ENDOCRINOLOGY

PRESENTED BY
ANKITA PATNAIK K.YAZHINI

ENDOCRINE GLANDS
 PITUITARY GLAND-1  THYROID GLAND-1  PARATHYROID

GLAND-4  ADRENAL (SUPRARENAL) GLAND-2  PANCREATIC ISLETS (ISLETS OF LANGERHANS)  PINEAL GLAND OR

Adrenal Gland
 2 adrenal glands situated on the upper pole of

each kidney.  Its composed of 2 parts

 Adrenal cortex  Adrenal medulla

1. Adrenal cortex  Glucocorticoids

cortisol, corticosterone. regulation of carbohydrate metabolism formation and storage of glycogen gluconeogenesis promotion of sodium and water reabsorption

 Mineralocorticoids
aldosterone- renin-angiotensin

 Androgens

2. Adrenal medulla  Adrenalin constricting skin blood vessels dilating blood vessels of heart and brain dilating the pupils  Noradrenalin maintain blood pressure by general vasoconstriction

Pancreatic Islets
 3 types of cells:

cells- glucagon cells- insulin cells- somatostatin

Glucagonincreases the blood glucose levels

InsulinMaintains the blood glucose level

Somatostatininhibit the secretion of both insulin and glucagon

Pineal Gland
 Situated under the brain

behind the third ventricle.

 Melatonin hormone

-coordination of the circadian and diurnal rhythms. - inhibition of growth and development of sex organs

Thymus Gland
 It lies in the upper part of

the mediastinum behind sternum  Thymosin hormonedevelopment of Tlymphocytes- cell mediated immunity

OVARIES
Progesterone  Convert endometrium to secretory stage  Make cervical mucus permeable to sperm.  Inhibit immune response, e.g., towards the human embryo  Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility  Inhibit lactation  Inhibit onset of labor Estrogens  Regulate salt (sodium) and water retention  Increase growth hormone

DISORDERS
 Adrenal cortex- cushing s syndrome,

hyposecretion of glucocorticoids, hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids, addison s disease  Adrenal medulla- tumoursphaeochromocytoma, neuroblastoma  Pancreatic Islets- diabetes mellitus- type I, type II