > 0, 'x, x` = 0 or 'x, x` < 0, respectively. Two
vectors x, y R
4
1
are said to be pseudo-orthogonal if 'x, y` = 0.
The norm of a vector x R
4
1
is dened as follows
|x| =

['x, x`[.
For a nonzero vector n R
4
1
and a contant c R, the hyperplane with pseudo normal
n is dened by
HP(n, c) = x R
4
1
: 'x, n` = c.
2
The hyperplane HP(n, c) is called spacelike, lightlike or timelike if n is timelike,
lightlike or spacelike, respectively.
For a vector a R
4
1
and a constant positive R, we dene:
1. The Hyperbolic with center a and radius R by
H
3
(a, R) = x R
4
1
[ 'x a, x a` = R;
2. The de Sitter with center a and radius R by
S
3
1
(a, R) = x R
4
1
[ 'x a, x a` = R;
3. The Lightcone with vertex a by
LC
3
(a) = x R
4
1
: 'x a, x a` = 0,
if a = 0 we have Lightcone LC
3
.
2.2 l

r
-Gauss Maps
In this section we introduce the notions LS
r
-valued Gauss maps and curvatures for a
surface. Let M be a spacelike surface, parametrized by X : U R
4
1
, where U R
2
is
open and we will identify M = X(U) with X. The normal plane of M at p M, denoted
by N
p
M, can be viewed as a timelike 2-plane passing the origin. The intersection of N
p
M
and the Lightcone LC
3
are two lines. For each xed r > 0, the hyperplane x
4
= r
meets these lines exactly at two points, denoted by l

r
(p).
The maps
l

r
: M LS
r
:= LC
3
x
4
= r,
p l

r
(p)
are called l

r
-Gauss maps.
The vectors l

r
are the solutions of the following systems of equations

'l, X
u
i
` = 0, i = 1, 2
'l, l` = 0
l
4
= r.
(1)
It is easily to show that the l

r
are smooth, see [1]. Therefore, using the symbol *
instead of + or - , we have the following notions and facts.
The derivative of l

r
at p
dl

r
(p) : T
p
M T
l

r
(p)
LC
3
T
p
M N
p
M;
3
can be written as
dl

r
(p) = dl

r
T
(p) + dl

r
N
(p),
where dl

r
T
and dl

r
N
are the tangent and normal components of dl

r
, respectively.
So, we dene:
1. The l

r
-Weingarten map of M at p by
A
l

r
p
:= dl

r
T
(p);
2. The l

r
-Gauss-Kronecker curvature of M at p by
K
l

r
p
:= det(A
l

r
p
);
3. The l

r
-mean curvature of M at p by
H
l

r
p
:=
1
2
trace(A
l

r
p
);
4. The l

r
-principal curvatures of M at p by the eigenvalues of A
l

r
p
,
k
l

r
1
(p), k
l

r
2
(p).
Of course
K
l

r
p
= k
l

r
1
(p)k
l

r
2
(p),
and
H
l

r
p
=
1
2
(k
l

r
1
(p) + k
l

r
2
(p)).
We have some well-known facts:
1. The l

r
-Weingarten map is self-adjoint;
2. The l

r
-principal curvatures k
l

r
1
(p) and k
l

r
2
(p) of M at p are the solutions of the
following equation
det(b
l

r
ij
(p) kg
ij
(p)) = 0, (2)
where b
l

r
ij
(p) := 'X
u
i
u
j
(p), l

r
(p)`, i, j = 1, 2, are the coecients of the l

r
-second
fundamental form of M at p;
3. K
l

r
p
= det(b
l

r
ij
(p)).det(g
ij
(p))
1
.
4
Let e
3
, e
4
be an orthonormal frame eld of normal bundle of M, and let A
e
3
, A
e
4
be
the shape operators with respect to e
3
, e
4
, respectively, where 'e
3
, e
3
` = 1, 'e
4
, e
4
` = 1.
The mean curvature vector H is given by
H =
1
2
(traceA
e
3
)e
3

1
2
(traceA
e
4
)e
4
= H
e
3
e
3
H
e
4
e
4
.
It is easily to see that H = 0 i H
e
3
= 0 and H
e
4
= 0, which is equivalent to H
l
+
r
= 0 and
H
l

r
= 0.
Definition 2.1.
1. A point p M is said to be l

r
-umbilic if k
l

r
1
(p) = k
l

r
2
(p) = k. In the case k = 0 we
said that p is l

r
-at.
2. M is said to be l

r
-umbilic (l

r
-at) if every point p M is l

r
-umbilic (l

r
-at).
3. M is said to be totally umbilical (totally at) if every point p M is l

r
-umbilic
(l

r
-at) for every r > 0.
4. M is said to be maximal if H = 0.
3 Totally Umbilical Spacelike Surfaces
In this section, we study the umbilicity of a surface using the l

r
-Gauss map with respect
to a xed r.
Following the approach developed in the proof of Theorem 3.2 in [1], we are able to obtain
a similar result. Our method is based on the l

r
-Gauss map on the Lightcone instead of
using the n

r
-Gauss map on the Hyperbolic
Theorem 3.1. Let M be a spacelike connected surface. The following statements are
equivalent:
1. There exists a constant r > 0 such that M is l

r
-at.
2. There exists a constant r > 0 such that l

r
is constant.
3. There exist a lightlike vector n = (n
1
, n
2
, n
3
, n
4
) and a real number c such that
M HP(n, c).
Using HS
r
-valued Gauss maps, Cuong and Hieu [1] showed that a surface is totally
umbilical i it is -umbilic for avery smooth normal vector eld . Then the umbilicity
of surface was studied using n

r
-Gauss maps, especially when the surface lies in H
n
(0, R).
5
Some of these results are based on the linear independence of the position vector X and
normal vector eld n

r
. Unfortunately, when the surface is contained in S
3
1
(0, R), the pair
of vectors X and n

r
may be linearly dependent. Therefore, we use l

r
instead of n

r
in
order to study the surfaces in a de Sitter. The reader are referred to [1] for more details
of the proof.
Corollary 3.2. If M is contained in the intersection of a de Sitter and a hyperplane,
then M is totally umbilic.
Theorem 3.3. Let M be a surface in S
3
1
(0, R). The following statements are equiva-
lent:
1. There exists r > 0 such that M is l

r
-umbilic.
2. M is totally umbilic.
3. M is contained in a hyperplane.
Using l

r
-Gauss maps, we can nd some necessary and sucient conditions for a surface
lying in a de Sitter to be a part of a horizontal hyperplane (i.e. the hyperplane is pseudo
orthogonal to the time-axis). The reader are referred to Theorem 4.7 in [1] for more
details of the proof.
Theorem 3.4. Let M be a surface contained in S
3
1
(a, R). The following statements
are equivalent:
1. M is contained in a hyperplane HP(n, c), where n = (0, 0, 0, 1).
2. l

r
is parallel for any r > 0.
3. There exist two dierent parallel normal elds l

r
1
, l

r
2
.
4. There exists r > 0 such that A
l

r
= id, where is a constant.
The following theorem gives another necessary and sucient conditions for a surface
to be a part of the intersection of S
3
1
(a, R) and a horizontal hyperplane without assuming
that it lies in a de Sitter. The reader are referred to Theorem 4.8 in [1] for more details
of the proof.
Theorem 3.5. Let M be a surface in R
4
1
. The following statements are equivalent:
1. There exists r > 0 such that l

r
is parallel but not a constant vector, and M is
l

r
-umbilic.
2. M is contained in the intersection of S
3
1
(a, R) and a horizontal hypeplane HP(n, c).
6
Now we will study totally umbilical surfaces in the general case. Let us recall some
imporant notions and facts.
We denote

is the normal connection on the surface M. The normal curvature of

M is dened by
R

:X(M) X(M) X(M)

X(M)

(V, W, X)

[V,W]
X

V
,

X,
where X(M) is set of smooth vector elds and X(M)

is the set of smooth normal vector

elds on M; see [12].
It can be shown, as a consequence of the Ricci equation [12, p.125], that if p is an
umbilical point for some normal eld , then R

(p) = 0. Therefore, if M is totally

umbilical, then R

= 0 on M.
Definition 3.6. [13, p.6] A connection is called at if its curvature is zero.
Proposition 1.1.5 in [13] gives us the following Corollary.
Corollary 3.7. If M is totally umbilic, then for any p M there exist a local
neighbourhood U
p
M of p and parallel normal frame elds u, v on U
p
.
Using the notion in the Corollary 3.7, we have following result.
Theorem 3.8. Let M be a spacelike surface in R
3
1
, then the following statements are
equivalent:
1. M is totally umbilic.
2. For any p M, U
p
is contained in the intersection of a hyperplane and either a
Hyperbolic or a de Sitter.
Proof.
(1) (2). Sine u is parallel, their norm is constant, therefore it is either lightlike,
spacelike or timelike on U
p
. Similarly to the vector v.
(i) If u timelike then U
p
is contained in the intersection of a hyperbolic and a hyper-
plane, by virtue Theorem 4.3 in [6] and Theorem 4.5 in [1].
(ii) If u spacelike then U
p
is contained in the intersection of a de Sitter and a hyperplane,
by virtue Theorem 4.3 in [6] and Theorem 3.4.
(iii) Now we consider the case when both u and v are lightlike. Set
Z =
u
'u, v`
v.
7
Then Z is a smooth normal eld on U
p
and
'Z, Z` = 2, 'Z, v` = 1.
Therefore,
'dZ, Z` = 0, 'dZ, v` = 'Z, dv` = 0.
That means Z is parallel on U
p
. Similarly to (i) we imply that U
p
is contained in
the intersection of a hyperbolic and a hyperplane.
(2) (1). It follows from Theorem 4.5 in [1] and Theorem 3.4.
4 The Spacelike Surfaces of Revolution
In this section we will use l

r
-Gauss map to study totally umbilical and maximal spacelike
surfaces of revolution of hyperbolic and eliptic types in R
4
1
.
4.1 Useful Lemmas
We begin with two useful lemmas.
Lemma 4.1. If f

= 0 and g

= 0, then g = cf +k, where c, k are constants.

Proof. We have
g

= 0

= 0 g = cf + k,
where c, k are constants.
Lemma 4.2. The solutions of the equation
(u).

(u) (

(u))
2
1 = 0
are
(u) =
1

C
cosh(

C(u C
1
)),
where C > 0, C
2
are constants.
Proof. Set t =

(u). Since

(u) =
(

(u))
2
(u)
+
1
(u)
,
we have
t

() = (t())
1

(t())
2
(u)
+
1
(u)

.
8
That means
t

()
1

t() =
1

(t())
1
. (3)
Equation (3) is a Bernoulli equation and its solutions are
t =

1 + C
2
, C = const > 0.
That means

(u) =

1 + C((u))
2
.
The last equation gives us the result of the lemma.
Remark 4.3. Similarly, we can show that:
1. The solutions of the equation
(u).

(u) + (

(u))
2
+ 1 = 0
are
(u) =

C (u C
1
)
2
,
where C
1
, C
2
are constants.
2. The solutions of the equation
(u).

(u) (

(u))
2
+ 1 = 0
are
(u) =
1

C
sinh(

C(u C
1
)),
where C
1
, C
2
> 0 are constants.
3. The solutions of the equation
(u).

(u) + (

(u))
2
1 = 0
are
(u) =

(u C
1
)
2
C
2
,
where C
1
, C
2
are constants.
9
4.2 Spacelike Surfaces of Revolution of Hyperbolic Type
Let C be a spacelike curve in spane
1
, e
2
, e
4
parametrized by arc-length,
z(u) = (g(u), g(u), 0, (u)) , u I.
Let us consider the surface M in R
4
1
given by
X(u, v) = (f(u), g(u), (u) sinhv, (u) coshv) , u I, v R. (4)
We are able to dene the rst partial derivaties of X(u, v)
X
u
= (f

(u), g

(u),

(u) sinhv,

(u) cosh v) , X
v
= (0, 0, (u) coshv, (u) sinhv) ,
and the coecients of the rst fundamental form of M
g
11
= (f

(u))
2
+ (g

(u))
2
(

(u))
2
= 1, g
12
= 0, g
22
= ((u))
2
> 0.
It folows that M is a spacelike surface, which is called the spacelike surface of revolution
of hyperbolic type in R
4
1
. From now on we always assume that f

= 0, g

= 0 and

= 0.
Using the system of equations (1) yields l

r
= (l
1
, l
2
, l
3
, r), where
l
1
=
r

cosh v

g

l
2
,
l
2
=
g

rf

cosh v[(f

)
2
+ (g

)
2
]
,
l
3
= r tanh v.
Then the coecients of the second fundamental form of M using l

r
-Gauss maps are
dened below:
b
l

r
11
= 'l

r
, X
uu
` = f

l
1
+ g

l
2

r

cosh v
,
b
l

r
12
= 'l

r
, X
uv
` = r

cosh v. tanhv r

sinh v = 0,
b
l

r
22
= 'l

r
, X
vv
` =
r
cosh v
.
Solving the equation det

(b
l

r
ij
) k(g
ij
)

= 0, we obtain the following pricipal curvatures

of the surface M in term of the l

r
-Gauss maps
k
l
+
r
1
=
rf

cosh v
r

cosh v
+ r
g

[(f

)
2
+ (g

)
2
] cosh v
(g

+ f

) , (5)
k
l

r
1
=
rf

cosh v

r

cosh v
+ r
g

[(f

)
2
+ (g

)
2
] cosh v
(g

) , (6)
k
l
+
r
2
= k
l

r
2
=
r
(cosh v)
. (7)
10
Theorem 4.4. If the surface dined by (4) is totally umbilic, then it is contained in
a timelike hyperplane and parametrized by
f(u) =
1

C
sinh

C(u C
1
)

+ m,
g(u) =
C
2

C
sinh

C(u C
1
)

+ k,
(u) =
1

C
cosh

C(u C
1
)

,
where C > 0, C
1
, C
2
, k are constants.
Proof. From (5), (6) and (7), the umbilical condition for M gives us the following
equations:
k
l
+
r
1
= k
l
+
r
2
= k
l

r
2
= k
l

r
1
.
That means we have a system of equations

= 0
f

=
1

(f

)
2
+ (g

)
2
(

)
2
= 1.
The rst equation tells us that M lies in a timelike hyperplane. By calculating f and g
in term of , we have a equivalent system of equations

g = C
2
f + k
f

1 + (

)
2
1 + C
2
.

)
2
1 = 0.
The conclusion of the theorem follows from Lemma 4.1 and Lemma 4.2.
Remark 4.5. Using the change of parameters
t =

C(u C
1
), v = v,
we get a new parametrization of the totally umbilical spacelike surface dened by (4)
X(t, v) = (Asinh t + m, Bsinh t + k, Acosh t sinh v, Acosht cosh v) ,
where A =
1

C
, B =
C
2

C
, k, m are constants.
11
Theorem 4.6. If the surface dined by (4) is maximal, then it is contained in a
timelike hyperplane and parametrized by
f(u) =

C
3
1 + C
2
2
arcsin

u C
1

C
3

+ m,
g(u) = C
2
f(u) + k,
(u) =

C
3
(u C
1
)
2
,
where C
1
, C
2
, C
3
> 0, k are constants.
Proof. It follws from (5), (6) and (7) that the condition for the maximality of M
are described by the following equations
k
l
+
r
1
= k
l
+
r
2
= k
l

r
2
= k
l

r
1
.
Therefore, we have the following system of equations

= 0
f

=
1

(f

)
2
+ (g

)
2
(

)
2
= 1.
Similar to the proof of Theorem 4.4, the conclusion of Theorem follows from Remark
4.3.
Remark 4.7. Using the change of parameters
t = sin
u C
1

C
3
, v = v,
we get the new parametrization of the maximal spacelike surface dened by (4)
X(t, v) = (At + m, Bt + k, C cos t sinh v, C cos t cosh v) ,
where A =

C
3
1+C
2
2
, B = C
2
, C =
1

C
3
, m, k are constants.
4.3 Spacelike Surfaces of Revolution of Eliptic Type
Let C be a spacelike curve in spane
1
, e
3
, e
4
parametrized by arc-length,
z(u) = ((u), 0, f(u), g(u)) , u I.
Let us consider the surface M in R
4
1
given by
X(u, v) = ((u) cos v, (u) sinv, f(u), g(u)) , v R. (8)
12
We have the following coecients of the rst fundamental form of surface:
g
11
= (

)
2
+ (f

)
2
(g

)
2
= 1, g
12
= 0, g
22
= ((u))
2
.
It follows that M is a spacelike surface which is called the spacelike surface of revolution
of eliptic type in R
4
1
. We will assume f

= 0, g

= 0 and

= 0.
The system of equations (1) yields l

1
= (l
1
, l
2
, l
3
, 1), where
l
1
= cos v
g

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
;
l
2
= sin v
g

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
;
l
3
=
g

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
=
g

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
.
We are able to dene the coecients of the second fundamental form of M using l

r
-Gauss
maps.
b
l

1
11
= 'l

1
, X
uu
` =

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
+ f

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
g

,
b
l

1
12
= 0,
b
l

1
22
= 'l

1
, X
vv
` =
g

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
.
Solving the equation det

(b
l

1
ij
) k(g
ij
)

= 0, we obtain the following pricipal curvatures

of surface in term of l

1
-Gauss map, respectively
k
l
+
1
1
=

+ f

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
+ f

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
g

, (9)
k
l

1
1
=

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
+ f

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
g

, (10)
k
l
+
1
2
=
1

+ f

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
; k
l

1
2
=
1

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
. (11)
Theorem 4.8. If the surface dined by (8) is totally umbilic, then it is contained in
a hyperplane and parametrized by
(u) =
1

C
2
sinh

C
2
(u C
1
)

,
g(u) =
C

C
2
cosh

C
2
(u C
1
)

,
f(u) =

C + 1

C
2
cosh

C
2
(u C
1
)

,
where C, C
1
, C
2
are constants.
13
Proof. The conditions for M to be totally umbilic
k
l
+
1
1
= k
l
+
1
2
and k
l

1
1
= k
l

1
2
are equivalence with the following system of equations

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
(g

)
2
= 1 (a)
g

(b)
(

) = f

. (c)
(12)
It follows from (b) that
g

= C, C = const. (13)
Dierentiating both sides of (a), we obtain
f

= g

. (14)
After multiplying both sides of ( c ) by f

, we have
(

(f

)
2
f

) = (f

)
2
. (15)
Substituting both (13) and (14) to (15), we get a dirential equation in terms of the
function
(u).

(u) (

(u))
2
+ 1 = 0.
Remark 4.3 yields the claim of the theorem.
Remark 4.9. Using the change of parameters
t =

C
2
(u C
1
), v = v,
we get the new parametrization of the totally umbilical spacelike surface dened by (8)
X(t, v) = (Bsinh t cos v, Bsinh t sin v, Acosht, CBcosh t) ,
where A =

C+1

C
2
, B =
1

C
2
are constants.
Theorem 4.10. If the surface dened by (8) is maximal, then it is contained in a
hyperplane and parametrized by
(u) =

(u C
1
)
2
C,
g(u) =
C
2

C
arccosh

u C
1

+ m,
f(u) =

C
2
2
C

C
arccosh

u C
1

+ k,
where C, C
1
, C
2
, m, k are constants.
14
Proof. It follws from (9), (10) and (11) that the condition for the maximality of M
are described by the following equations
k
l
+
1
1
= k
l
+
1
2
and k
l

1
1
= k
l

1
2
Therefore, we have a system of equations dening condition of maximal surfaces

(f

)
2
+ (

)
2
(g

)
2
= 1 (a

)
g

(b

)
(

) = f

. (c

)
(16)
By using similar method for the soving to system of equations (12) we get a equation in
term of the function
(u).

(u) + (

(u))
2
1 = 0.
Remark 4.3 yields the result of the theorem.
Remark 4.11. Using the change of parameters
t = arccosh

u C
1

, v = v,
we get a new parametrization of the maximal spacelike surface dened by (8)
X(t, v) = (Asinh t cos v, Asinh t sin v, Bt + m, Dt + k)
where A =
1

C
, B =
C
2

C
, D =

C
2
2
C

C
are constants.
Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Prof. Doan The Hieu for his
guidance and discussions.
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Dang Van Cuong
Department of Natural Sciences
Duy Tan University
Danang, Vietnam
E-mail address: dvcuong@duytan.edu.vn
16