PREFACE

This Thesis Writing Guide is published by the Centre for Graduate Studies specifically to assist students in thesis writing and project reports that are consistent with internationally accepted academic norms in terms of style and format. The specific use of the word thesis in this guide refers to the academic writings submitted in fulfillment for the award of the doctoral degree or the masters by research degree. All discussions in this guide also use the word thesis which refers to academic writings for undergraduate project (PSM), Masters Project Report and Research Dissertation for study by coursework and research. However, this guide is not meant to provide exhaustive formatting style for all form of references. If a specific formatting style that is required is not in this guide, please refer to the 5th Edition of the American Psychological Association Manual.

Centre for Graduate Studies Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia July 2009

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Centre for Graduate Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) would like to extend its appreciations towards the staffs who have contributed their efforts and ideas in the preparations of this third edition of Thesis Writing Guide. This manuscripts has been updated based on the second edition published in 2006. The Centre would also like to thank all parties who have been involved toward the publication of the manuscript.

iii

CONTENT

PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT CONTENT LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1 THESIS STRUCTURE AND CONTENT 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Thesis definition Thesis structure Thesis status declaration Viva voce examination panel Title page Declaration page Dedication page (Optional) Acknowledgement page (Optional) Abstract Content page List of tables page List of figures page List of symbols and abbreviations page List of appendices page Text 1.15.1 References in the text 1.15.2 Tables in the text

i ii iii vii 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 7 7

iv 1.15.3 Figures in the text 1.15.4 Equation in the text 1.16 1.17 1.18 References Appendices Vita 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 19 21 22 23

CHAPTER 2 SIZE AND FORMAT 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 Paper and size Margin Page numbering Numbering of chapters and sub-titles Typing Spacing and format Printing of documents Lettering and drawings Maximum number of pages Binding of thesis 2.10.1 Cover colour and letterings 2.10.2 Thesis cover 2.10.3 Thesis spine 2.10.4 Trimming CHAPTER 3 FORMAT OF REFERENCES 3.1 3.2 Introduction Citing references in the text 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 Writing cited information Writing the reference list Writing the names of authors Referring different types of sources

v 3.3 Referring to Electronic References 3.3.1 3.3.2 Citing references in the text Referring to internet sources 31 31 32 36 38

REFERENCES APPENDIX

vi

LIST OF TABLES

1.1

Structure and content of thesis

CHAPTER 1

THESIS STRUCTURE AND CONTENT

1.1

Thesis definition

The specific use of the word thesis in this guide refers to the academic writings submitted in fulfillment for the award of the doctoral degree or the masters by research degree. The word thesis is also used in general to refer to the masters project report and research dissertation, which are the documents submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of master by coursework or by coursework and research as well as the undergraduate project reports.

1.2

Thesis structure

A thesis is made up of several sections that are arranged in sequence as shown in Table 1.1. Table 1.1: Arrangement and content of a thesis
NO. 1 2 3 Blank Page Thesis Status Approval Examiners declaration page ITEM STATUS Obligatory Obligatory EXAMPLE (APPENDIX) A1/ A2/ A3/A4 B NOTE Unnumbered Unnumbered

2 Table 1.1 (continued)

NO. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Title Page Students Declaration Page Dedication Page Acknowledgement Page Abstract Content page List of Tables Page List of Figures Page List of Symbols List of Appendix Text Reference Appendix ITEM STATUS Obligatory Obligatory Optional Optional Obligatory Obligatory Obligatory Obligatory Obligatory Obligatory Obligatory Obligatory Optional EXAMPLE (APPENDIX) C1/ C2/ C3 D1 /D2 E F G1/G2 H I J K L M P NOTE Unnumbered but considered as (i) Lowercase Roman numeral (ii) Lowercase Roman numeral Lowercase Roman numeral Lowercase Roman numeral Lowercase Roman numeral Lowercase Roman numeral Lowercase Roman numeral Lowercase Roman numeral Lowercase Roman numeral Arabic number starting with page number Arabic number continued with text Arabic number continued with text Unnumbered

17

Vita

Obligatory

1.3

Thesis status declaration

The status of the thesis must be declared by completing the Thesis Status Form as shown in APPENDICES A1-A4. If a thesis is to be classified as confidential or limited, a letter seeking for the classification of the thesis must be obtained from the organisations concerned and submitted to the Dean of the Centre for Graduate Studies, Dean of Faculty or related academic centres. The approval letter must state the reasons and duration for the classification of the thesis. Three years are typical duration for the thesis to be classified as confidential or limited. Where the author classifies the thesis as unlimited, the University shall assume that the thesis is not confidential. Copies of the thesis can be made and used by the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.

3 1.4 Viva voce examination panel

The names of the members of the viva voce examination panel shall be included as shown in APPENDIX B. This page is not applicable to the masters project report or the undergraduate project report.

1.5

Title page

The title page must have information that is arranged in the following order:

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

Title of the thesis; Full name of the student; Statement on the purpose of the thesis submission; Name of the faculty or centre where the student is registered; Name of the University; and The month and the year that the thesis is written and accepted. Thesis for Masters degree by research and Doctor of Philosophy must be approved by the Senate Standing Committee on Examination (Graduate Studies). Whilst, others must be approved by the related committee. (Please refer APPENDICES C1-C3)

1.6

Declaration page

The declaration page contains a declaration statement regarding the originality of the thesis. It must be signed by the author. Please refer APPENDICES D1-D2.

1.7

Dedication page (Optional)

The dedication statements must be concise, not more than one paragraph and must

4 not contain any numbers, graphs or figures. Please refer APPENDIX E.

1.8

Acknowledgement page (Optional)

This page must be written in one page only. An acknowledgement is recorded for an individual or an organization that has provided their assistance either directly or indirectly in the preparation of the thesis. Please refer APPENDIX F.

1.9

Abstract

The thesis abstract is a short summary of the thesis. It should describe the rationale and objectives (problem statement), the methodology, findings and conclusion of the study undertaken. The abstract must not be more than 250 words for a Masters thesis or Masters project report and not more than 350 words for a Doctoral thesis written in two languages, Bahasa Melayu and English. For a thesis written in English, the abstract must be written in English first followed by its Malay translation on the next page. Do not include any literature review, unexplained abbreviations, limitations or suggestions for future research in the abstract. It must be written with one and a half (1 ) spacing. Please refer APPENDICES G1-G2 for examples on an abstract written in English and another abstract written in Bahasa Melayu.

1.10

Content page

A content page must begin on a new page. Information are given under the headings of chapters, topics and page numbers. Every chapter, topic and page number shown in the content page must correspond to the same chapter, topic and page number in the thesis. Sub-titles can only be displayed up to three levels only. Please refer APPENDIX H.

5 1.11 List of tables page

This page contains a list of all tables that are included in the thesis. Information such as table numbers, table captions and the corresponding page numbers where the tables appear must be shown clearly on the tables. The list of tables must be sequenced according to chapters. Please refer APPENDIX I.

1.12

List of figures page

All illustrations included in the text such as maps, charts, drawings, graphs, pictures and photos are considered as Figures. List of figures contains all the figure numbers, title of the figures and the corresponding page numbers on which the figures appear. The list of figures must be sequenced according to chapters. Please refer APPENDIX J.

1.13

List of symbols and abbreviations page

This page lists all the symbols, abbreviations, nomenclatures and terminologies used in the text. The order of writing them is as follows:

Roman letter -

alphabetical order

Greek letter

alphabetical order

Superscript

alphabetical order

Subscript

alphabetical order

Please refer APPENDIX K.

6 For further information on spellings and abbreviations, students are advised to refer to the latest edition of Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary published by Oxford University Press.

1.14

List of Appendices Page

This page contains a list of appendices that are included in the thesis. Please refer APPENDIX L.

1.15

Text

Text in the thesis must contain chapters with titles given and the titles must reflect the content of the text. Every chapter must begin on a new page. Chapters can be divided into sub-chapters with given sub-titles. Titles and sub-titles must be numbered. Please refer APPENDIX O. The total number of chapters in a thesis is not restricted. Generally, a thesis will have the following basic structure.

(a)

Introduction

This chapter contains the issues related to the thesis such as the research aim, objectives, scopes as well as the structure of the thesis.

(b)

Literature review

The literature review is a critically written and comprehensive account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. It is directly related to the thesis, providing information on theories, models, materials and techniques used in the research.

7 (c) Methodology

This chapter is an important chapter in a thesis because it explains in detail about the samples, instruments, materials, procedures and the data gathering methods used in the research.

(d)

Data analysis and results

This chapter explains about the data analysis techniques and results in terms of text, figures, tables, and/or others.

(e)

Discussion and conclusions

In this chapter, the writer will discuss the results and research findings by comparing them with the previous research works contained in the literature review chapter. Conclusions are drawn based on the research findings and their implications as well as future works are discussed.

Students who need to do translation are advised to refer to the latest edition of Gaya Dewan Bahasa dan Pedoman Translasi published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

1.15.1 References in the text

When an information or idea is taken from a source, the author of the source must be acknowledged in the text. References cited in the text must be written according to the style described in CHAPTER 3: REFERENCE FORMAT.

8 1.15.2 Tables in the text

All tables must be numbered using Arabic numerals. Table number must be linked to the chapter number (For example, Table 4.3 for the table number 3 in Chapter 4). The caption for a table is placed 1.5 lines above the table and written in Times New Roman font, size 12 without a period at the end and left justified with single line spacing between lines. The writings in the table must use Times New Roman font, size 10 and single line spacing between lines. If a table is more than one page long, its continuation on the next page must be labelled as Table 4.3 (continued). As an example, please refer Table 1.1, page 1-2. If a table is taken from a particular source, the source must be stated at the end of the caption. Please refer APPENDIX N. A table can only be presented after it is cited in the text. All tables that appear in the text must be listed in the list of tables as shown in APPENDIX I.

1.15.3 Figures in the text

All figures must be of high quality and numbered using Arabic numerals. Figure number must be linked to the chapter number (For example, Figure 4.3 for the table/graphs/charts, etc number 3 in Chapter 4). The caption for a figure is placed 1.5 lines below the table/graph/charts,etc and written in font size 12 without a period at the end with single line spacing between lines. If a figure is more than one page long, its continuation on the next page must be labelled as Figure 4.3 (continued). If the figure is taken from a particular source, the source must be stated at the end of the caption. Please refer APPENDIX N. A figure is best placed immediately after it is cited in the text. All figures that appear in the text must be listed in the list of figures as shown in APPENDIX J. Illustrations in a diskette, slides or other similar items must be placed in a specially made pocket attached on the inside back cover of the thesis. Illustrations with large dimensions such as plans and maps must be reduced in size to fit a single page. Illustrations must comply with the following conditions:

9 1.15.3.1 Photographs

Photographs used as illustration materials must be fixed in the text using high quality glue or better techniques.

1.15.3.2 Newspapers and others

It must be attached with a clear and high quality photocopied version.

1.15.3.3 Map and air photograph

Map and air photograph which are intended to be put in a thesis must have a written permission from the Ketua Pengarah Pemetaan Negara. All illustrations must be scanned and printed with high resolution coloured printer.

1.15.4 Equation in the text

All equations must be numbered using Arabic numerals. Equation number must be written at the end of the equation and linked to the chapter number (For example, (4.3) for the equation number 3 in Chapter 4). For example, y2= 3x2 + 3xy + C z = 10x6 + 9y5+84 + 7y6x5 + 6y5x4 + 5x4 + 4y4x3 + 3y3x2 + 2y2x + yx (4.4)

(4.3)

1.16

References

References are the sources referred to in a thesis preparation and cited in the text of the thesis. Thesis writers are required to list all cited materials in the reference list

10 (refer APPENDIX P). The reference list must be prepared according to the format described in CHAPTER 3: REFERENCE FORMAT.

1.17

Appendices

The appendix section gives an author the opportunity to include materials that can provide additional information in the text to support what is being studied. These materials include tables, charts, computer programmes and questionnaires. Here are some guidelines for the appendix.

(a)

Research data, tables, examples of questionnaires, maps, photos and others that are too long to be included in the text or are not directly required to comprehend the text can be put in the appendix section. Generally, tables and graphics which are more than two pages are suitable to be put in the appendix section.

(b)

An appendix can be labelled as APPENDIX A, APPENDIX B, and others depending on type and the quantity of the materials to be considered as appendices. Appendices can also be given specific titles.

1.18

Vita

Students must provide a one page Vita of themselves to be placed last, after the appendix. This Vita page is unnumbered. See APPENDIX Q for an example of the Vita page.

CHAPTER 2

SIZE AND FORMAT

2.1

Paper and size

Only high quality A4 size (210 mm x 297 mm) white simili paper, weighing 80 grams, is allowed for the thesis.

2.2

Margin

The margins should be 4 cm from the left, 2.5 cm from the top, 2.5 cm from the right and 2.5 cm from the bottom, on every page including the front page.

2.3

Page numbering

Number the pages according to the sequence given in Table 1.1. The page number must be written at the top right corner, 1.5 cm from the top and 2.5 cm from the right, measured from the last digit of the page number. The page numbering system must conform to the following rules:

(i)

Preface of the thesis, starting from the title page, must be numbered using lower case Roman numerals (i, ii, iii and so on); the text pages and the rest of the thesis must be numbered using Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on).

12 (ii) The first page of the thesis is the title page, which is an unnumbered page i.

(iii)

The first page of Chapter 1 is page 1 without printing the page number. The same applies to the first page of the following Chapters, where the first page is not numbered but taken into account for the purpose of numbering the subsequent pages.

2.4

Numbering of chapters and sub-titles

Chapters and sub-titles must be numbered using Arabic numerals. Chapter numbers are written as CHAPTER 1, CHAPTER 2, CHAPTER 3, and so on. Numbering of the sub-titles must not be indented, but arranged according to the level sequence up to a maximum of 4 levels as the example shown below:

CHAPTER 2

First level (Chapter number)

2.1

Level 2 (sub-title);

2.1.1

Level 3 (sub-sub-title);

2.1.1.1

Level 4 (sub-sub-sub-title)

If the chapter or sub-title at any level exceeds a single line, the spacing between the lines must be the same as that of the text. Subsequent sub-titles beyond the fourth level must be numbered using alphabets. The distance between title number and the title is one (1) cm irrespective of level of title (refer APPENDIX R).

13 2.5 Typing

The thesis should be typed out on a computer using Times New Roman font, size 12, according to Microsoft Word 6.0 or a later version, except for tables and figures (refer to 1.14.2 and 1.14.3). Words in a language that is different from the language of the thesis must be typed in italics. The spacing between horizontal lines in the text should be 1.5 line spacing. Text should be typed on one side of a paper only. Chapter titles should be typed with capital letters and centred between left and right margins. Each chapter should begin on a new page. Chapters and sections of chapters should be titled. Titles should be typed in bold without underlining. Only the first letter in the first word of the sub-title should be in capital letters.

2.6

Spacing and format

Students must adhere to the following guidelines in determining the spacing of text:

(i)

The spacing between the upper margin and a chapter title is 2.5 cm.

(ii)

The spacing between chapter numbers and chapter title, as well as the spacing between chapter titles and the first line of text is 4 lines.

(iii)

The spacing between sub-sections headings and the last line of proceeding text is 4 line spacing.

(iv)

The spacing between sub-section headings and the first line of the following text is 2 lines.

(v)

Spacing between paragraphs should be the same as the spacing between lines of text.

(vi)

Start a sub-title including the numbering from the left margin.

14 (vii) Start the first line of text of each first paragraph below the sub-title without any indent beginning from the left margin; following paragraphs should be indented 1.27 cm from the left margin.

(viii)

Do not start the first sentence a new paragraph at the bottom of a page if the space available can only fit one line.

(ix)

The spacing between words in each line of text must be equal. Therefore the text should not be justified.

(x)

The spacing between the last line of text and a Table, Figure or Illustration should be 2 lines.

(xi)

The spacing between the period (.) symbol and the first letter of the next sentence of the same paragraph should be equivalent to two (2) characters.

(xii)

The spacing after a comma (,) should be equivalent to one (1) character.

2.7

Printing of documents

Thesis must be typed using a computer and printed on laser printers or printers that have an equivalent print quality.

2.8

Lettering and drawings

Letterings and drawings should be clear so that copies made will be of satisfactory quality without loss of any information.

15 2.9 Maximum number of pages

The maximum number of pages for thesis are as follows: Undergraduate Project Report: Masters Project Report and Thesis: Doctor of Philosophy Thesis: should not exceed 100 pages should not exceed 150 pages should not exceed 250 pages

The maximum limits do not include appendices, tables, diagrams and other illustrations. Students who intend to write thesis that are more than the maximum limits, must obtain written approval from the Dean of Centre for Graduate Studies or Dean of Faculty (for undergraduate report) by submitting an application through their supervisors.

2.10

Binding of thesis

All thesis must be perfectly bound. A thesis can be temporarily bound (spiral binding) for the purpose of examination. The thesis can only be hard-bound after the approval of the Senate Standing Committee on Examination (Graduate Studies) or other(s) committee for the related programmes.

2.10.1 Cover colour and letterings

The thesis, to be submitted to the University must be permanently bound with buckram cover and gold letterings with regular Times New Roman font, size 18. The colour codes for the cover are set as follows:

(i) (ii) (iii)

Doctor of Philosophy Thesis: Masters Thesis: Undergraduate Project Report:

Black (585) Moss Green (557) New Blue (550)

16 2.10.2 Thesis cover

The thesis cover must be of A4 size (210mm x 297mm). The thesis title, the authors name and the word Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia must be written with capital letters on the front cover of the thesis, as shown in APPENDIX S.

2.10.3 Thesis spine

The abbreviated name of the University UTHM, the authors name, the year the thesis is approved and the level of study must be stated on the spine, as shown in APPENDIX T.

2.10.4 Trimming

The thesis can only be trimmed 2.5 mm on each side of the A4 paper during binding.

CHAPTER 3

FORMAT OF REFERENCES

3.1

Introduction

Sources that are referred to in the thesis, whether they have been published or not must be recorded. The source of information must be acknowledged in the text as well as in the reference list. Proper acknowledgements of references are important because they will help others in locating the original sources. Furthermore, proper citation can avoid cases of plagiarism. Acknowledgement in the text must be linked up to the list of reference using the Author (Date) system.

3.2

Citing references in the text

Whenever any ideas or information related to the work/research need to be referred in the text, the name and the date of the publication must be stated. A reference can be written in the sentence itself or at the end of the sentence.

(a)

According to the Author (Date) style, the year of publication must be placed in brackets after the name of the author. For example;

According to Mohamed (2005), a large proportion of scheduling problems in the various sectors such as economic and engineering can be classified with a class of problems known as constrained optimisation.

18 (b) If the reference is not cited in the sentence itself, the authors name and year of publication must be written in brackets. For example;

Therefore, research on effective solution method for constraint optimisation has become the focus of current research (Mohamed, 2005).

(c)

If the sources of reference is authored by two authors, state both authors name. For example;

Maintenance schedule has been researched for a long time, for example in the generation of power by Kralj & Petrevic (1995)...

(d)

If a reference contains three authors, state the three names the first time it is referred to in the text. For the second and subsequent times they are mentioned, only state the first author followed by et al. and year. For example;

A study by Alias, Black & Gray (2002) shows that engineering students have lower spatial visualisation ability than required. Since, this ability is important in solving engineering problems, it needs to be improved among engineering students (Alias et al., 2002).

(e)

For a reference that has four or more authors, only state the first author followed by et al. and year.

(f)

Use small letters (a,b,c) to differentiate between two or more publications published in the same year by the same author. For example;

19 An example of an application that used a constraint programming language is ILOG Solver by Puget and Albert (1994a). In addition to Puget and Albert (1994b) also find that the use of object is wide spread, especially within artificial intelligent programming.

(g)

Secondary sources is not allowed in thesis. Thesis authors must refer to the original reference source. An example of a secondary source is given below:

Ali (in Abu, 2000) emphasizes that ....

3.2.1

Writing cited information

There are three main ways to acknowledge the source of the ideas or informations in the text, namely (a) quotation, (b) paraphrasing and (c) summarising. The example given are based on the following excerpts: Biological time is not only scientifically important, but it also greatly affects the productivity and health of a nation. The cost to the nations health of working out of phase with our biological clocks is probably incalculable at present. In the short term, poor sleep, gastrointestinal problems, higher accident rate, and social problems are evident. (p. 1000) Source: Rajaratnam, S. (2001). Health in a 24-hr society. Lancet, 358, pp. 999 1005.

3.2.1.1 Quotation

Words of the author may be quoted exactly by the writer to support an argument. When a direct quotation from a source is taken, it should run into the text with double quotation marks if it is reasonably brief (three (3) or less sentences) with the end-of-sentence period in the normal place.

20 (a) Emphasis on the writer

In the emphasis of a writer, the authors name must be written at the beginning of the sentence. For example;

Rajaratnam (2001) concludes that, The cost to the nations health of working out of phase with our biological clocks is probably incalculable at present. (p. 1000). Furthermore...

(b)

Emphasis on the idea

In the emphasis of a idea, the authors name must be written at the end of the sentence. For example;

A lot of discussion was made on the cost of working out of phase with biological clock. The cost to the nations health of working out of phase with our biological clocks is probably incalculable at present (Rajaratnam, 2001, p. 1000). Therefore, ...

A quotation of more than three sentences must be set off from the text as a paragraph on its own with 1 cm indent, placing the period to the end of the quoted matter with no period after the reference citation page number. Single spacing should be used for block quotation. For example;

According to a renown scholar (Rajaratnam, 2001), Biological time is not only scientifically important, but it also greatly affects the productivity and health of a nation. The cost to the nations health of working out of phase with our biological clocks is probably incalculable at present. In the short term, poor sleep, gastrointestinal problems, higher accident rate, and social problems are evident. (p. 1000)

21 3.2.1.2 Paraphrasing

The paraphrasing method can be used to acknowledge information taken from the origin author by restarting the original word using different words without altering the meaning nor providing his/her own interpretation. For example;

Rajaratnam (2001) argues that, while the notion of biological time is of scientific importance, it is also economically and socially significant at a national level. He points to the health, productivity and social problems which may be attributed to individuals working out of phase with their internal clocks.

3.2.1.3 Summarising

The writer may summarise by using his/her own words to present the key points of an authors argument or ideas, without altering the meaning. For example;

In his conclusion, Rajaratnam (2001) points to the possible economic and social costs incurred by a nation, when individuals work out of phase with their biological clocks.

3.2.2

Writing the reference list

All sources of reference that are cited in the thesis must be listed at the end of text under the title REFERENCE. Do not use the word BIBLIOGRAPHY because it indicates a list of all sources that has been referred to including those not cited in the text. The reference list must be in alphabetical order. Two or more sources by one author must be listed in chronological order. For example a 2002 publication by Suradi must be listed before his 2007 publications.

22 3.2.3 Writing the names of authors

In general an authors name is written first according to the family or last name system (family) followed by the abbreviation for other names. This is a common system used in academic writing internationally. Examples on how to write authors name are as follows:

(i)

Name Written

: John Neville Pavlovic : Pavlovic, J. N.

(ii)

Name Written

: Mohd Noor Abdullah : Abdullah, M. N.

(iii)

Name Written

: Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas : Al-Attas, S. M. N.

(iv)

Name Written

: Malik ibn Anas : Ibn Anas, M. : Tan Beng Keat : Tan, B. K.

(v)

Name Written

(vi)

Name Written

: Raymond Tan Beng Keat : Tan, R. B. K.

(vii)

Name Written

: Srinivasan Venkataraman : Venkataraman, S.

(viii)

Name Written

: S. N. Gupta : Gupta, S. N.

(ix)

Name Written

: Pretam Singh : Singh, P.

23 (x) Name Written : Yasunori Matsufuji : Matsufuji, Y.

3.2.4

Referring different types of sources

In thesis writing, references can be of various types of sources. The following examples can be used as a guide to write the different types of sources in the reference list.

3.2.4.1 Book

The major elements that must be included when an article is taken from a book are as follows:

Author (Year). Title. Edition. Location: Publisher.

An example of a reference by one author;

Race, P. (2002). How to Get a Good Degree: Making the Most of Your Time at University. Buckingham: Open University Press.

An example of a reference by two or three authors;

Creme, P. & Lea, M. R. (2003). Writing at University. 2nd ed. Maiden: Open University Press.

Delamont, S., Atkinson, P. & Parry, O. (2004). Supervising the Doctorate: A Guide to Success. 2nd ed. Maidenhead: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press.

24 For publications that have more than one author, the word and and dan is replaced by the symbol &.

If the book has an editor, the name of the editor must also be written. The general format is as follows:

Editor (Eds.) (Year). Title. Location: Publisher.

As an example;

Martin, A.M. (Ed.) (1991). Peat As an Agent in Biological Degradation of Waste. London: Elsevier.

The page numbers are required if the editor edits part of the book.

As an example;

Lees, R. H. (Eds.) (1974). Chemical Nomenclature Usage. Chischester: Ellis Horwood. pp. 314-362.

3.2.4.2 Article in a book

The major elements that must be included when an article is taken from a book are as follows:

Author (Year). Article title. in Author. Book Title. Location: Publisher. page.

For example;

Sarmani, S. (1987). Pencemaran Radioaktif. in Mohamad, A. B. (Ed.). Perspektif Persekitaran. Petaling Jaya: Fajar Bakti. pp. 71 -87.

25 3.2.4.3 Article in a journal

The major elements that must be include when an article is taken from a journal are as follows:

Author (Year). Article title. Journal Title, vol. no.(issue no.), page.

For example;

Mikac, N. & Branica, M. (1994). Complexation of trialkyllead with diethyldithiocarbonate. Electroanalysis, 6(2), pp. 37 43.

3.2.4.4 Corporate document

The general format for a corporate document is as follows:

Corporates name (Year). Title of Document. Location: Publisher.

For example;

Women Law Centre (2002). Promise Still Owned to the Nation Young Women. Washington DC: Women Law Centre.

Engineers Joint Council (1969). Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms. New York: Engineers Joint Council. If there is an editor, the general format is as follows:

Editor (Ed.) (Year). Document Title. Location. Publisher.

For example;

Thomas, R. (Ed.) (1978). Handbook for Authors of

26 American Chemical Society Publications. Washington, D. C.: American Chemical Society

3.2.4.5 Thesis

The major elements that must be included when the information is taken from a thesis are as follows:

Author (Year). Title. Name of Institution: Level of Thesis.

For examples;

Abdullah, M. K. (1989). Modeling of Swirling Fluidized Bed Hydrodynamic Characteristics. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia: Ph.D. Thesis.

Mat Ali, A. (2008). Hubungan antara Gaya Pembelajaran Pelajar Kejuruteraan dan Pencapaian Akademik. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia: Masters Thesis

Mohamed, B. (2008). Design of Pavement on Soft Soil. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia: Masters Project Report.

3.2.4.6 Proceedings

The general format for writing a reference from a proceeding is as follows:

Author (Year). Title. Proceedings. Location: Publisher. page.

For example;

Alias, M. (2006). The Effects of Teacher Generated Concept Maps on Learning of Secondary School Physics. Proc. of the Second Int. Conf.

27 on Concept Mapping. San Jose. Universidad de Costa Rica. pp. 550557.

3.2.4.7 Laws

The major elements that must be included when the information is taken from a law article are as follows:

Country (Year). Title of Laws: Number of Laws.

For example;

Malaysia (1983). Perintah Monumen Lama dan Tapak Tanah Bersejarah: P.U.(A)41 1983.

3.2.4.8 Standards

The major elements that must be included when the information is taken from a standard are as follows:

Name of Institution (Year). Title of Standard. Location: Number of Standard.

For example;

British Standards Institution (1987). Tongued and Grooved Software Flooring. London: BS 1297.

3.2.4.9 Patent

The major elements that must be included when the reference is a patent are as follows:

28 Owner (Year). Title of Patent. Number of Patent.

For example;

Lindgren, E. A. (1960). Screen Room Air Inlet and Wave Guard. U.S. Patent 2, 925, 457.

3.2.4.10 Commercial catalogue

The major elements that must be included when the information is taken from a catalogue are as follows:

Producer (Year). Title. Location: Note.

For example;

Howick Partitioning Ltd. (1984). Howick: Partitioning in Business. Redhill (U.K.): Trade Brochure.

3.2.4.11 Measured technical drawing

The major elements that must be included when information is taken from a measured technical drawing are as follows:

Author (Year). Title. Location. Reference Number. Note.

For example;

Sulaiman, Z. (2006). Double Story Building: Perspective View. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. LT10-2006. Technical Drawing.

29 3.2.4.12 Newspaper

The major elements that must be included when an article is taken from a newspaper are as follows:

Author (Date). Title of article. Name of Newspaper. page.

For example;

Latiff, A. B. A. (2001, Februari 14). Hatinya telah dimiliki. Utusan Mingguan. p. 12.

3.2.4.13 Unpublished sources

Any unpublished sources used in the thesis should be written with the word Unpublished added at the end.

3.2.4.14 Translated sources

The following elements are included in a translated source,

Original author's name. (Year of translation). Title of book (Name of translator, Trans.). Place of Publication: Publisher. (Original work published date)

For example;

Freud, S. (1970). An outline of psychoanalysis (Strachey, J., Trans.). New York: Norton. (Original work published 1940)

30 3.2.3.15 Interview

An interview is not considered recoverable data, so no reference to this is provided in the Reference list. You may, however, cite the interview within the text as a personal communication. For example;

...students are not interested in community services (Hassan, A. R., personal communication, August 15, 2006)

3.3

Referring to electronic sources

The internet provides a vast opportunity for obtaining information. All Internet information obtained from sources that are cited in the text must be duly acknowledged in the text as well as in the reference list.

3.3.1

Citing references in the text

When quoting from an Internet source, use page number if available. If page numbers are not available use other identifying information such as paragraph number. For example;

It was concluded that, The cost to the nations health of working out of phase with our biological clocks is probably incalculable at present. (Rajaratnam, 2001, para. 23).

If paragraph number is not available, list the heading from where the quotation is taken and count the paragraphs starting from the heading to the correct location of the quotation. For example;

31 It was concluded that, The cost to the nations health of working out of phase with our biological clocks is probably incalculable at present. (Rajaratnam, 2001, Results, para. 3).

3.3.2

Referring to Internet sources

In order to refer to an Internet source, in addition to providing the information as for print media, you need to provide as much electronic retrieval information as possible to enable others to locate the original source that you cite. The generic style for writing the reference for most websites is as follows:

Author (Year). Italicized Title of Work: With Sub-title If Available. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

However, the information presented on the Internet is prone to being changed or moved from time to time which may cause broken links. Some articles have Digital Object Identifier (DOI) assigned to them. If a DOI is provided, use it instead of the URL.

Example of a reference with a DOI is given bellow.

Kinchin, I. (2006). Developing PowerPoint handouts to support meaningful learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 0(0). Retrieved August 23, 2007, from doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2006.00536.x

3.3.2.1 Online articles based on printed sources

The major elements that must be included when information is taken from an online article in a journal based on printed sources are as follows:

Author. (Year). Title [electronic version]. Name of Journal, Vol. (Issue), pages. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

32 For example;

Goodman, A. B., Badman, C., & Wiseman, D. (2000). Water conservation: The potential of rain harvesting [electronic version]. Journal of Environmental Issues, 24(2),12-15. Retrieved August 23, 2007, from http://ibj.cbj.net

3.3.2.2 Magazines or journal articles available on the Internet only

The major elements that must be included when an article is taken from a magazine or journal available on the Internet only are as follows:

Author. (Year). Title. Magazine or Journal, Volume (issue), page (if available). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

For example;

Alias, M. & Mohd Zain, A. F. (2006). Relationship between entry qualifications and performance in graduate education. International Education Journal, 7(3), 371-378. Retrieved September 12, 2007, from http://iej.cbj.net

3.3.2.3 Journals or magazines from a database

The major elements that must be included when an article is taken from a journal or magazine from a database are as follows:

Authors name. (Year). Title. Name of magazine or journal, Vol. no. (issue no.), pages. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from database, Article number.

33 For example;

Black E. & Brown, K. (2002). Predicting CPA from continuous assessments. The Journal of Higher Education, 23(2), 24. Retrieved April 17, 2006, from XYZ College Edition database, A12345.

3.3.2.4 Articles from newspapers (electronic version)

The major elements that must be included when an article is taken from a newspaper are as follows:

Author. (Year, Month Day). Title. Newspaper. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

For example;

Latiff, A. B. (2001, February 14). Hatinya telah dimiliki. Utusan Mingguan. Retrieved July 1, 2005, from http://www.utusan.com.my

3.3.2.5 Government documents from the Internet

The major elements that must be included when an article is taken from a government document obtained via the Internet are as follows:

Agency. (Date). Title. (information/publishing code). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from organisation URL

For example;

Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. (1999, February). Kependudukan: Tercapaikah Angka 70 Juta Seperti Yang Disasarkan. (Publication No. JPM/12.13/99-67). Retrieved June15, 2003, from JPM website via

34 GOV Access http://www.jpm.gov.my/ab_docs/aces120.shtml?/jpm/index.html

3.3.2.6 Complex documents from websites (authors are known)

The major elements that must be included when an article is taken from a complex documents from websites (authors are known) are as follows: :

Author. (Year). Title. Retrieved Month, Day, Year, from Business sponsor, agency or activity: URL

For example;

Sunflower, S.S., Orchid, W.W., & Roses, G.G. (2000). The Colour of Flowers: Is it the Colour of it that Brings the Special Meanings. Retrieved July 20, 2006, from Botanical Guide 2000/2001 at Agensi Pengkaji Flora dan Fauna Malaysia: http://www.florafauna.org.my/apff/colourofflowers.htm

3.3.2.7 Adobe Acrobat Documents on Internet (PDF)

The major elements that must be included when taken from an Adobe Acrobat document are as follows:

Author or sponsor (year). Title or Part of Page. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from page number at URL

For example;

Moore, A., (2006). Decision trees: What is data mining? Statistical Data Mining Tutorials. Retrieved April 2, 2006, from p. 12 at http://www.autonlab.org/tutorials/dtree18.pdf

35 An example of a reference list according to the Author (Date) System is given in APPENDIX P.

REFERENCES

American Psychological Association (2004). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 5th edition. Wisconsin, USA: George Banta Comp.

British Standard Institution (1990). British Standard Recommendations for the Presentation of Theses and Dissertation. London: BS4821.

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (1990). Gaya dewan bahasa. Kuala Lumpur.

Modern Language Association (1977). MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses and Dissertations. New York: Modern Language Association.

Hornby, A.S. (1994). Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Turabian K. L. (1973). A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, theses and dissertations. 4th edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (2004). Panduan Menulis Tesis. Pusat Pengajian Siswazah.

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (1989). Panduan Penulisan Tesis Untuk Pelajar UTM. Perpustakaan Sultanah Zanariah.

37

WordNet (2006). WordNet Search 2.1. Retrieved November 30, 2006, from http://wordnet.princeton.edu