Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Data & information management Computer networking Applications of networking: Internet, Intranet
Objectives
Describe the three fundamental characteristics of computers Describe at least four areas of society in which computers are used Identify the basic components of a computer system: input, processing, output, and storage List some common input, output, and storage media Distinguish data from information Describe the significance of networking Explain the significance of the Internet Explain the various classifications of computers
Course Assessment
Quiz Test Assignment Final Exam 20% 20% 20% 40%
Total = 100%
Introduction to Computers
Computer hardware Input, Output & peripheral devices History of computers
What is computer?
An electronic device that can accept data (input), process the input to useful information (process) according to a set of instructions, store the instructions and the results of processing (storage), and produce the information (output).
Basic Components of a Computer System Other definition: A machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it into useful information (output), and store it away (in secondary storage device) for safekeeping or later reuse Process is directed by software but performed by the hardware
Information Age
Evolving more rapidly than Industrial Age Will continue into the current century
Jobs
Forging a Computer-Based Society: From physical to mental From muscle-power to brain-power
Computer Literacy
Awareness
Importance Versatility Pervasiveness in our society
Knowledge
What are computers How do computers work Terminology
Interaction
Use some simple computer applications
History of Computers
Man from centuries ago used a physical unit or sets of units to represent numbers or quantities. A number or a quantity can be represented by a physical thing, whether it is: a pebble a mark on a bit of paper a transistor an electrical relay a bead of wire
a vacuum tube
Results
Productivity Decision making Cost reduction
The Sciences
Research Simulation
Connectivity
Communication Telecommuting
Training
Airline pilots Railroad engineers
Paperwork
Junk mail Term paper Record keeping
People
Computer programmer person who writes programs Users or End-users make use of the computers capabilities
Software
Programs Set of instructions that directs the hardware to do a required task and produce the desired results
Computer Components
1. Input Devices - examples: keyboard and the mouse - data entered on the keyboard and temporarily stored in the computers memory and displayed on the monitor 2. System Unit - contains the electronic circuits that cause the processing of data to occur - consists of central processing unit, memory, (RAM and ROM) and other electronic components - CPU has a control unit and arithmetic/logic unit - RAM temporarily stores data and program instructions when they are processed
CPU cont.
- CPU consists of two main units :1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - arithmetic operations e.g. +, -, x, / - logic operations e.g. >, >=, ==, <, <= 2. Control unit - fetches instructions from memory - decode/translate instructions - executes the processing tasks - stores result in memory
CPU cont.
What happens in a CPU?
- CU fetches instructions from memory - CU decodes/translates instructions, directs necessary data to ALU
CPU cont.
Memory
- also known as primary storage, primary memory, main storage, internal storage, and main memory - Consists of RAM and ROM 1. RAM (Random Access Memory) - volatile; means the data exists only when power is ON - two types of RAM, dynamic and static 2. ROM (Read Only Memory) - non-volatile; means data permanently stored in and cannot be changed
Input devices
Accept data or commands and convert them to electronic form Getting data into the computer
Typing on a keyboard Pointing with a mouse Scanning with a wand reader or bar-code reader Terminal
Output devices
Convert from electronic form to some other form May display the processed results Usable information Monitor or screen
Text Numbers Symbols Art Photographs Video
Printer
Black and white Color
Digitizer - A pad with a pen-like stylus. - The tablet sends electronic signals to the computer, displaying the image drawn.
MICR
Images
Bar code
Hand Written
2. Output devices
- most common devices are monitor displays and printers - Two types of display; flat panel display and CRT display (Cathode Ray Tube) - Two categories of printers; impact and non-impact printers
Two Types of Storage Secondary storage long-term storage Primary storage or memory temporary storage
Secondary Storage
Long-term storage Non-volatile
Magnetic Disk
Secondary Storage
It is needed because Main memory stores data temporarily Main memory space is limited
Computer System
Computer
CPU Memory
Peripheral equipment
Connected to the computer by a cable Input, output, storage
Computer Network
Definition
A system that uses communications equipment to connect computers and their resources.
Types
Local area network (LAN) connects computers in close proximity Metropolitan are network (MAN) connect computers between buildings in the same geographic area Wide are network (WAN) connects computers over great distances
Home Connectivity
Connect home PC to other computers Use modem to convert signals between electronic (computer) and analog (voice) formats
Internet
Collection of networks No ownership No central source for services available No comprehensive index of what information is available Connects Everyone!
Individuals Businesses Organizations Libraries Research labs Government
Getting Connected
Users computer must connect to a server Server must communicate using TCP/IP The user can purchase access to a server from an ISP (Internet Service Provider)
Classifications of Computers
Use the computer that fits your needs Based upon
Size Speed Cost Portability Number of simultaneous users supported Available software Typical use
Personal Computers
Other names
PC Microcomputer Home computer
Categories
Low-end functional Fully powered Workstations Net computer or net box (Web TV)
Desktop Models
Notebook Computers
Portable
Lightweight Fits in a briefcase Battery operated
Laptop
Larger Heavier
Handheld Computers
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
Scheduling Addresses Handwritten input May offer wireless e-mail and fax
PDA Phone
More power than PDA Cellphone, GPS, MP3/MP4, Camera, Video, TV, Radio etc. Runs various type softwares, serving various applications
Supercomputers
Fastest speed Most expensive
Control Program
Job management
Data management
Supervisor
MS-DOS
DOS is the supervisor program of the computer It does all the followings
Interface to peripherals How to interpret input, how to process data, and how to produce output Application launcher Most programming software, games etc. use DOS prompt to run application Utility provider Manage disks and files, prepare disks for storage, copy files to a disk, to move or rename files, and to delete files
MS-DOS cont.
Using DOS prompt to get command from user Examples for DOS operation
DOS version/prompt type Modify date/time File and directory contents Clearing a DOS screen Going to subdirectory and back to root directory Searching for specific files Copy files from A drive / C drive
TYPES OF OS
Microsoft Windows (98, 2000, XP, Vista) Mac OS (X) Linux OS (Hundreds of even thousands of distros ex: Red Hat, Ubuntu, Mandrake etc. Visit http://distrowatch.com/ for listing of Linux OS) Unix OS etc.
TYPES OF BROWSERS
Mozilla Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari
Flock
Konqueror
Flock
understands - depends on different, specific hardware designs - it executes very fast, but is time consuming and difficult to understand - only programmer who has the knowledge of the computer architecture is able to understand the language
Compiler/Interpreter
(Source code)
(Object code)
To detect infection
COMPUTER NETWORKING
Network : Computers connected together to communicate among themselves.
Local Area Network (LAN) - Relatively small refers to the transmission media and computer hardware - The area is not exceeding 10 KM - It only uses one type of transmission medium - It share resources within building or campus
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - The network is larger compared to LAN - The area covers a city of 10 to 100KM - It requires efficient hardware and transmission media to cover these areas
Wide Area Network (WAN) - The network is larger than MAN and LAN - It interconnect LAN of opposite sides of country or around the world - It covers huge geographical area in the world
Modem
Modem
Router
Multiplexer
Host Computer
Multiplexer
LAN COMPONENTS
Every LAN is made up of a standard set of components:
LAN TOPOLOGIES
Topology: The physical connection among computers within a network - the topology is the configuration of the hardware and shows which pairs of nodes can communicate -there are three common types of topologies :Star topology Ring topology Bus topology
Star Ring
Bus
LAN PROTOCOLS
Protocol : A set of rules to access the network to send data.
Two common LAN protocols
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Transmission Media : The physical medium used for transmission.
Twisted Pair Cable Types of TM Microwave Transmission Coaxial Cable Fiber Optic Cable Satellite Transmission
Jacket
Colour-coded insulation
Inner conductor