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fjí( womenandmedia.org
f*ianqla( https://www.facebook.com/womenandmediacollective
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foaYmd,k leue;a; iy wkql+,;djh i|yd ;j
fndfyda ÿrla hd hq;=j ;sfí¡ 2018 fmnrjdß m<d;a
md,k ue;sjrKfhka wk;=rej ldka;d fldagdjg
tfrysj we;sjQ ksfYaOkd;aul m%;sl%shdfõ§ wm fuh
w;a ÿgqfjuq¡ tneúka m%cd;ka;%jdoh Yla;su;a ù
fjr .ekafjk mßÈ foaYmd,k wdKavqlrKfha iEu
uÜgul§u idOdrK ksfhdackhlg we;s whs;sh
ldka;djkag iy;sl l< hq;=h hk wjfndaOh
f.dvk.k w;r, wm fldagdj wdrlaId lr
.; hq;=h¡ ta w;ru jvd mq¿,a iudc fjkialï
isÿùug bv we;s foaYmd,k fjkialï iu.
tl úg isÿ ùu wjYH fõ¡ ia;%S mqreI iudcNdù
wiudk;d w¾:dkaú;j fjkia lsÍu ms‚i rdcH
iy mqoa.,sl lafI;%hkays Y%ufha ,sx.sl úNdckh
ms<sn| ixcdkkh iy h:d¾;h we;=¨j ia;%S mqreI
iudcNdjhg mdol jQ jHqyd;aul fya;= ^jd¾.sl,
wd.ñl, mx;s iy l=, wkqj fjkia fldg ie,lSï
iy mqreI uQ,sl jHqyhka& ioyd ms<shï fhÈh hq;=h¡

fuu wOHhkh
fuu m¾fhaIK wOHhkh uekeúka ksrEmKh
lrk mßÈ foaYmd,kfha ksr;ùfï ld¾fha§ msßñka
yd iudkj ldka;djkag o iyNd.s ùug yels jk
mßÈ ldka;d ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul jeäúula
lrd .uka lrk w;ru, ldka;d fldagdfõ jdisodhl
;;a;ajhka ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lr.ksñka m<d;a md,k
uÜgñka ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka iu. isÿlrk
lghq;= wLKavj mj;ajd .ekSu ;SrKd;aul jk w;r
by< kexjqKq ks;H ksfhdackh iy jvd m%cd;ka;%jd§
iy ish,a,kau we;=,;a foaYmd,k ixialD;shla lrd
.uka lsÍug wmg yelsh’ Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,kfha
ksr; ldka;djka ms<sn|j jQ mq¿,a mrdihl úoaj;a
m¾fhaIK˜ foaYmd,khg msúiSu i|yd iy ksfhdað;
foaYmd,kfha ;u ia:dkh mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd
ldka;djka uqyqK § we;s wNsfhda. rdYshla fndfyda
l,l isg y÷kdf.k we;’ 2018 m<d;a md,k
ue;sjrKh wjika ù ldka;djka 1991 fofkl= m<d;a
md,k foaYmd,khg msúis jydu isÿlrkq ,enQ fuu
wOHhkh kdufhdackd ,nd.ekSfï, ue;sjrKh ;rÕ
lsÍfï, fldÜGdY wdik Èkd .ekSfï, w;sf¾l ,ehsia;=
yryd m;alrkq ,eîfï iy m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,
iNslhka f,i lghq;= lsÍfï wNsfhda.hkag id¾:lj
uqyqK ÿka ldka;d foaYdmd,k{hkaf.a mq¿,a w;aoelSï
úuid n,hs’ Bg wu;rj, foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha
iajNdjh ms<sn| mq¿,a iuld,Sk foaYmd,k ixjdoh,
foaYmd,k mlaIj, ld¾hNdrh, foaYmd,k mlaI
úiska isÿlrkq ,nk iQlaIu ue;sjrK fufyhqï,
ue;sjrKj, iajNdjh iy ue;sjrK m%pdrKh
ms<sn| ixo¾Nh ;=< ue;sjrKh ;rÕ l< ldka;d
vii
foaYmd,k{hkaf.a miqìu iïnkaOfhka m%n,
wka;¾oDIaÀhla fuu wOHhkh imhhs’
fuu úia;SrK úYaf,aIK jHqyh ;=< mjq,a miqìu,
mlaIh ;=< ;;a;ajh, wd¾Ól Yla;sh iy foaYmd,k
oekqu jeks úúO idOl ;u foaYmd,k .ufka§
ldka;djkag n,mdkafka flfiao hkak ms<sn|j fuu
wOHhkfhka úuid n,k ,§’ tfiau ;u b,lalh
lrd <Õdùug W;aidy oeÍfï§ mj;akd jHqyhka
iy ieliqïj,g ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka fl;rï
ÿrg wkq.; jkafka o ke;fyd;a wNsfhda. lrkafka
o ms<sn|j;a th úu¾Ykh lrk ,§’ ksfhdackh
iefjdu i|yd idOdrK úh hq;=h iy ish,a,kau
we;=,;a úh hq;=h hk m%cd;ka;%jd§ O¾u;dj
Yla;su;aj ia:dmkh lsßu i|yd fuh jeo.;a yd
yÈis wjYH;djhls’ mqreI uQ,sl md,kfha tla wjika
iy wúmßKdóh iudc ixia:djla jk Y%S ,xldfõ
foaYmd,k n,h md,kh lsÍu iy wdKavqlrKh
wjika lsÍu Wfoid jk ldka;d m%h;akfha§ fuh
meyer yeßh fkdyelalls’
l=uqÿkS ieuqfj,a
2021 ckjdß
 8
viii Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj

mgqk
mq¾úldj iii
ldka;djka i|yd m<d;a md,k wdh;k fldagdj .... v
fldagdj Yla;su;a lsÍfï yd wdrlaId lsÍfï wjYH;dj vi
fuu wOHhkh ....................................................... vii
mgqk................................................................................... viii
rEm igyka ,ehsia;=j............................................. ix
j.= ,ehsia;=j........................................................... x
ye¢kaùu............................................................................ 11
ixo¾Nh............................................................................. 12
l%ufõoh............................................................................. 15
wkdjrK............................................................................ 16
foaYmd,k mlaIh yd ldka;d ksfhdackh............. 17
oekqu jdish f.k fohs........................................... 20
ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka yd n, uQ,dY%................. 23
Uq,H iñm;a............................................. 24
ixialD;sl iñm;a................................... 25
iudc cd, fj; m%fúYh....................... 27
f;aÍ m;aùfï m%h;akh i|yd iyfhda.h...................... 29
;u foaYmd,k wkd.;hg ndOdjka f,i ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hka olskqfha ljrlao@................................ 32
uq,H iïm;a ysÕh.................................................. 32
úreoaO mlaIj, wNsfhda....................................... 33
m%pKav foaYmd,k ixialD;sh................................ 34
;u mlaIfhau wNsfhda........................................... 35
;u iudch ;=<skau u;=jk wNsfhda.................... 36
ldka;d foaYmd,kfha mqreI N+ñldj.............................. 36
foaYmd,k wNs,dI............................................................ 37
mqyqKqj u.ska ldka;djkag Yla;sh ,nd oSu................... 38
m<d;a md,k uÜgfï ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka iy
ue;sjrK foaYmd,kh ms<sn| Tjqkaf.a oelau............... 38
ks.uk............................................................................... 41
wdY%s; .%ka:...................................................................... 44
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj 9
ix

rEm igyka ,ehsia;=j

rEm igyk 01- ldka;djkaf.a foaYmd,k wkd.;h i|yd úYd,;u ndOd.................... 34
x 10 Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj

j.= ,ehsia;=j
j.=j 1-wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj foaYmd,k w;aoelSï jir .Kk............................................. 18
j.=j 2-wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj mlaIh ;=< foaYmd,k w;aoelSï jir .Kk........................ 19
j.=j 3-wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj m<d;a md,k wdh;k md,kh lrkakd jQ kS;s ms<sn| oekqu 20
j.=j 4-wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ms<sn| oekqu.......................................... 21
j.=j 5-wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj mlaI u;jdoh ms<sn| oekqu.................................................... 22
j.=j 6-wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj rfÜ b;sydih ms<sn| oekqu.................................................... 22
j.=j 7-wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKh i|yd uqo,a jehlsÍu..................... 25
j.+j 8-wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj mjq, foaYmd,khg iïnkaO..................................................... 26
j.+j 9-wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj mdi,a iuh ;+< l%shdYS,.S .......................................................... 27
j.+j 10-wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj wi,ajeis m%cdj ;+< l%shdYS,.S ................................................. 28
j.+j 11-wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj idx.ñl cSú;fha l%shdYS,.S .................................................... 28
j.=j 12-wfmalaIl ldKavh wkqj Wmldr uQ,dY%........................................................................ 31
j.=j 13-wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj foaYmd,k wkd.;h i|yd mj;sk ndOl............................ 35
j.+j 14 wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj foaYmd,k wNs,dI................................................................... 37
j.=j 15-wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj mqyqKq uÜgu............................................................................ 38
j.=j 16-wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj ue;sjrK foaYmd,kh ms<sn| oelau..................................... 39
 Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj
ye¢kaùu
jHjia:dodhlfha ldka;d ksfhdackh by<
kexùu i|yd jk wr.,h §¾> yd ÿIalr jQjls¡
foaYmd,kfha ldka;d ksfhdackh jeä lsÍu, jir
.Kkdjla mqrd m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI folu, tkï
tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh yd YS% ,xld ksoyia mlaIh
ksrka;rfhka ,nd ÿka ue;sjrK fmdfrdkaÿjla
úh¡ flfiafj;;a, ue;sjrK ksudùu;a iu.u fuu
lreK iïnkaOfhka fmdÿfõ ish¨‍ foaYmd,k
mlaIj, Wkkaÿj ySk ù hhs¡ wm iudcfha mj;sk
mS;DuQ,sl jHqyhka, iy úfYaIfhkau foaYmd,k
mlaI jHqyhkays mqreI wdêm;Hh, fmdÿfõ
foaYmd,kfha iy úfYaIfhkau jHjia:dodhl
wdh;khkays ldka;d ksfhdackh by< kexùu
flfrys ie,lsh hq;= ;¾ckhla t,a, lrhs¡
tneúka foaYmd,khg msúiSfï§ ldka;djka uqyqK
fok fuu jHqyd;aul wjdish ch.ekSu ms‚i
ldka;d ixúOdk, ish¨‍ jHjia:dodhl wdh;kj,
ldka;djka i|yd fldagdjla jeks ;yjqre lsÍfï
ls%hdud¾. fjkqfjka WoafoaYkh lr ;sfí¡
fuu wOHhkh u.ska úuid
n,kq ,nkafka kj fldagdj
foaYmd,kfha ldka;d
ksfhdackh by< kexùug
fya;= ldrl jkafkao”
w¿;ska f;aÍ m;ajQ ldka;d
iNslhka iNdj ;=< yd
bka msg; uqyqK fok
wNsfhda. fudkjdo iy th
È.= ld,Skj ;srir o hk
ldrKdjkah¡
11
hymd,k Och hgf;a 2015 ckjdßfha§ n,hg
meñ‚ hymd,k rch, YS% ,xld ue;sjrK
b;sydifha m%:ujrg m<d;a md,k wdh;k i|yd
ñY% ue;sjrK l%uhla y÷kajd fok ,§¡ fuu
ue;sjrK m%;sixialrKhka ;=< YS% ,xldfõ
m<uq jrg ldka;d wfmalaIsldjka i|yd fldagd
l%uhla wka;¾.; úh¡ tys m%;sM,hla f,i, ish¨‍
fldÜGdYj,ska 10] lg ;rÕ lsÍfï wjia:dj
ldka;djkag ysñ jQ w;r m<d;a md,k wdh;k
i|yd y÷kajd ÿka nyq uka;S% iudkqmd;sl l%uh
hgf;a ish¨‍ m<d;a md,k wdh;k wju jYfhka
ldka;djka 25]la f;dard m;alr .; hq;= njg jq
w;=re úOdkhla iys;j ukdm ,ehsia;=j, o 50]
la ldka;djka i|yd fjkalrk ,§¡ fuu.ska kej;
jrla fldagdjkays l¾;jH, jHjia:dodhlfha iy
fmdÿfõ foaYmd,kfha ldka;d ksfhdackh ms<sn|
ixjdoh ;Sõr lrk ,§¡ tysÈ újdohg n÷ka jQ
lreKq w;r fuu fldagd l%uh u.ska ieneúkau
ldka;d ksfhdackh by< kxjkq we;ao, fldagd l%uh
Tiafia m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g m;a jQ ldka;d
iNslhka ldka;djkaf.a .eg¨‍ iïnkaOfhka
y~ k.ñka ksfhdað; foaYmd,khg ia;%S mqreI
iudcNdù oDIaáhla f.k tkq we;a o ke;fyd;a
Tjqka ish mlaI kdhl;ajfha woyia m%;srdj
lrkakka muKa fõo hkak wdÈh úh¡ m<d;a md,k
iNslhka f,i lghq;= lsÍfï§ fuu kj ldka;d
uka;S%jßhka yg ;u mlaIfhkau fukau fmdÿfõ
msßñ foaYmd,k{hkaf.ka uqyqK mEug isÿjk
wNsfhda.hka ljf¾o@ kj fldagd l%uh foaYmd,kfha
ldka;d ksfhdackh by< kexùug fya;= ldrl jqjo
th M,odhSj foaYmd,kfha ksr;ùug i;H f,iu
ldka;djkag yelshdj ,nd fokq we;so, w¿;ska f;aÍ
m;ajQ fuu ldka;d iNslhka iNdj ;=< iy bka msg;
uqyqK fok wNsfhda. fudkjdo iy th È.=ld,Skj
;sridr jkafkao hkak úuid ne,Su ms‚i fuu
wOHhkh isÿlrkq ,enQfha fuu ixo¾Nh ;=,h¡
12 Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj

ixo¾Nh

ksoyig ,eîug jir 17lg fmr mj;ajkq ,enQ
YS% ,xldfõ m<uq ue;sjrKfha§ rdcH uka;%K
iNdjg iDcqju tla wfhla o w;=re ue;sjrKfhka
;j;a wfhla o f,i ldka;djka fofofkl= f;aÍ
m;aúh¡ ta wkqj 1931 ;rï wE; ld,fha§ mjd
jHjia:dodhlfha wdikj,ska 5] la ,nd.ekSug
ldka;djkag yels jq‚‘ flfia fj;;a .eg¨‍j
jkqfha, wfkl=;a ish¨‍ ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj,a ;u
ldka;d fldagfjka myiqfjka fuu m%;sY;h miqlr
hdfï§, oYl y;la uq¿,af,ysu furfgys th wvq
jeä jYfhka tu uÜgfïu meje;Suhs¡ ^úl%uisxy
iy fldäldr 2012&
Y%S ,xldfõ ck.ykKfhka wvlg uola jeä
jqjo, úfoaY fma% IK W;amdokh lrk rfÜ m%uqL;u
wd¾Ól lafI;% ;=k i|yd by<u odhl;ajh iemhqj
o, ;u ðú; yd Ôjfkdamdh ms<sn| ;SrK .kakd jQ
m%;sm;a;s iïmdok N+ñldfõ§ ldka;d iyNd.s;ajh
wju uÜgul mj;S¡ by< idlaIr;d wkqmd;h,
Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd msúiSfï ie<lsh hq;
j¾Okh, iqÿ lrmá jD;a;skays kshe<Su by<hdu
jeks Tjqkaf.a wfkl=;a iudÔh yd jD;a;Suh
ch.%yK o ms<sìUq lsÍug foaYmd,kh mßirh
wfmdfydi;a ù ;sfí¡ tfyhska, foaYmd,kfha ks;H
ldka;d ksfhdackh by< oeóu iïnkaOfhka jk
m%;sm;a;suh ixjdoh uE; ld,fha§ jvd;a ;Sõr ù
;sfí¡ ldka;d fldagdj uE;l§ y÷kajd fok f;lau,
m<d;a md,k uÜgfï o ldka;d ksfhdack meje;sfha
wvq uÜgulh¡ 1966-2011 olajd ld, mrdih ;=<
m<d;a md,k wdh;khkays ldka;d ksfhdackfha
lK.dgqodhl uÜgu my; j.=fjka ksrEmKh fõ¡

j.=j w - uyk.r iNd” k.r iNd iy m%dfoaYSh iNdjkays uq¿

wdka;sl lKavdhï Yla;su;a idudðl;ajfha ] la f,i 1966 jif¾ isg m<d;a md,k wdh;khkays
lsÍfï ,d iudkqmd;sl ldka;d ksfhdackh
ksfhdack l%uh odhl;ajhla
oelajQfha jqjo, ;srK u’k’i’ k’i’ m%d’i’ tl;=j
.ekSfï wdh;kj, ldka;d 1966 1.1 *1.9 **
iyNd.s;ajh by< kexùug 1970 2.9 *1.4 **
th lsisjla fkdl< ;rï 1979 2.8 2.3 **
hehs ue;sjrK ixLHdf,aLk 1982 1.3 1.7 **
fmkakqï lrhs’ 1991 2.9 2.5 1.6 1.7
1997 3.4 2.6 1.7 1.9
2006 3.0 3.4 1.6 1.8
2008-2011 2.63 2.47 1.93 2.06
uQ,dY%h( fldäldr 2012 msgqj 10-11

*1966 iy 1970 ys k.r iNd ixÄhdsf,aLkj, tjlg meje;s k.r iy iq¿

k.r iNd we;=,;a fõ
** ue;sjrK fkdmj;ajk ,§’
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj
ksoyiska miqj rfÜ foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajh
ie<lsh hq;= f,i by< f.dia ;sfí¡ foaYmd,k mlaI
l%ufha jHdma;sh iy m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdh;k mq¿,a
ùu iu.ska, Èjhsfka b;d ÿr neyer m%foaYhkays
mqrjeishkag mjd ue;sjrK i|yd iyNd.s ùug
bv m%ia:d újr jk ,§¡ iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack
l%uh y÷kajd§fuka miqj Pkaofha iM,;ajh
;jÿrg;a jeä ÈhqKq ù ;sfí¡ tys m%;sM,hla
f,i, OQrdj,suh jvd my< l=, lKavdhï iy
iq¿ ck fldgiaj, mqoa.,hkag fmrg jvd rfÜ
jHjia:dodhl wdh;khj,g f;aÍ m;aùug yels
jq‚‘ iudkqmd;sl ksfhdackh hgf;a, ukdm Pkao
l%uh, ^tla tla Pkao odhlhdg tla mlaIhl$
ikaOdkhl wfmalaIlhka yg Pkao ;=kla ,nd
§ug yelsh& ixialD;sluh jYfhka fldka lrkq
,enq lKavdhïj, wfmalaIlhkag md¾,sfïka;=
ue;sjrKj,§ jeä jdis i,id ;sfí¡ ^mSßia 2018&
flfia fj;;a, fldkalrkq ,enQ lKavdhï Yla;su;a
lsÍug odhl;ajhla oelajQfha jqjo, jHjia:dodhl
wdh;kj, ldka;d ksfhdackh by< kexùu flfrys
iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh lsisjla isÿ lr fkdue;s
nj ue;sjrK ixLHd f,aLk fmkakqï lrhs¡
tys m%;sM,hla f,i, j;auka jHjia:dodhl
wdh;kj, uQ,slju mqreI wdêm;H n,meje;afjk
w;r ldka;djkag úfYaIs; jQ fyda msßñkag jvd
ldka;djkag jeäfhka n,mEfï m%jK;djla
we;s .eg¨‍ flfrys b;d wvq wjOdkhla fhduqj
we;s m%;sm;a;s ks¾udKh ù ;sfí¡ f;aÍ m;ajQ
wjia:djkays§ mjd, ;u OQrfha j.lSï bgqlsÍug
wu;rj, mj;sk l%uhg tfrysj wr., lsÍug
fndfyda úg ldka;d ksfhdað;hkag isÿj we;s w;r
ta fya;=fjka ldka;d foaYmd,k{fhl=g i;=gqodhl
f,i ld¾h bgq lsÍu wNsfhda.d;aul ù ;sfí¡ ^fn%daä
2009& fuu idOl, Y%S ,xld rcfha ish¨‍ ia:rhkays
lemS fmfkk f,i wvq ldka;d ksfhdackhla iys;
;;ajhla i|yd odhl ù ;sfí¡
óg m%;sl¾uhla f,i, 1990 oYlfha w. Nd.h
olajd Èfjk È.= ld,Sk wr.,hl m%;sM,hla
f,i, 2017 jif¾§ m<d;a md,k wdh;k ;=<
ldka;djka i|yd 25] l fldagdjla y÷kaj‌ d fok
13
,§¡ foaYmd,k N+ñh fj; iudkj m%fõYhla
,nd.ekSfuka ldka;djka j<lajd,k jHqyd;aul
wiudk;d ie,lSfï§ úêu;a iudk;ajh fyda iu
wjia:dj, Tjqka i|yd ksfhdackfha idOdrK;ajh
iy;sl lsßu ms‚i m%udKd;aul fkdjk neúka th
m%;sM,fha iudk;ajh ia:dms; lsÍu ms‚i .kq ,enQ
l%shd ud¾.hls ^fldäldr 2009& úfYaIfhkau Pkao
,nd.ekSug ldka;dkag we;af;a wvq yelshdjla
njg mj;sk u;h fya;=fjka ldka;djkag kdu
fhdackd ,nd §ug foaYmd,k mlaIj, fmdÿfõ
fkdleu;a;la mjතsk ixorNh තු< ^by; i|yka
l< mßÈ&, wksjd¾h fldagdj m<d;a md,k wdh;k
ol=Kq wdishdfõ fjk;a
fndfyda rgj, fukau”
‌ft;sydislj Y%S ,xldfõ o
úfoaY wOHdmkh yeoErE” <ud
wjêfha isgu by< uggfï
foaYmd,kfha iudÔhlrK‌h
iys; m%N+ mjq,aj, ldka;djka
foaYmd,kfha by< ;k;=rej,g
meñŒfï m%ijK;djla olakg
,enq‚‘
;=< ‌‌ft;sydislj meje;s 2% l idudkHh blaujd
hk ldka;d ksfhdackfha jeä ùula iy;sl lrhs¡
^fldäldr 2012& uQ,slju, ue;sjrK ;rÕ lsÍu
yryd jeä ldka;djka msßila foaYmd,khg m%úYaG
ùug Èßu;a lsÍu u.ska ks;H ldka;d ksfhdackh
by< kexùu flfrys jQ uq,a mshjrla f,i
ldka;d fldagdj fhdod.kq ,eîu ms<sn| WodyrK
rejkavdj iy we;eï ,;ska wefußldkq rgj,a
imhhs¡ ^fIjfvdajd IDEAS 2005, me,afuhsß iy ceíf¾
2005&, fldagdj Wmßu iSudjla f,i olskq ,eîug
fyda jHjia:dodhlfha by< kexjqKq wdik ixLHdj
u.ska mlaIfha n,h ;yjqre lsÍfï l%uhla f,i
fhdod .ekSug bv fkd;ìñka, Y%s ,xldfõ w¿;ska
y÷kajd ÿka fldagd l%uh o ta yd iudk ÈYdjla
Tiafia fufyhúh hq;=h¡ ^w,a-Êrdhsì 2000&
14
flfiafj;;a, fldagdj yryd m<d;a md,k
wdh;kj,g msúiSug wjia:dj ,efnkqfha ldgo
hkak ms<sn| mj;sk wúksYaÑ;;dj u.ska fuu
lreKg wod<j ;j;a ixlS¾K;djla ks¾udKh
lr ;sfí¡ ol=Kq wdishdfõ fjk;a fndfyda rgj,
fukau, ‌ft;sydislj Y%S ,xldfõ o úfoaY wèhd
mkh yeoErE, <ud wjêfha isgu by< uggfï
foaYmd,kfha iudÔhlrK‌ h iys; m%N+ mjq,aj,
ldka;djka foaYmd,kfha by< ;k;=rej,g
meñŒfï m%ijK;djla olakg ,enq‚‘ foaYmd,k
kdhsldjka f,i Tjqkaf.a úYajikSh;ajh Tjqkaf.a
mqoa.,sl yelshdjkag jvd fuu mjq,a miqìu ksid
we;s jQ kuq;a ol=Kq wdishdfõ ;ju;a mj;sk
jevjiï kYaGdjfYaI ie,ls,a,g .ekSfï§ fuh
ldka;djkag muKla úfYaIs; jQ ;;a;ajhla fkdfõ¡
^*af,fIkan¾.a 2008& wfkla w;g foaYmd,kfha
mjq,a in|;d fkdue;s ldka;djkag lafI;%hg
msúiSug wjia:djla Wod lr .ekSu w;sYh ÿIalr
ù ;sfí¡ ^ndiq 2003& fuhg ck jd¾.sl udkhla
o ;sfí¡ fldäldr fmkajd fok mßÈ ^2012&, Y%S
fldagd l%ufha m%;s,dN
;jÿrg;a ;yjqre
lr.ekSfï§ iy jeä ks;H
ksfhdackhla lrd l%ñlj
.uka lsÍfï§ fldagd
l%uh Tiafia m;ajQ ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hska iu.
wLKavj lghq;= lsÍu
w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ’
,xldfõ m<d;a md,k wdh;k ksfhdackh lrk
isxy, cd;sl ldka;djka iq¿ cd;sl ldka;djkg
jvd fnfyúka jeäh¡ flfia kuq;a 2008-2011 ld,
jldjkqfõ§ fou< iy uqia,sï nyq;r m%foaYj,
meje;s ue;sjrKj,ska miqj fuu wkqmd;h hï
ÿrlg fjkia ù ;sfí¡
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj
m<d;a md,kh flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlsßu,
we;eï ldka;d lKavdhï oaú;aj wdka;sllrKhg
,laùfï .eg¨‍jg úi÷ula fidhd .ekSug wmg
hï bv m%lia:djla Wod lsÍug yelsh¡ bkaÈhdkq
w;aoelSfuka fmkakqï lrk mßÈ, m<d;a md,k
foaYmd,k lafIfI;%hg m%úYaG ùug ldka;djkag
yelshdj we;slrk foa w;r ljr fyda wdldrhl
mQ¾j m%d.aOkhlg we;af;a idfmalaIj b;d wvq
jeo.;alula jk w;r jvd jeo.;a jkqfha m%cd
l%shdldrlï iy iyfhda.s;d cd, yryd m%cdj
yd tlaj lghq;= lsÍuhs¡ ^ndiq 2003& ;jo, cd;sl
uÜgug jvd m<d;a md,k uÜgu i;H f,iu yd
Ñ;a;fõ.Sj ldka;djkag jvd ióm neúka, m<d;a
md,k uÜgfï ;SrK .ekSfï kshe<Sfï woyi Tjqka
jvd wdl¾IŒh jkq we;¡
fuu h:d¾:hka yuqfõ, m<d;a md,k uÜgfï§
ldka;djka i|yd fldagd l%uhla y÷kajd§u flfrys
jQ l%hdud¾.h ksje/È ÈYdjg ;enQ mshjrla f,i
w.h l< hq;=h¡ flfia fj;;a, isÿl< hq;= ;j;a
fndfyda oE ;sfí¡ fuu jd¾;dj u.ska meyeÈ<s
lsßug m%h;ak ork mßÈ, fldagd l%ufha m%;s,dN
;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lr.ekSfï§ iy jeä ks;H
ksfhdackhla lrd l%ñlj .uka lsÍfï§ fldagd
l%uh Tiafia m;ajQ ldka;d foaYmd,k{hska iu.
wLKavj lghq;= lsÍu w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ¡
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj 15

l%ufõoh
fuu wOHhkh ñY% m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh Wmfhda.S
lr .;a w;r W;=r, kef.kysr, jhU, uOHu, W!j
iy ol=K hk m<d;a yh ;=< mj;ajkq ,eîh¡
l%ufõo folu hgf;a iy lafI;% msysàï u.ska
,nd.;a ksheÈj,, kdufhdackd ,nd.ekSug iu;ajQ,
wdikhla Èkd .ekSug yels jQ iy kdu fhdackd
,nd .ekSug wiu;a jQ wfmalaIsldjka o we;=,;a
lsÍu flfrys úfYaIfhkau ie,ls,su;a jk ,§¡ tla
m<d;lska tla Èia;%slalhla f;dard f.k .=Kd;aul
iïuqL idlÉPd 10-15la muK ^;ks mqoa., iy
lKavdhï hk folu& mj;ajkq ,eîh¡ .=Kd;aul
lafI;% msysgqu f;dard.ekSfï uQ,sl ks¾Kdhlh
jQfha m%fõYH;dj jk w;r tneúka ldka;dj iy
udOH iduQyslh ;u md¾Yjldr ixúOdkhkag jvd
jeä m%fõYhla iys; msysàï f;dard .kakd ,§¡ fuu
iïuqL idlÉPdjka, foaYmd,khg msúiSfuka miq
uyck ksfhdað;hl= f,i iy mqoa.,sl lghq;=j,§
m%;spdr oelajQjkaf.a ðjk w;aoelSï jd¾;d lsÍug
lghq;= lrk ,§¡
Bg wu;rj, ldka;d foaYmd,k{hkaf.a mqM,a
w;aoelSï úu¾Ykh lsÍug, ;rÕ lsÍfï§ iy
,ehsia;=j,g kï we;=,;a lr.ekSfï§ iy$fyda
f;aÍ m;aùfuka miq ish rdcldÍ bgqlsÍfï§ Tjqka
uqyqK fok ksYaÑ; .eg¨‍ iy wNsfhda. wjfndaO
lr.ekSu ms‚i iólaIKh fhdod .kakd ,§¡
ta i|yd by; i|yka m<d;aj, Èia;%slal 13l
meje;ajQ iïuqL idlÉPd 750 la mj;ajkq ,eîh¡
.=Kd;aul ksheÈ Èia;%slal yd ckj¾.h wkqj fjka
fldg oelaùu my; j.=j,ska ksrEmKh fõ¡

Èia;%slalh % ck j¾.h %
l=reKE., 20.1 isxy, 59.6
nÿ,a, 20.0 fou< 37.2
.d,a, 19.9 uqia,sï 3.2
uq,;sõ 8.0 uQ,h 750
;%sl=Kdu,h 6.5
hdmkh 1.2
ls,sfkdÉÑ 4.1
kqjrt<sh 11.3
uykqjr 2.5
lE.,a, 0.1
ud;f,a 2.9
wïmdr 3.1
uvl,mqj 0.1
uQ,h 750
16 Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj

wkdjrK
fuu wOHhkfha wkdjrK 2018 fmnrjdrs
ui meje;s m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKhg ;rÕ l<
ldka;d foaYmd,k{hkaf.a miqìu ms<sn| m%n,
wka;¾oDIaGshla imhhs¡¡ o;a; muKla bosrsm;a
lsrSfuka fkdkej;S,foaYmd,k ksfhdacs;hkaf.a
N+ñldj, foaYmd,k mlaI l%shdldß;ajh iy
foaYmd,k mlaIj, ue;sjrK fufyhqu ms<snoj
j;aufkys mj;sk mq¿,a foaYmd,k ixjdoh ms<sn|j
o;a; u.ska lreKq oelaùug W;aidyhla ord
;sfí¡ úYaf,aIKfha jvd mD:q, jHqyh ;=< ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hkaf.a mjq,a miqìu, mlaIh ;=< ysñ
ia:dkh, wd¾Ól Odß;djh, foaYmd,k oekqu wd§
úúO ;;a;ajhka foaYmd,k .uka uf.a bÈßhg
hdug Tjqkg we;s yelshdj flfrys n,mdkafka
flfiao hkak fuu wOHhkh úuid n,k ,§¡ fuu
wOHhkhg iyNd.s jQ ldka;d foaYmd,ljßhka
j¾. y;rlg ldKav l< yel¡ 1& fldÜGdYj,g
;r. fldg ch.%yKh l< wh 2& fldÜGdYj,g
;r. fldg mrdchg m;ajQ wh 3& ,ehsia;=fjka f;dard
m;alr .ekSfï§ id¾:l jQ wh 4& ,ehsia;=fjka
f;dard m;alr .ekSfï§ wid¾:l jQ wh ^,ehsia;=fõ
isá kuq;a mlaIhg ,enqKq wvq Pkao ixLHdj
fya;=fjka ;u wod< m¡md¡wdh;khg f;aÍ m;aùug
fkdyels jQjka&6. fuu wOHhkfha uQ,sl b,lalh
jQfha tla tla j¾.fha wfmalaIlhkaf.a me;slv
wjfndaO lr .kq ms‚i fuu ldKav y;f¾ ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hkaf.a miqìï idOlj,g wod<j Ujqka
ms<sn|j lreKq fidhd ne,Suhs¡ ;u wruqK lrd
.uka lsÍug W;aidy oeÍfï§, mj;akd jHqyhkag
iy ieliqïj,g ldka;d foaymd,k{hka fl;rï
ÿrg wkql+, jkafka o yd wNsfhda. lrkafka o hkak
wjfndaO lr.ekSfï§ fuu y÷kd.ekSu jeo.;a fõ¡

fuu wOHhkhg iyNd.s jQ

ldka;d foaYmd,ljßhka j¾.
y;rlg ldKav l< yel’
1& fldÜGdYj,g ;r. fldg
ch.%yKh l< wh
2& fldÜGdYj,g ;r. fldg
mrdchg m;ajQ wh
3& ,ehsia;=fjka f;dard m;alr
.ekSfï§ id¾:l jQ wh
4& ,ehsia;=fjka f;dard m;alr
.ekSfï§ wid¾:l jQ wh
jYfhks¡

6 w;sf¾l wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=fõ we;=,;a lrkq ,enQ ldka;djka lsisÿ fldÜGdYhla ;rÕ lsÍu wfmalaId fkdl< kuq;a, fldÜGdY uÜgñka ;rÕ
l< wh ue;sjrK lghq;=j, kshe<Sug wfmalaId l< fldÜGdYfha l=vd n, m%foaYhg idfmalaIj” uq¿ ue;sjrK Èia;%slalh mqrd mlaIfha
foaYdmd,k jevigykg iyNd.sùug Tjqkg isÿ úh’
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj
foaYmd,k mlaIh yd ldka;d ksfhdackh
jHjia:dodhl iNdjl ia:dkhla i|yd ;r>
lsÍu ms‚i hful=g foaYmd,k mlaIhla yryd
meñŒug wjYH fkdfõ¡ 1931 jif¾ isgu fndfyda
fofkl= iajdëk wfmalaIlhka f,i ;r. lr
;sfí¡kuq;a 1970 oYlfha isg, foaYmd,k mlaIj,
moku mq¿,a úfï miqìu ;=<, iajdëk wfmalaIlhka
f,i ;r. lr - iy jvd;a jeo.;a f,i chm%yKh
l< wh- ie,lsh hq;= f,i my; jeà ;sfí¡
^jqâj¾â 1975 ( mSßia 2014& tneúka, uE;l isg
ue;sjrKhla ;rÕ lr ch.%yKh lsÍug wfmalaId
lrk wh m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaIhlska ;r. jeo
;sfí¡ iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack larluh ;ks mqoa.,
foaYmd,k{hkag$ ksfhdað;hkag idfmalaIj
mlaIfha ;;a;ajh iy tys kdhl;ajh ;jÿrg;a
Yla;su;a lr ;sfí¡
foaYmd,k{hska ùug woyia lrk ldka;djka
wfmalaIl;ajh iy wk;=rej ch.%yKh i|yd
;u mlaI ixúOdkh iy tys cd;sl iy m%dfoaYsh
kdhl;ajh u; úYd, jYfhka r|d mj;shs¡
tneúka, m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g 25% l ldka;d
ksfhdackhla uE;l§ y÷kajd§u ;sìh§ jqjo,
foaYmd,kfha ldka;d ksfhdackh by< kexùu ms‚i
ldka;d foaYmd,k{hl=g ;u
m<d;a md,k wdh;kfha iNslhl=
ùug we;s yelshdj by< kexùfï
yelshdj ms<sn|j jk ljr fyda
idlÉPdjla, wef.a mqoa.,sl
foaYmd,k w;aoelSï u.ska ;SrKh
lrkq fkd,nhs’¡
17
foaYmd,k mlaI w;ay< fkdyels idOlhla ù ;sfí¡
fuu miqìu ;=<, ldka;d ksfhdackh by< kexùfï
wNsfhda.h ms<sn|j jk ljr fyda idlÉPdjla, Y%S
,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaIj, j;auka iajremh iy
laßehdldß;ajh ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h¡
ta wkqj neÆ úg, fldÜGdY fyda Èia;%slal uÜgñka
kdudfhdackd ,nd .ekSfï§, foaYmd,kh ;=< w;S;
w;aoelSï fyda ta iïnkaOfhka fmkakqï lr we;s
oekqu m%Odk ks¾Kdhlhla fkdjk nj iólaIKfha
wkdjrK fmkakqï lrhs¡ 01 jk j.=fõ fmkakqï
lr we;s mßÈ, ue;sjrKh ;rÕ lr ch.%yKh
l< wh w;r, tlsfklg fjkia wjqreÿ .Kkdjl
foaYmd,k w;aoelSï iys; ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka
fõ¡ fldÜGdY ;r. lr mrdchg m;ajQjka w;r,
42%lg foaYmd,kfha jir 10lg jeä w;aoelSï ;snQ
w;r b;sß whg ;snQfha Bg wvq ld,hl w;aoelSïh¡
;u ;ukaf.a mlaI ,ehsia;=j,ska 2018 m<d;a md,k
ue;sjrKhg ;rÕ l< ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka
w;r o fuu rgdj olakg ,enq‚‘ fuu ixLHd
fmkakqï lrkqfha hï mqoa.,hl=f.a foaYmd,k
w;aoelSï ue;sjrKj,§ id¾:l ùug we;s
yelshdj flfrys we;s lrkqfha tla;rd m%udKhl
n,mEula muKla njhs¡ ie,ls,a,g ,laúh hq;=
lreKla jkqfha msßñ wfmalaIlhka w;r o fuu
m%jK;dj olakg ,eîuhs¡ ^mSßia 2014& iudkqmd;sl
ksfhdack l%uh wkqn, fok mlaI wNHka;fha oeä
;rÕldß;ajh, iïm%odhsl m<d;a md,k uÜgfï
foaYmd,kh, foaYmd,khg idfmalaIj kjl
wfhl=g mardkfoaYSh foaYmd,k kdhl;ajhg
m;aùfï jeä yelshdjla iys;j myiqfjka ì¢h
yels oeä ;r.ldÍ tlla njg m;a lr we;af;a
flfiao hkak mSßia ^2014& meyeÈ<s lrhs¡ ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hka w;r mjd fuu ixisoaêh mj;akd
nj fuu wOHhkfha iñlaIK m%;sM, ;yjqre lrhs¡
18 Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj

j.=j 1 - wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj foaYmd,k w;aoelSï jir .Kk

wfmalaIl ldKavh ^%&

;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr ,ehsia;+fjka ,ehsia;+fjka
ch`.`yKh l< mrdch jQ ch`.`yKh l< mrdchg m;a jq
wjq 1 isg 5 29.0 43.3 27.9 42.6
wjq 6 isg 10 16.6 14.6 23.0 15.6
wjq 11 isg 20 24.8 22.3 20.6 16.8
wjq’ 20g jevs 29.7 19.7 28.5 25.0
uQ,h 145 157 165 244

,ehsia;= u.ska f;aÍ m;ajQ ta yd iudk msßila mjid

iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh isáfha ;ukag mlaIh iu. ;snQfKa jir tfla isg
my olajd w;aoelSï muKla jk njhs¡ iólaIKfha
hgf;a” foaYmd,khg
wkdjrKhkag wkqj, ;rÕ fldg ch.%yKh l<,
idfmalaIj kjlhl= jk
tfy;a mlaIh iu. jir tfla isg my olajd muKla
wfhl=g m<d;a md,k w;aoelSï ;snQ ldka;djka w;=ßka nyq;rhlg ^62%&
foaYmd,k ksfhdað;hl= ùfï w;S;sfha fyda j¾;udkfha foaYmd,kfha kshe<s
jeä úNjhla ;sfí’ fyda kshef<k mjqf,a iduðlhka fkdùh¡ tneúka,
2018 m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKfhaÈ y÷kajd ÿka
ldka;djka i|yd fldagdj, tu ldka;djka ;rÕ
l< mlaIj,g kjlhka jQ ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka
iólaIKfha wkdjrKhkag wkqj, foaYmd,kfha msßila wdl¾IKh lr we;s nj fmkakqï lrhs¡
w;aoelSï iy ldka;d foaYmd,k{hska f;aÍ m;aùug ;u mlaIj,ska bÈßm;a l< ,ehsia;= yryd m<d;a
we;s yelshdj w;r m%n, iyiïnkaO;djhla md,k wdh;kj,g f;aÍ m;aùug yels jq ldka;d
fkdue;sjdla fukau mlaIfha Tjqka .; l< ld,h foaYmd,k{hka w;r o tu rgdju ksÍlaIKh l<
iy Tjqkaf.a f;aÍ m;aùfï yelshdj w;r o yel¡
Yla;su;a in|;djhka fkdue;¡ Y%S ,xld ksoyia
mlaIfhka iy Y%S ,xld fmdÿck fmruqfKka ;rÕ
l< ldka;djka w;r fuu ixisoaêh meyeÈ<sj
olakg ,enq‚‘ wOHhkhg iyNd.s jQ ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hska nyq;rhlg, 2018 m<d;a md,k
iólaIKfha wkdjrKhkag
ue;sjrKhg Tjqka ;rÕ l< mlaIh ^fyda Ujqka
wkqj” foaYmd,kfha w;aoelSï
,ehsia;=jg we;=<;a l< mlaIh& iu. ;snQfha jir
iy ldka;d foaYmd,k{hska
tfla isg my olajd jq w;aoelSïh¡ ^02 jk j.=j
f;aÍ m;aùug we;s yelshdj
n,kak& iólaIKhg iyNd.sjQjka wyUq f,i f;dard
w;r m%n, iyiïnkaO;djhla
fkd.;a neúka fuh we;af;kau idudkHlrŒh l<
fkdue;sjdla fukau mlaIfha
yels ,%ia;=;hla fkdfõ¡ flfia fj;;a, fujeks
Tjqka .; l< ld,h iy
rgdjla mEje;Su flfrys úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq
Tjqkaf.a f;aÍ m;aùug we;s
lsÍu fhda.H fõ¡ ;rÕ fldg ch.%yKh l<
wvlg jeä msßila mjid isáfha ;ukag mlaIh
yelshdj w;r o Yla;su;a
iu. ;snQfKa jir tfla isg my olajd w;aoelSï in|;djhla fkdue;’
njhs¡ tmßoafokau, ;u m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj 19

j.=j 2 - wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj mlaIh ;=< foaYmd,k w;aoelSï jir .Kk

wfmalaIl ldKavh ^%&

;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr ,ehsia;+fjka ,ehsia;+fjka
ch`.`yKh l< mrdch jQ ch`.`yKh l< mrdchg m;a jq
wjq 1 isg 5 55.2 47.8 53.3 56.1
wjq 6 isg 10 9.0 15.3 17.6 11.5
wjq 11 isg 20 15.9 19.7 9.7 14.3
wjq’ 20g jevs 20.0 17.2 19.4 18.0
uQ,h 145 157 165 244

foaYmd,kfha iy mlaI lghq;=j, È.= b;sydihla

fkdue;s ldka;djka jD;a;Sh foaYmd,khg msúiSu
hk lreK, foaYmd,kfha ldka;d ksfhdackh
by< kexùug wod<j Okd;aul fukau iDKd;aul
j¾Okhla fia oelsh yelsh¡ 2018 m<d;a md,k
ue;sjrKfha§, yqfolau 25] wjYH;djh imqrd,Su
ms‚i we;eï wdik i|yd ldka;djka kï lsßug
foaYmd,k mlaIj,g n, flre‚‘ we;eï m%dfoaYSh
foaYmd,k mlaI ixúOdlhkag wkqj, kshu lr foaYmd,kfha iy mlaI
we;s ixLHd imqrd,Su ms‚i id¾:l wfmalaIlhka lghq;=j, È.= b;sydihla
úh yels ldka;djka fidhd .ekSug Tjqkg uy;a fkdue;s ldka;djka jD;a;Sh
mßY%uhla oeÍug isÿj ;sfí¡ tu ue;sjrKfha§, foaYmd,khg msúiSu hk
foaYmd,kfha iy mlaI lghq;=j, wvq m,mqreoaola lreK” foaYmd,kfha ldka;d
we;s fndfyda ldka;djkag m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g ksfhdackh by< kexùug wod<j
msúiSug yelsjQfha flfiao hkak ñka hï ÿrlg Okd;aul fukau iDKd;aul
meyeÈ<s lrhs¡ ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka i|yd jYfhka n,mdkakla fia oelsh
we;sjQ yÈis b,a¨‍u, mlaIj, ks,;, ork msßñkag yelsh’
;ukaf.au f;aÍï- ìß|, {d;Ska iy Tjqkg ys;j;a
wh- wfmalaIlhka f,i kï lsÍug wjia:dj Wod
l< w;r tu.ska mlaI idudðlhka w;r fukau
;u ue;sjrK fldÜGdYh ;=< ish n,h ;yjqre
lr.ekSug Tjqkag yels úh7. wvq foaYmd,k
w;aoelSï iy mlaI b;sydihla we;s ldka;djka
jD;a;Sh foaYmd,khg msúiSfï m%K;dj ms<sn|j
hful= Wjukdjg jvd úfõpkh fkdl< hq;af;a,
th m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï msßñ foaYmd,k{hkaf.ka
iïnkaOfhka o t;rï fjkia fkdjk neúks¡

7 nÿ,af,a iy l=reKE., meje;s iïuqL idlÉPd iy lKavdhï idlÉPdjkays§ fuu lreK wkdjrKh úh¡
20 Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj

oekqu jdishla f.k fohs

ue;sjrK foaYmd,kh ;=< msßñka yd ;rÕ

lsÍfï§ ldka;djka miq.dó fõ¡ Y%S ,xld ue;sjrK
foaYmd,kfha iq,n ,laIK jk ue;sjrK
m%pKav;ajh yd ¥IKh fukau ixialD;sl iïu;
jeks idOl foaYmd,khg msúiSug woyia lrk
ldka;djkaf.a wNs,dIhkag tfrys fõ¡ lKavdhï
idlÉPdjl§, mqreI wdêm;H iys; m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï
foaYmd,k ixúOdk ;=< ;u n,emEu we;slrkafka
ljrlskahehs Tjqka is;kafkao hkak l;Djßh
mard;foaYSh uggfï foaYmd,k{jßhkaf.ka
úuiSh¡ m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï mlaI ixúOdk ;=< ish
mqoa.,sl w;aoelSï fnod .ksñka, ldka;d foaYmd,k
laßShdldÍka lsysm fofkl= mjid isáfha m%;sm;a;s,
kS;s iy wdKavql%u jHjia:dj iïnkaO lreKq .ek
Tjqka fmkakqï l<fyd;a, Tjqkaf.a ifydaor msßñ
foaYmd,k{hkaf.a wjOdkh Tjqka fj; fhduqjk
njhs¡
fuu iólaIK‌fha§, m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hkaf.a foaYmd,k oekqu iy Tjqkaf.a
f;aÍ m;aùfï yelshdj w;r ino;dj úu¾Ykh
lsÍug W;aidy ork ,§¡ wOHhkfha§ i& m<d;a
ldka;d foaYmd,k{hkaf.a
foaYmd,k oekqu iy Tjqkaf.a
f;aÍ m;aùfï yelshdj w;r
idOkSh iyin|;djla mj;sk nj
m¾fhaIKfha wkdjrKhkaf.ka
fy<sorõ úh’
ldka;d foaYmd,k l%ShdldÍka
lsysm fofkl= mjid isáfha
m%;sm;a;s, kS;s iy wdKavql%u
jHjia:dj iïnkaO lreKq .ek
Tjqkaf.a oekqj;anj fmkakqï
l<fyd;a” Tjqkaf.a ifydaor msßñ
foaYmd,k{hkaf.a wjOdkh Tjqka
fj; fhduqjk njhs’
md,k wdh;k md,kh jk kS;s ii& wdKavql%u
jHjia:dj iii& Tjqka ksfhdackh lrk foaYmd,k
mlaIfha u;jdoh, iy iv& rfÜ b;sydih
ms<sn| Ujqkg ;sfnkafka hehs Tjqka is;k Tjqkaf.a
úIhuq,sl oekqu ms<sn| úuik ,§¡ ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hkaf.a foaYmd,k oekqu iy Tjqkaf.a
f;aÍ m;aùfï yelshdj w;r idOkSh iyin|;djla
mj;sk nj m¾fhaIKfha wkdjrKhkaf.ka
fy<sorõ úh¡ ;rÕ fldg ch.%yKh l< fndfyda
fofkl= úYajdi lf<a m<d;a md,k wdh;k md,kh
ms<sn| kS;s ms<sn|j ;r. fldg mrdch m;ajQjkag
jvd oekqu;a ;uka i;= njhs¡ fmdÿfõ .;a l<
,ehsia;=j,ska ;rÕ jeÿKq wh m<d;a md,k kS;s
ms<sn| Tjqka t;rï oekqj;a hehs úYajdi fkdlrk
,§¡

j.=j 3 - wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj m<d;a md,k wdh;k md,kh lrkakd jQ kS;s ms<sn| oekqu

wfmalaIl ldKavh^%&
kS;s ms<sn| oekqu ;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr ,ehsia;+fjka ,ehsia;+fjka
ch`.`yKh l< mrdch jQ ch`.`yKh l< mrdchg m;a jq
b;d oekqj;ah 23.4 9.6 12.7 11.9
;rula oekqj;ah 62.1 68.2 70.3 66.4
iq¿ oekqula we; 14.5 19.1 16.4 17.2
Lsisoq oekqula fkdue; 0.0 3.2 0.6 4.5
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj 21

wdKavql%u jHjia:dj .ek Tjqkaf.a oekquo fï
yd iudk úh¡ ta iïnkaOfhka ukd oekqula we;ehs
mjid isá whf.ka jeäu m%;sY;hla ^21¡4%&
jd¾;d lrk ,oafoa ;rÕ fldg ch.%yKh l<
whhs¡ ;uka fyd¢ka wdKavql%u jHjia:dj wOHhkh
l< nj mjid isáfha ue;sjrKhg ;rÕ fldg
mrdchg m;ajQ ldka;djkaf.ka idfmalaIj wvq
m%;sY;hls¡¡ fmdÿfõ .;a l<, ,ehsia;=fjka ;rÕ
l< ldka;djka nyq;rhla ;uka fyd¢kawdKavql%u
jHjia:dj wOHhkh l< nj mjid fkdisáfhah¡
m%;spdr oelajQ ldKav y;frysu wh mjid
isáfha ;u mlaIfha u;jdoh ms<sn|j ;uka fyd¢ka
oekqj;a fyda ;rula oekqj;a nj jk w;r tys§
wod< iuqÉÑ; m%;sY;hkaf.a úYd, úp,hhka
fkd;snq‚‘ rfÜ b;sydih iy ;u foaYmd,k mlaIfha
b;sydih ms<sn|j Tjqkaf.a oekqu iïnkaOfhka
o iudk rgdjla Èia úh¡ flfia fj;;a, fuysÈ
wjOdrKh l< hq;af;a fï ish¨‍ lreKqj,g wod<
oekqu iïnkaOfhka by<u m%;sY;hla jd¾;d lf<a
;rÕ fldg ch.%yKh l< wh njhs¡
wfmalaIlhkaf.a oekqu f,i fï olajd idlÉPd
lr we;af;a i;H f,iu Tjqkaf.a oekqu ms<sn|j
Tjqkaf.au we.hSuhs¡ tneúka, f;aÍ m;aùfï yelshdj
flfrys foaYmd,kh ms<sn| Ujqkaf.a ienE oekqfï
n,mEu wkqudk lsÍu wiSre fõ¡ flfia fj;;a,
l=reKE., iy nÿ,af,ys ldka;d foaYmd,k{hska
iu. meje;ajQ idlÉPdj,§, l¾;Djrhd ksÍlaIKh
lf<a foaYmd,kh ms<sn| oekqula we;ehs mejeiQ
ldka;djka fndfyda úg foaYmd,kh ms<sn| wka
whg jvd by< oekqj;anjla fmkakqï l< njhs¡
fuhska fmkakqï lrkqfha foaYmd,k w;aoelSï iy
oekqu yer wfkl=;a idOl ue;sjrK ch.%yyKh
lsÍfï wfmalaIlhkaf.a yelshdj flfrys odhl
jkakg we;s njhs¡ tneúka “ Tjqkaf.a oekqu iy
foaYmd,k ksrdjrKh by< kexùu i|yd jk ljr
fyda m%jh;akhla, mS;D uQ,sl foaYmd,k moaO;sh
;=< mj;sk ndOl ch.ksñka bÈßhg hdug
muKla fkdj jvd hym;a foaYmd,k{hka ùug
Tjqka iún, .kajkq we;¡ tn÷ mqyqKqjla, fldagd
l%uh y÷kajd§u fya;=fjka ldka;djka N=la;s ú¢k
ie,lsh hq;= foaYmd,k ch.%yKh ;srirj mj;ajd
.ekSu flfrys odhl jkq we;¡ ;jo, tjeks oekqu
mdol mqyqKqjla, hï lKavdhï ksfhdackhlg
wu;rj ldka;djkaf.a ks;ah; ksfhdackh by<
kexùug odhl jkq we;¡

j.=j 4 - wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ms<sn| oekqu

wdKavql%u jHjia:dj wfmalaIl ldKavh^%&

ms<sn| oekqu
;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr ,ehsia;+fjka ,ehsia;+fjka
ch`.`yKh l< mrdch jQ ch`.`yKh l< mrdchg m;a jq
uekúka wOHhkh lr we; 21.4 8.3 9.7 7.8
hï ÿrlg wOHhkh lr we; 43.4 43.3 45.5 43.9
wOHhkh lr fkdue;s kuq;a we;eï 22.1 37.6 29.1 36.1
fldgia .ek hï oekqula we;
ta ms<sn| lsisÿ oekqula fkdue; 12.4 10.2 15.2 11.5

Don’t know 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8

22 Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj

j.=j 5 - wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj mlaI u;jdoh ms<sn| oekqu

wfmalaIl ldKavh^%&
mlaI u;jdoh
;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr ,ehsia;+fjka ,ehsia;+fjka mrd-
ms<sn| oekqu ch`.`yKh l< mrdch jQ ch`.`yKh l< chg m;a jq
b;d oekqj;ah 40.7 18.6 20.6 20.7
;rula oekqj;ah 48.3 68.6 68.5 67.8
iq¿ oekqula we; 10.3 12.2 10.3 10.7
Lsisoq oekqula fkdue; 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8

j.=j 6 - wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj rfÜ b;sydih ms<sn| oekqu

mlaI u;jdoh wfmalaIl ldKavh^%&

ms<sn| oekqu ;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr ,ehsia;+fjka ,ehsia;+fjka
ch`.`yKh l< mrdch jQ ch`.`yKh l< mrdchg m;a jq
b;d oekqj;ah 33.8 17.8 15.2 16.9
;rula oekqj;ah 53.8 70.7 69.7 69.4
iq¿ oekqula we; 11.7 10.8 15.2 12.0
Lsisoq oekqula fkdue; 0.7 0.6 0.0 1.7

Tjqkaf.a oekqu iy foaYmd,k

ksrdjrKh by< kexùu i|yd
jk ljr fyda m%h;akhla, mqreI
uQ,sl foaYmd,k moaO;sh ;=<
mj;sk ndOl ch.ksñka bÈßhg
hdug muKla fkdj jvd hym;a
foaYmd,k{hka ùug Tjqka iún,
.kajkq we;’
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj
ldka;d foaYmd,k{hska iy n, uQ,dY%
foaYmd,kh hkq n,hhs( n,h w,a,d .ekSu,
mj;ajd .ekSu iy m%;sfrdaOh oelaùuhs¡ foaYmd,kh
rÕ olajkqfha ljr fõÈldj o hkak fkd;ld,
uelshdfj,s mejeiQ mßo th yqfolau wruqKq lrkqfha
—fyd|˜ fyda —fyd| yer wfkl=;a˜ l%u u.ska n,h
,nd .ekSu yd mj;ajd .ekSuhs¡ ñka woyia lrkqfha
hful=g ^fuys§ kï foaYmd,k{hka& wka whf.a
;SrK flfrys n,mEï lsÍug yelshdj ;sìh hq;=
njhs¡ m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï foaYmd,k{hka ;uka wjg
m%foaYfha fyda .fï n,mEï l< yels l%hdOrhka
f,i biau;= jQfha flfiaoehs Y%s ,xldfõ .uudk
ms<sn| wOhhk iy foaYmd,k mlaI n,uq¿
.ekaùu ms<sn| wOHhk ksrEmKh lrhs¡ ^ð.skaia
1979, fyÜáf.a 1984, iafmkai¾ 1990, chka; 1992,
mSßia 2018& tn÷ n,mEula lsÍug bjy,a jQ idOl
f,i wd¾Ól Yla;sh, ixialD;sl miq;,h ;=< N=la;s
ú¢ ;;a;ajh, iy .u ;=< iy bka msg; mqoa.,hl=
i;= ;sria yd isria ino;d Tjqka ish¨‍ fokd ioyka
lrhs¡ m%xY iudc úoahdq{hl= jQ mshf¾ fndaäfhda
ish ,sms u.ska ;¾l lrkqfha wd¾Ól, ixialD;sl
iy iudc m%d.aOkh hful=f.a foaYmd,k n,h
ks¾udKh lsÍfï§ b;d ;SrKd;aul njhs¡ ^fndaäfhda
1977& miq.sh jir .Kkdj uq¿,af,ys, Y%S ,xldfõ
foaYmd,kh ;=<, fuu we;eï wdldrfha m%d.a
Okhkag tajdfha iqúfYaI;ajh wysñ jQ w;r wfkla
tajdg n, uQ,dY% f,i kj cjhla ,enq‚‘ ^mSßia
2018& WodyrKhla f,i, ksoyi ,nk wjia:dj
jk úg m%uqL n, uQ,dY% jQ wd¾Ól Yla;sh yd
ixialD;sl ;;a;ajh jeks idOlj, jeo.;alu
l%ufhka ySk ù f.dia we;s w;r iudc in|;d
ke;fyd;a fndaäfhda i|yka lrkq ,enQ mßÈ iudc
m%d.aOkh m%dfoaYSh foaYmd,k l%shdOrhka i|yd
jeo.;a n, uQ,dY%yhla f,i u;= jq‚‘ tla n,
23
tjeks mqyqKq fldagd l%uh
yÿkajd§u ksid ldka;djka N=la;s
ú¢k ie,lsh hq;= foaYmd,k
ch.%yKh mj;ajd .ekSug
odhl jkq we;’
uQ,dY%hla u.ska ;j;a n, uQ,dY%hla m%y;sia:dmkh
jQ njla ñka lsisfia;a woyia fkdflfrk kuq;a,
thska mejfikqfha we;eï idOlj,g kj cjhla
,eî we;s nj;a wfkla uQ,dY% wdka;sl ld¾hNdrhla
muKla bgqlrk nj;ah¡ flfiafj;;a, fuu n,
uQ,dY% ^m%d.aOk& fjk;a wdldrhkag mßj¾;kh
l< yels fõ¡ WodyrKhla f,i, .u ;=< ;u iudc
;;a;ajh f.dv k.d .ekSu ms‚i fyda .fï ñksiqka
iu. fukau m%dfoaYSh yd cd;sl kdhlhka iu.
jvd mq¿,a iudc cd,d f.dv k.d .ekSu ms‚i
ñksiqkag ;u uQ,H Yla;sh fhdod .ekSug yelsh¡
fuu n, uQ,dY% ish,a, talrdYS lsÍu wjidkfha§
hful= i;= foaYmd,k n,fha uÜgu ;SrKh lrkq
we;¡ flfia fj;;a¡ funÿ wjia:djl§, foaYmd,k
l%shdOrhd Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a n, ;;a;ajh
wfkl=;a ;rÕlrejkag idfmalaIj jvd by<ska
;nd.kq ms‚i il%Sh N+ñldjla bgq lrhs¡
24
fuu ixo¾Nh ;=<, ldka;djla o msßñfhla o
hkak fkdi,ld m%dfoaYSh, cd;sl fyda wka;¾cd;sl
hk l=uk fyda uÜgul foaYmd,khg msúiSug
wfmalaId lrk ljrl= fyda i;=j wd¾Ól,
ixialD;sl yd iudc m%d.aOkh u; m%udKj;a
md,khla fyda ta fj; m%fõYhla ;sìh hq;=h¡ Y%S
,xldj n÷ mS;D uQ,sl iudchl fmdÿ lghq;=j,§
mqreI wdêm;Hh mj;sk w;r ldka;djkaf.a lgh;=
mjf,a iy ksjfia ld¾hhkag iSud fõ¡ ^;ïnhshd
uQ,H iïm;a
ldka;djkag foaYmd,kfha il%shj lghq;= lsÍug
m%Odk ndOlhlaj mj;skqfha uqo,a ms<sn| .eg¨‍jhs¡
msßñkag idfmalaIj uQ,H iy m%d.aOkfha wfkl=;a
wdldr fj; Tjqka i;= iSñ; m%fõYh fya;=fjka,
id¾:l ue;sjrK jHdmdrhla i|yd wjYH o,a
fidhd.ekSug ldka;djkag we;af;a wvq yelshdjls¡
;ukag ,efnk jvd wvq jegqma fya;=fjka idfmalaIj
wvq neyer l< yels wdodhula we;s neúka,
foaYmd,khg msjiSfu flfrys ldka;djka i,ld
n,kq we;af;a o msßñkag jvd wvqfjkah ^ífrdaä
2009&¡ jD;a;Shla f,i foaYmd,kh f;dard .ekSu
i,ld ne,Sfï§, m%udKj;a ;rï uqo,a fkdue;slu
oeä ndOdjla nj m%;HlaIj ;yjqre ù we;s nj
ña fmr isÿl< wOHhkhkaf.ka ;yjqre ù we;
^fldäldr 2009&¡ wvq wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhla we;a;ka
;rÕfhka bj;a lrñka ^ldka;djka o we;=¿j& jvd
úYd, m%foaYhla mqrd ue;sjrK jHdmdrfha ksr;ùu
jvd m%d.aOk iQlaIu ù we;s neúka, ue;sjrK tallh
úYd,ùu f;aÍ m;aùug ldka;djka ;snQ iq¿ jQ fyda
n,dfmdfrd;a;=j,g ;jÿrg;a ndOd muqKqjd ;sfí¡
2018 fmnrjdß ue;sjrKhg ;rÕ l< ldka;d
foaYmd,k l%shdOrhkaf.ka ^újD; ;rÕh fyd
,ehsia;=j yryd& Tjqkaf.a ue;sjrK jHdmdrh
ioyd Tjqka fldmuK uqo,la jehlf<a oehs fuu
wOHhkfha§ úuik ,§¡ tu wkdjrK u.ska
meyeÈ<sj fmkakqï lrkqfha f;aÍ m;aùug we;s
yelshdj uqo,a jeh lsÍug we;s Yla;sh w;r m%n,
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj
2003& tneúka, by; lS f;hdldr m%d.aOkhkag
wod<j, msßñkag idfmalaIj ldka;djka, Ujqka m%N+
mjq,lska meñ‚hfyd;a yer, ksrdhdifhkau miq
.dó fõ¡ m<d;a md,k wdh;khkag msúiSug oerE
W;aidyfha§ we;eï ldka;d foaYmd,k{hkag
id¾:l ùug yelsjQfha;a wfk;a wh wid¾:l
jQfha;a ljrla ksido hkak wjfndaO lr .ekSu
ms‚i fuu jd¾;dj m%d.aOkfha tu iajrEm ;=fkys
ldp fhdod .kshs¡
iyin|;djhla we;s njhs¡ ;rÕ fldg ch.%yKh
l< wh meyeÈ<sj fmkakqï lrk ,oafoa ;rÕ fldg
mrdchg m;ajQ whg jvd jeä uqo,la ;uka jeh
l< njhs ^re¡ 264,191 l idudkHh uqo,a m%udKhla&¡
flfia fj;;a, ;rÕ fldg mrdch jQjka mjd jeh
l< uqof,a idudkHh re¡ 246,666 ls¡ wjOdkh fhduq
l< hq;= lreKla jkqfha mlaI ,ehsia;=j yryd
fuu ixo¾Nh ;=<, ldka;djla
o msßñfhla o hkak fkdi,ld
m%dfoaYSh, cd;sl fyda wka;¾cd;sl
hk l=uk fyda uÜgul
foaYmd,khg msúiSug wfmalaId
lrk ljrl= fyda i;=j wd¾Ól,
ixialD;sl yd iudc m%d.aOkh u;
m%udKj;a md,khla fyda ta fj;
m%fõYhla ;sìh hq;=h’
m;alrkq ,o wh o lshd isáfha re¡155,160 l
idudkHh uqo,la jeh l< nj jk w;r ,ehsia;=fjka
f;aÍ m;aùug fkdyels jQ wh mjd wdikak jYfhka
re¡ 100,000 la jeh lr ;snq‚‘ tla tla wfmalaIlhka
úiska ue;sjrK jHdmdrh i|yd jeh l< idudkHh
uqo, my; j.=fjka olajd ;snqK o, ienE f,iu
uqo,a jehlsßu fnfyúka fjkia fõ¡
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj
j.=j 07 - wfmalI
a l j¾.h wkqj m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKh i|yd uqo,a jehlsÍu
wfmalaIl ldKavh % ue;sjrKfha uqo,a jehlsÍfï idudkHh ^re&
;rÕ lr ch`.`yKh l<
;rÕ lr mrdch jQ
,ehsia;+fjka ch`.`yKh l<
,ehsia;+fjka mrdchg m;a jq
idudkHh
w¿;ska f;aÍ m;ajQ we;eï m<d;a md,k
foaYmd,ljßhka iu. meje;s idlÉPdjkaysÈ
wkdjrKh jQfha Tjqka i|yka l< uqo,g wdikak
uqo,la NdKav i|yd o Ujqka jeh l< njhs¡
WodyrKhla f,i m%dfoaYSh foaYmd,kfha il%shj
kshef<k mjq,lska meñ‚ 2018 m<d;a md,k
ue;sjrKh ;rÕlr ch.%yKh l< nÿ,af,a
ldka;d foaYmd,k{hl= ^wef.a mshd iy iajdñ
mqreIhdf.a mshd hk fofokdu È.= ld,hla mqrd
m%dfoaYSh foaYmd,k hdka;arkKhg iïnkaO ù isá
w;r wef.a iajdñ mqreIhd j;aufkys W!j m<d;a
iNdfõ OQrhla fydnjhs& ue;sjrKh ;rÕ lsÍu
ixialD;sl iïm;a
m%cdj ;=< hful=f.a ;;a;ajh by<g Tijd
;nk idOl ixialD;sl iïm;a f,i ye¢kaùug
yelsh¡ m%cd;ka;%jdoh OQrdj,suh jevjiï cd,
iu. mqÿudldr iyjdihl mj;sk Y%S ,xldj jeks
w¾O jevjiï ieliqul fuu iïm; ie,lsh
hq;= jeo.;alula orhs¡ ienE jevjiï iudchl
mßoafokau, ‘lS¾;su;a¡ mjq,aj,ska meñ‚ wh ;u
n,m%foaY ;=< jvd by< ms<s.eksug ,la jQ w;r
tu.ska Tjqka b;d ;reK úfha isgu foaYmd,k
kdhlhka f,i ksrdhdifhkau mqreÿ mqyqKq lrkq
,nhs¡ ue;srjK foaYmd,kfha uq,a oYl lsysmh ;=<
meúÈ msßia, wdhq¾fõo ffjoHjreka, .=rejreka iy
fcHIaG rdcH ks,OdÍka ^wfkl=;a wh w;r& .ï
25
tu wkdjrK u.ska
meyeÈ<sj fmkakqï
264, 191 lrkqfha f;aÍ m;aùug
246, 666
we;s yelshdj uqo,a jeh
155, 160
lsÍug we;s Yla;sh w;r
97, 739
m%n, iyin|;djhla
we;s njhs’
179178.4
i|yd wef.a iajdñ mqreIhdf.a m%fhdackh i|yd
we;s iïm;a Ndú;d lf<a hehs mejfia¡
tneúka fldagd l%uh y÷kajd ÿkafka jqj o, id¾:l
ldka;d wfmalaIsldjla ùug kï, ldka;dj i;= uQ,H
Yla;sh ;SrKd;aul fõ¡ ue;sjrKfhka f;aÍ m;ajq
iy jD;a;Suh jYfhka foaYmd,kfha kshe<Sug
wfmalaId lrk ldka;djka ó<Õ ue;sjrKhg fmr
;u uQ,Huh Odß;djhka Yla;su; lr.ekSug
W;aidy orkq we;¡ tfyhska ¥Is; wkq.%dyl-fiajd
,dNS foaYmd,kfhka fuu ldka;djka wE;alr ;eìu
w;sYhskau ÿIalr jkq we;¡
;=< f.!rjdorhg m;a úh¡ ;u oekqu iy l=i,;d
fya;=fjka uyckhdf.a f.!rjh yd úYajidh Èkd
.ekSug Tjqka iu;a jq w;r tneúka wka whg jvd
foaYmd,k ;k;=re oeÍug Tjqkg jvd iqÿiqlï
we;ehs hk iudc u;h ;yqjre úh¡ ta wkqj
ue;sjrK foaYmd,kfha uq,a hq.fha§, m%dfoaYSh
uÜÜfï ;u kdhl;ajh ia:dms; lr .ekSu ;u
Pkao moku Wmßu lr .ekSu ms‚i foaYmd,k
mlaI Tjqkaf.a iyh m;k ,§¡ oYl lsysmhlg
fmr meje;s ;;a;ajhg idfmalaIj ixialD;sl m%d.a
Okfha jeo.;alu wvq ù we;;a, ;uka i;=j úúO
ixialD;sl iïm;a, tkï Wmdê, .re ;k;=re yd
kïnq kdu, ;u uq;=ka ñ;a;kag iudcfha meje;s by<
26 Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj

foaYmd,kfha iudcdkqfhdackh iys; m%N+ mjq,aj,

ue;sjrKfhka f;aÍ m;ajq iy
jD;a;Suh jYfhka foaYmd,kfha
kshe<Sug wfmalaId lrk
ldka;djka ó<Õ ue;sjrKhg fmr
;u uQ,Huh Odß;djhka Yla;su;
lr.ekSug W;aidy orkq we;’
tfyhska ¥Is; wkq.%dyl-fiajd,dNS
foaYmd,kfhka fuu ldka;djka
wE;alr ;eìu w;sYhskau ÿIalr
jkq we;’
ms<s.ekSu wdÈh mj;sk nj Pkao odhlhkag ta;a;=
.ekaùu i|yd m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï foaYmd,k{hka
;ju;a W;aidy orhs¡
ldka;d foaYmd,ljßhka i,ld ne,Sfï§ o'
mjq,a miqìu yd mjqf,a w;S;a foaYmd,k N+ñldj
ue;sjrK ch.%lyK i|yd ;SrKd;aul fõ¡
*‌ේ,aIkan¾.a ^2008& fmkajd ÿka mßÈ foaYmd,k
kdhlha f,i ldka;djkaf.a úYajikSh;ajh
Tjqkaf.a mqoa.,sl yelshdjkag jvd fuu mjq,a
miqìu u; mrdh;a; fõ¡ kuq;a ol=Kq wdishdkq
iudcfha ;ju;a l%shd;aulj mj;sk jevjiï
kYaGdjfYaI fya;=fjka fuh ldka;djkag muKla
iqúfYaIS jQ ;;a;ajhla o fkdfõ¡ ‌ t‌
f;sydislj,
ol=Kq wdishdfõ fndfyda rgj, fukau Y%S ,xldfõo,
úfoaYhkays wOHdmkh yeoErE iy by< ;,fha
ldka;djka wvq jhiskau by< ;k;=rej,g m;aùfï
m%jK;djhla olakg ,efí¡
fuu wOHhkfha wkdjrK ue;sjrK i|yd ;rÕ
lsÍfï§ mjq,a miqìu jeo.;a jk njg jk by;
ksÍlaIK iu. tlÕ fjhs¡ ;rÕ fldg ch.%yKh
l< whf.ka jeä msßi foaYmd,k mjq,aj,ska meñ‚
lKavdhu nj fmkS hhs¡ ^w;S;fha yd j¾;udkfha
foaYmd,kfha kshe<s -34¡9]" j;aufkys- 32¡4]"
w;S;fha - 30¡9]& fmdÿfõ .;a l<, ;rÕ l< whg
jvd ,ehsia;=fjka meñ‚ whf.a mjq,a foaYmd,kh
yd in|;d we;s nj fmkS hhs¡ .=Kd;aul idlÉPdjg
iyNd.s jq fndfyda ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka mjid
isáfha ;u mjq,aj,g ;u <Õu mjqf,a idudðlhka
fyda {d;Ska yryd foaYmd,k in|;d mj;sk njhs¡
mlaIj, wdl¾IKh Èkd .ekSug mjq,a miqìfï
we;s jeo.;alu iïnkaOfhka fuhska uQ,slju bÕs
flfrk w;r tu.ska ;rÕ lsÍug fyda ,ehsia;=j
yryd m;aùug ldka;djlg yelshdj ,nd fohs
fuys§ wjOdkhg ,laúh hq;= lreKla jkafka
m%cdfõ b,a,Su u; ldka;d wfmalaIsldjka
.Kkdjlau ñh.sh {d;shl=f.a ysoei msrùug
fyda Tjqka ms<sn| u;lhg .re lsÍula jYfhka
fldagdfjka ,;a wjia:dj m%fhdackhg f.k we;s
njhs¡ ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj, §¾> ld,hla isg
mj;sk iïm%odhla ms<sìUq lrk fuh fldäldr
^2009& kï lr we;af;a ‘jekaoUqjka, ìßka|ka
iy Èh‚hka iy,laIKh¡ f,ihs

j.+j 08 - wfmalaIl ldKavh wkqj mjq, foaYmd,khg iïnkaO

wfmalaIl j¾.h ^%&

;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr ,ehsia;+fjka ,ehsia;+fjka
ch`.`yKh l< mrdch jQ ch`.`yKh l< mrdchg m;a jq
w;S;fha fukau j¾;udkfha 18.1% 10.9% 19.0% 16.2%
foaYmd,khg iïnkaOh
j¾;udkfha foaYmd,khg 6.5% 4.1% 6.3% 5.1%
iïnkaOh
w;S;fhoS foaYmd,khg 21.7% 21.1% 15.2% 16.2%
iïnkaOj isáfhah
w;S;fha iy j;aufkys 53.6% 63.9% 59.5% 62.4%
foaYmd,khg iïnkaO
fkdue;
uQ,h 138 147 158 234
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj 27

iudc cd, fj; m%fõYh

fndaäfhdaf.a ^1984& kHdhg wkqj iudc m%d.a
Okh hkqfjka ye¢kafjkqfha wfkdkH ms<s.ekSu u;
mokï jQ cd, yd in|d iajrEmfhka mj;sk iudÔh
iïm;a fõ¡ iudc cd,hla hkq iudc l%shdOrhka,
lKavdhï fyda wdh;k w;r in|;dj,ska f.dv
ke.=Kq iudc jHqyhla fõ¡ fuys§ fmdÿ Wml,amkh
jkqfha miqld,Skj Pkao fyda ckao tl;= lsßfï
hdka;%K ^ckm%sh;dj jeks& njg mßj¾;kh ùug
bv we;s wjYH cd, f.dv k.d .ekSug hful=g
yels jk ksid m%cdj iu. il%shj lghq;= lsÍu
foaYmd,kfha id¾:l;ajhg odhl jk njhs¡
oekgu;a i|yka lr we;s mßÈ, ue;sjrK n,uq¿
.ekaùfï§ cd, u.ska bgqlrkq ,nk ld¾hNdrh
uekúka f,aLk.; lr we;¡ ^ð.skaia 1979( chka;
1992( mSßia 2018& uelsjrK ld, jljdkqj,§
Pkao /ials‌Ífï hdka;%K f,i foaYmd,k mlaI
iy wfmalaIlhka úiska úúO jHdmdßl, ixialD;sl
yd {d;s;aj cd, fhdod .kafka flfiaoehs mSßia
^2014& lÈug meyeÈ<s lr fohs¡ tneúka, cd;sl iy
m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï foaYmd,k{hka muKla fkdj,
foaYmd,k wNs,dIhka we;s mqoa.,hka mjd fmdÿfõ
fuu cd,j, il%Sh ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrhs¡ flfia
fj;;a, fuu cd, m%uqL jYfhka mqreI;ajlrK
wjldY jk w;r tajd iu. ldka;djkag fndfyda
úg we;af;a b;d ÿ¾j, yd wm%Odk in|;djhka
mu‚‘

iñ;s yd ix.ïj,g iïnkaOùu

wOHhkhg iyNd.s jQ ldka;d
foaYmd,ljßhkaf.a idx.ñl Ôú;h, b;sydih
iy j;auka ;;a;ajh úuid ne,Sug iólaIKfha§
W;aidy ork ,§¡ tysÈ wkdjrKh jQ lreKqj,g
wkqj, fmdÿfõ fuu ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka mjid
isáfha mdi,a <uqka ;uka b;d l%shdYS,S Ôú;hla
.; l< njla yd j;aufka o ;u wi,ajeis m%cdj
iu. il%Shj iïnkaO ù lghq;= lrk njhs¡ kuq;a
tfia lrkqfha kdhlhka f,i o ke;fyd;a iyNd.s
lhka f,i o hkak ksYaÑ;j fy<s jQfha ke;¡ flfia
fj;;a, m%;spdr oelajQ ish¨‍ fokdg iudc Ôú;fha
w;aoelSï we;s njla fmkq‚‘ kuq;a idx.ñl Ôú;h
tkï f.dú iï;s, wjux.,dOdr iñ;s, iqnidOk
iñ;s yd ldka;d ix.ï wd§ úúO iñ;s iud.ïj,
iyNd.s;ajh iy ;k;=re oeÍu iïnkaOfhka
úuid isá úg§, tajdfha ;uka il%shj iyNd.s
jk njg mjid isáfha idfmalaIj wvq ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hka m%;sY;hls¡

j.+j 09 - wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj mdi,a iuh ;+< l%shdYS,S

wfmalaIl j¾.h ^%&

;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr ,ehsia;+fjka ,ehsia;+fjka
ch`.`yKh l< mrdch jQ ch`.`yKh l< mrdchg m;a jq
b;d l%shdYS,S 41.4% 42.7% 32.7% 39.8%
l%shdYS,S 56.6% 53.5% 63.6% 56.1%
l%shdYS,S fkdjQ 2.1% 3.8% 3.6% 4.1%
uQ,h 145 157 165 244
28 Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj

j.+j 10 - wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj wi,ajeis m%cdj ;+< l%shdYS,S

wfmalaIl j¾.h ^%&

;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr
ch`.`yKh l< ch`.`yKh l< ch`.`yKh l< ch`.`yKh l<
b;d l%shdYS,S 59.3% 58.6% 50.9% 47.5%
l%shdYS,S 36.6% 37.6% 44.8% 47.5%
l%shdYS,S fkdjQ 4.1% 3.8% 4.2% 4.9%
uQ,h 145 157 165 244

j.+j 11 - wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj idx.ñl cSú;fha l%shdYS,S

wfmalaIl j¾.h ^%&

;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr
ch`.`yKh l< ch`.`yKh l< ch`.`yKh l< ch`.`yKh l<
b;d l%shdYS,S 12.4% 14.0% 16.4% 16.4%
l%shdYS,S 35.2% 50.3% 41.8% 41.0%
l%shdYS,S fkdjQ 52.4% 35.7% 41.8% 42.6%
uQ,h 145 157 165 244

fuu wkdjrKhkaf.ka u;=jk l;dkaorh
wka;¾{dKfhka wjfndaO lr.;a lreKqj,g
iEfyk ÿrg mgye‚ fõ¡ ue;sjrKhl§ ldka;d
wfmalaIsldjkaf.a fl;rï id¾:l jkafkao
hkakg fyda ,ehsia;=j yryd Tjqkg m<d;a md,k
wdh;kfha ia:dkhla ,nd.ekSu yelsfõo hkakg
fyda Tjqkaf.a m%cd iyNd.s;ajh ;SrKd;aul
njla fkdfmkajhs¡ ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka iu.
meje;s iïuqL idlÉPdjkays§ fuu úIu;djh
ms<sn| hï wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yels úh¡¡
lKavdhï idlÉpd w;r;=r§, we;eï ldka;djka
meñ‚<s lr isáfha ;uka mlaIh fjkqfjka .fï
úúO lghq;=j, ksr; jqjo, úúO iñ;s iud.
ïj, lghq;= l< o, mlaIfha lghq;=j,§ m%dfoaYSh
uÜgñka kdhl;ajh .kakd msßñ foaYmd,k{hka
;ukaf.a foaYmd,k Ôú;h bÈßh lrd /f.k
hdug iyfhda.h fkdfok njhs¡ ;j;a ldka;djka
lsysm fofkl= fpdaokd lf<a wfmalaI;ajh ,nd
§fï§, fuu msßñ foaYmd,k{hka ;ukaf.a {d;Ska
fyda ióm ñ;=rka jk ldka;djkag jeä wkq.%yhla
olajk njhs¡ tu lKavdhï idlÉPdfõ§u
we;eï ldka;djka mqoa.,slj mjid isáfha fuu
ldka;djka f;dard fkd.ekSu iïnkaOfhka msßñ
foaYmd,k{hkag fodaIdfrdamKh l< fkdyels
nj;a Tjqka foaYmd,kfha ksr; jkafka kï
mlaId kdhlhkaf.a iydh ,nd .kafka flfiaoehs
Tjqka oek isáh hq;= nj;ah¡ iudc lghq;=j,§
ldka;djkaf.a l%shdud¾. yd l%shdldß;ajh muKla
m%udKj;a fkdjkafka flfiao hkak iy mqreI
wdêm;Hhg yd tys b,a,Sïj,g hg;a jkafka kñ
ñi ldka;d foaYmd,k l%shdOrhkag foaYmd,k ys‚
uf.a by<g .uka lsÍug fkdyels nj fuu woyia
yqjudrefjka fmkakqï lrhs¡
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj
Tjqkaf.a f;aÍ m;aùfï m%h;akh i|yd iyfhda.h
f;aÍ m;aùfï ;u m%h;akh i|yd fuu ldka;d
foaYmd,k wfmalaIsldjkag ^,ehsia;=j yryd f;aÍ
m;aùug W;aidh oerE who we;=¿j& iyfhda.h
,enqKq uQ,dY%( tkï Tjqkag ;u mjq,aj,ska yd
{d;Skaf.ka, wi,ajdiSkaf.ka, cd;sl yd m%dfoaYSh
uÜgfï mlaI kdhl;ajfhka, m%foaYfha m%N+kaf.ka
iy m%foaYfha ldka;djka iy msßñkaf.ka fldmuK
iyfhda.hla ,enqfKao ms<sn|j fuu wOHhkfhka
úuid n,k ,§¡ fulS mqoa.,hka yd lKavdhï talrdYs
lsÍug we;s yelshdj fuu ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka
i;= iudc ,%d.aOkfha uÜgu ms<sno fyd| o¾Ylhla
fõ¡ fmdÿfõ .;a l< fuu wOHhkhg iyNd.S jQ
ish¨‍ ldka;d foaYmd,k{hkag ;u mjqf,ka yd
{d;Skaf.ka úYd, iydhla ,enqKq njg jd¾;d
úh¡ tfia iyfhda.hla fkd,enqK nj mjid isáfha
b;du;a iq¿ msßila muKla jk w;r ue;sjrK
jHdmdrhg ;u mjq,aj,ska ndOd meñK jQ nj
m%;spdr oelajQ lsisfjl=;a fkdmejiQ ;rïh¡ ;u
mjq,aj,ska yd {d;Skaf.ka iydh ,enqKq njg wvqu
m%;sY;hla jd¾;d lf<a ,ehsia;=fjka ;rÕ lr
mrdch jQjkah¡
fuu wkdjrKj,ska meyeÈ<sj fmkakqï lrkqfha
wi,ajdiSkaf.a iydh ,nd.ekSug we;s yelshdj
ue;sjrKfha m%;sM, flfrys oeä n,mEula we;slrk
njhs¡ tfia jeäu iyfhda.hla ,nd .ekSug yels jQ
fuu wkdjrKj,ska meyeÈ<sj
fmkakqï lrkqfha wi,ajdiSkaf.a
iydh ,nd.ekSug we;s yelshdj
ue;sjrKfha m%;sM, flfrys oeä
n,mEula we;slrk njhs’
29
nj jd¾;d lrk ,oafoa ;rÕ fldg ch.%yKh l<
whj¨‍ka ^70¡3]& jk w;r B<Õ jeäu msßi jQfha
,ehsia;=fjka f;aÍ m;ajQjkah ^53¡7]&¡ flfia fj;;a,
;rÕ fldg mrdchjQjka fukau ,ehsia;=fjka
mrdchg m;ajQjka o ;ukag o wi,ajdiSkaf.a
iydh ,enqKq nj jd¾;d l< o ta iydh ,eî
we;af;a hï ÿrlg mu‚‘ we;a; jYfhkau m<d;a
md,k ue;sjrKhla ;rÕ lrk ljfrl=g jqj o
wi,ajdiS m%cdjf.a iydh ;SrKd;aul jkafka tjeks
iyfhda.hla ue;sjrK jHdmdrhg wdOdrhla jkjd
muKla fkdj Pkao o ,nd fok ksidh¡ .=Kd;aul
idlÉPdjkag iyNd.s fjñka, f;aÍ m;ajQ tla ldka;d
foaYmd,ljßhla mjid isáfha jir .Kkdjla mqrd
isÿl< iudc lghq;= ksid m%foaYfha ish¨‍ fokd
wehjj fyd¢ka oek isá neúka iy wef.a iShd o
m%foaYfha foaYmd,k lghq;=j, ksr;jQfjla neúka
wi,ajeis m%cdjf.ka wehg úYd, iyfhda.hla
,enqKq njhs¡ tneúka mjq,a miqìu fukau ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hkaf.a Tjqkaf.au jQ l%shdldß;ajh hk
lreKq folu wi,ajeishkaf.a Pkao ,nd.ekSug
odhl fjhs¡
wfmalaIs; mßÈu, ;rÕ fldg ch.%yKh l<
wh mjid isáfha mlaIfha cd;sl kdhl;ajfha
iyfhda.h úYd, m%udKhlg ;ïkag ,enqKq
njhs¡ wfkla w;g mlaIfha cd;sl kdhl;ajfhka
iydhla fkd,enqKq njg mejeiQ msßi ch.%yKh
l< msßig idfmalaIj ‘mrdð;¡ ldKavfha by<
m%;sY;hla .kq ,eîh¡ m%dfoaYSh mlaI kdhl;ajfha
iyfhda.h iïnkaOfhka .;a l<, fuu rgdju
Bg;a jvd ;Sõr;djhlska olakg ,efí¡ ;rÕ fldg
fyda ,ehsia;= yryd ;u m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g
f;aÍ m;aùug iu;ajQjka mjid isáfha m%foaYfha
m%N+kaf.ka ;ukag iydh ,enqKq nj jk w;r
wfkla w;g ;rÕ fldg fyda ,ehsia;= yryd ;u
m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g f;aÍ m;aùug fkdyels
jQ wfmalaIsldjkaf.ka idfmalaIj wvq m%;sY;hla
Tjqkg m%dfoaYSh foaYmd,k kdhl;ajfhka úYd,
iyfhda.hla ,enqKq nj is;hs¡ fuhska meyeÈ<sj
fmkakqï lrkqfha, fldag l%uh meje;sfha jqj
o, id¾:l wfmalaIlhl= ùug kï¡ ldka;djkag
cd;sl uÜgfï yd m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï foaYmd,k
30
kdhl;ajh iu. iúu;a in|;djla wjYH njhs¡
úfYaIfhkau mlaI ,ehsia;=j yryd kïlrkq
,enq wh kdufhdackd ,nd.ekSug muKla fkdj
m%;sM, ksl=;aùfuka miqj m%dfoaYSh iNdjg f;dard
.kq ,nk wfmalaIlhkaf.a ,ehsia;=jg ;u kï
we;=<;a lr.ekSu ms‚i o mlaI kdhl;ajh u;
oeäj r|d mej;=‚‘ ;u kï ,ehsia;=j,g we;=<;a
lrkq ,enqfõ yqfolau mlaI ,ehsia;=fõ ksYaÑ;
ldka;djka ixLHdjla ;sîu wksjd¾h jQ ksid nj;a
ue;sjrKh wjika jq miqj mlaI kdhl;ajh
;ukaf.a ióm;hka flf¾ jeä keUqrejla oelajQ
nj;a .=Kd;aul idlÉPdjg iyNd.s jQ ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hska .Kkdjla meñ‚<s lr isáfhah¡
wi,ajdiSka iïnkaOfhka .;a l<, ;rÕ fldg
fyda ,ehsia;= yryd ;u m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g
f;aÍ m;aùug iu;ajQ ldka;d foaYmd,k{hska
mjid isáfha wfkla whg jvd ;ukag m%foaYfha
m%N+ msßiaj, iydh ysñ jq njhs¡ ;u wod< n,
m%foaYhkays ldka;djka yd msßñka hk fomsßfiau
iyfhda.h ish¨‍ ldKav i|yd fmdÿfõ iudklula
fmkajhs¡ flfia fj;;a, mqÿuhlg fuka, o;a; u.ska
fmkakqï lrkqfha ;rÕ lr ch.%yKh l< ldka;d
foaYdmd,k{hkag jeä iyfhda.hla ysñ jQfha
;u m%foaYj, ldka;djkag jvd msßñkaf.ka njhs¡
j;auka foaYmd,k l%uh ;=< ldka;djkag id¾:l
wfmalaIsldjka ùug kï m%foaYfha ldka;djkaf.a
iyfhda.hg jvd msßñkaf.a iyfhda.h ;SrKd;aul
jkafkah hk woyi fuhska lshfõ¡ tafia jqjo, fuu
lreK ms<sn|j ;jÿrg;a m¾fhaIK isÿ fkdfldg
tjeks ks.ukhkag t<öug hful= l,n, úh hq;=
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj
fkdfõ¡ m%dfoaYSh ldka;d foaYmd,ljßhka lsysm
fofkl= iu. mj;ajk ,o idlÉPdjkays§ fï
iïnkaOfhka hï wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yels
jq‚‘ ;u ue;sjrK Wmdhud¾. úia;r lrñka,
m%;spdr oelajQ tla ldka;djla lshd isáfha fmdaiag¾
we,ùug iy .u wNHka;rfha ue;sjrK lghq;=
;uka msßñka fhdod .;a njhs¡ flfia fj;;a, msßñka
tla /ia lsÍu ms‚i u;ameka yd ÿïjeá wjYH
nEúka tu l%shdj,sh iïnkaëlrKh ms‚i wef.a
iajdñmqreIhd wehg Woõ lr ;sfí¡ wehf.a u;h
jQ‌fha tjeks foaj,a imhkq fkd,nkafka kï lsisjl=
fyda meñK ue;sjrK jHdmdrhlg Woõ Wmldr
fkdlrk njhs¡
;u ue;sjrK Wmdhud¾. úia;r
lrñka, m%;spdr oelajQ tla
ldka;djla lshd isáfha fmdaiag¾
we,ùug iy .u wNHka;rfha
ue;sjrK lghq;= i|yd ;uka
msßñka fhdod .;a njhs’ flfia
fj;;a, msßñka tla /ia lsÍu ms‚i
u;ameka yd ÿïjeá wjYH nEúka
tu l%shdj,sh iïnkaëlrKh
ms‚i wef.a iajdñmqreIhd wehg
Woõ lr ;sfí’
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj 31

j.=j 12 - wfmalaIl ldKavh wkqj Wmldr uQ,dY%

wfmalaIl j¾.h ^%&

;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr ,ehsia;+fjka ,ehsia;+fjka

ch`.`yKh l< mrdch jQ ch`.`yKh l< mrdchg m;a jq
mjq, yd {d;Ska úYd, f,i 86.8% 83.9% 87.2% 78.2%
;rula oqrg 11.1% 14.8% 11.0% 18.1%
Iyfhda.hla fkdue; .7% .6% 1.2% 2.5%
ndOd lrk ,oS 0.0% .6% 0.0% 0.0%
wi,ajeishka úYd, f,i 70.3% 40.6% 53.7% 42.8%
;rula oqrg 26.9% 56.1% 41.5% 51.0%
Iyfhda.hla fkdue; .7% 1.9% 1.8% 4.1%
ndOd lrk ,oS 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% .4%
mlaI kdhl;ajh- cd;sl úYd, f,i 54.5% 30.1% 42.6% 19.5%
;rula oqrg 31.0% 50.0% 30.9% 41.5%
Iyfhda.hla fkdue; 13.1% 17.3% 21.0% 33.2%
ndOd lrk ,oS .7% 0.0% 0.0% .8%
mlaI kdhl;ajh úYd, f,i 57.6% 38.7% 54.6% 28.5%
-m%dfoaYSh
;rula oqrg 36.1% 52.3% 39.3% 55.4%
Iyfhda.hla fkdue; 3.5% 5.2% 3.1% 13.2%
ndOd lrk ,oS 0.0% .6% 1.2% 0.0%
m%foaYfha m%N+ka úYd, f,i 42.1% 24.5% 25.9% 18.4%
;rula oqrg 40.0% 58.1% 55.6% 54.0%
Iyfhda.hla fkdue; 13.8% 14.2% 14.2% 23.0%
ndOd lrk ,oS 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.3%
m%foaYfha ldka;djka úYd, f,i 56.6% 46.5% 45.4% 36.6%
;rula oqrg 38.6% 47.7% 49.7% 58.0%
Iyfhda.hla fkdue; 1.4% 3.9% 1.8% 3.7%
ndOd lrk ,oS .7% 0.0% .6% 0.0%
m%foaYfha msrsñka úYd, f,i 61.4% 28.4% 41.0% 25.3%
;rula oqrg 35.2% 65.8% 51.6% 57.7%
Iyfhda.hla fkdue; 0.0% 1.9% 3.1% 12.4%
ndOd lrk ,oS 0.0% 1.3% .6% .4%

wOHkhg iyNd.s jQ ldka;d foaYmd,k
l%shdOrhka ish¨‍ fokdu mdfya ;u mjqf,a
idudðlhkaf.ka, {d;Skaf.ka yd wi,ajdiSkaf.ka
iydh ,enqfKa hehs mejiSu ksid, ue;sjrKhl§
Woõ Wmldr ,nd .ekSfï§ ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka
i;= iudc m%d.aOkh úiska bgq lrkq ,nk jeo.;a
ld¾hNdrh fuu wOHhkh meyeÈ<sj wjOdrKh
lrhs¡ flfia fj;;a, cd;sl iy m%dfoaYSh
foaYmd,k kdhl;ajfha fukau m%foaYfha m%N+
msßiaj, jvd jeä iyfhda.hla N=la;s ú| we;af;a
we;eï wh muKla jk w;r ,ehsia;=j u.ska fyda
;rÕ lsÍu u.ska m%dfoaYSh iNdjg f;aÍ m;aùug
Tjqkag yels úh¡ tneúka fldagd l%uh mj;skafka
jqjo, msßñ foaYmd,k{hkag fukau ldka;djkag
o foaYmd,kfha§ id¾:l ùug kï Tjqkaf.a n,fha
uÜgu yd Tjqkag fl;rï ÿrlg n,mEï l< yelso
hkak wjidk jYfhka ksYavh lrk ;u wd¾Ól,
ixialD;sl iy iudc mardm.aOkh by< kxjd
.ekSug isÿj ;sfí¡ fï ioyd, ;u ifydaor msßñ
foaYmd,k{hkag jvd jdisodhl ;;a;ajhla we;s
lr .ekSu ms‚i Tjqka úiska Tjqkaf.au jQ Wmdhud¾.
fhdod .; hq;= fõ¡ tfia jqjo, tjeks Wmdhud¾.
m%cd;ka;%jd§ iïu;hka ;=< ieu úgu fidhd .;
yelso hkak .eUqßka i,ld ne,sh hq;= m%Yakhls¡
32 Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj

;u foaYmd,k wkd.;hg ndOdjka f,i ldka;d

foaYmd,k{hka olskqfha ljrlao@

uq,H iïm;a ysÕh

fuu wOHhkhg iyNd.sjQ ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hka ;u foaYmd,k Ôú;hg we;s
f,dl=u ndOdj f,i olskqfha foaYmd,kh i|yd jeh
lsÍug uqo,a fkdue;sluhs¡ uQ,H iïm;a fkdue;slu
jD;a;Sh foaYmd,khg msúiSu i,ld ne,Sfuka
ldka;djka wffO¾h lr we;af;a flfiao hkak
oekgu;a idlÉPd lr we;¡ ^uQ,H iïm;a hgf;a&
Y%S ,xldj jeks wkq.%dyl m%cd;ka;%jdÈ rdcHhl “
Pkao wfmalaIdfjka foaYmd,k{hka nvq NdKav ,nd
fokjd muKla fkdj, Pkao odhlhkao tfia ,enqKq
NdKav fjkqfjka ;u Pkaoh ,nd fohs ke;fyd;a
,nd fok njg m%;s{d fohs¡ fuu ;;a;ajh ú.%y
lrñka Whkaf.dv ^2010& m%ldY lrkqfha —rdÊ‍H
-iudÔh rduqjla ;=< Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k
n,h lghq;= lrkafka flfiao hkak ms<sn|j
wjfndaOhla ,nd .kq ms‚i foaYmd,k l%shdj,sh
;=< wkqYdil -fiajd,dNS in|;d meje;Su y÷kd
.ekSu iy tajd l%shd;aul jkafka flfiao hkak
we.hSu˜ b;d ;SrKd;aul njhs ^msgqj 61&¡ tneõka,
;u foaYmd,k Ôú;h mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd
foaYmd,k{hkag tlaflda ;u mqoa.,sl Okh ;sìh
hq;=h, ke;fyd;a wkq.%yh iemhSfï wfkl=;a l%u
;sìh hq;=h¡ w;S;fha§ ;u foaYmd,k lghq;= i|yd
foaYmd,k{hka ;u fm!oa.,sl Okh jeh l<
o, uE; ld,Skj Tjqka ;u wkq.%dyl cd, mj;ajd
.ekSu ms‚i rdcH iïm;a fj; ;u m%fõYh
fhdod .kshs ^mSßia 2014&¡ Y%S ,xldfõ ue;sjrK
foaYmd,kh ms<sn| ,sheú we;s fmd;am;aj,g wkqj
ñka woyia jkqfha foaYmd,kfha /£ isàug kï
foaYmd,k{hka i;=j m%udKj;a mqoa.,sl Okhla
fyda cd;sl uÜgfï foaYmd,k{hka, ks,OdÍka yd
ñ, uqo,a iys; mqoa.,hka iu. wjYH in|;d
;sìh hq;= njhs¡ ldka;djka jqj o msßñka jqj o,
m%dfoaYsh uÜgfï foaYmd,k{hka fndfyda fofkl=g
foaYmd,khg msúiSug fmr tjeks Okhla fkd;snQ
kuqÿ we;efula f;aÍ m;aùfuka miqj ;u in|;d
iy n,h iQlaIuj fhdod .ksñka wdodhï Wmhk
ud¾. ilia lrf.k ;sfí¡
n,h iQlaIu f,I fhdod .ksïka Okh bmehSfï
tjeks Wmdhud¾. i|yd ldka;d foaYmd,k{hskag
jvd msßñ foaYmd,k{hkag jeä yelshdjla we;s
njg ks.ukhlg t<öu ms‚i ixikaokd;aul
o;a; fuu wOHhkh fkdiemhqfõ jqj o, ;u
foaYmd,k lghq;= i|yd uqo,a W;amdokh lsÍfï§
ldka;djka ÿ¾j,hka¡ nj ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka
iu. meje;ajQ iuuqL idlÉPdjkays§ meyeÈ<sj
m%ldY úh¡ ;uka Ôj;ajk m%foaYh ;=< foaYmd,k
lghq;= bgq lsÍug uqo,a m%;smdok ;u cd;sl yd
m%dfoaYSh foaYmd,k{hka úiska fjka lsÍu Tjqka
wfmalaId lrk kuq;a fndfyda fofkl= meñ‚<s
lr isáfha wNHka;r foaYmd,kh iy mqoa.,sl
oek ye÷kqïlï u; ;ukag tjeks iydhla wysñ
ù we;s njhs¡ tys m%;sM,hla f,i, ;ukag Pkaoh
m%ldY l< whg uqyqK §u Tjqkg ÿIalr ù we;¡
flfia fj;;a, nÿ,a, uyd k.r iNdjg uE;l§
fuu wOHhkhg iyNd.sjQ ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hka ;u foaYmd,k
Ôú;hg we;s f,dl=u ndOdj f,i
olskqfha foaYmd,kh i|yd jeh
lsÍug uqo,a fkdue;sluhs’
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj 33

f;aÍ m;ajQ ldka;d foaYmd,k{hl= mjid isáfha
wehf.a ieñhd W!j m<d;a iNdfõ wud;Hjrhl=
neúka wehg tjeks ÿIalr;djhla fkdue;s njhs¡
m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g f;aÍ m;ajQ ldka;djkaf.
ka idfmalaIj jvd by< m%;sY;hla ;u foaYmd,k
wkd.;h i|yd uqo,a ysÕh ndOdjla nj wjOdrKh
lf<ah¡ tneúka, m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g f;aß
m;ajQ ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka i|yd ndysr uQ,H
iydhla fkd,efnkafka kï Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k
Ôú;fha wkd.;h wjodkul mj;S¡
úreoaO mlaIj, wNsfhda.
ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka, úfYaIfhkau w¿;ska
f;aÍ m;ajQ wh iNdj ;=< fukau ;u ue;sjrK
fldÜGdYh ;=< úmlaIfha mlaIj, wNsfhda.
hkag uqyqK fohs¡ iólaIKfhka wkdjrKh jQ
lreKqj,g wkqj, f;aÍ m;ajq fukau f;aÍ m;a fkdjQ
ldka;d foaYmd,k{hkaf.ka mfyka tlla úreoaO
mlaIj, wNsfhda. ;u foaYmd,k Ôú;hg ndOdjla
fia i,lhs¡ iNdfõ mqreI;ajlrK jQ wjldYh ;=<,
iNdfõ mqreI;ajlrK jQ wjldYh
;=<” wmydid;aul jd.aud,dj
iy wdl%uKYS,S WÉpdrK ú,dYh
fhdod .ksñka msßñka jdo újdoj,
kshef<k wdldrh ;=< ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hkaf.a y~ hgm;a fõ’
ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka bÈßfha fyd¢ka yeisÍug
msßñ foaYmd,k{hka mgka .;a nj;a iNdj
;=< lghq;= lsÍug ;ukag nrm;, wNsfhda.hla
fkdue;s nj;ah¡
;u úreoaO mlaIfha idudðlhkaf.a lghq;=
ksid ;u ue;sjrK fldÜGdY ;=< ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hkag wjodkï iy.; njla yefÕa¡ th
iDcqju uQ,a‍H iïm;a fj; m%fõYh fkdue;slu yd
iïnkaO fõ¡ ck;djg Woõ Wmldr lsÍug ;ukag
yelshdjla fkdue;s kï, ;u Pkao odhlhkaf.a
iyfhda.h Èkd.ekSu Tjqkag wiSre ù we;¡ Bg
wu;rj, msßñ foaYmd,k{hka yd iei£fï§,
Ujqka ;rugu ;u Pkao odhlhka yuqùug hdug
ldka;d foaYmd,k{hkag úfYaIfhkau wmyiq fõ¡
WodyrKhla f,i, rd;%s ld,fha§ wjux.,Hhlg
hdug fyda ;u wdOdrlrejl=f.a yÈis ffjoH
wjYH;djhla ioyd hdug fyda ;ksju ÿr
.ukla hdug mj;sk mS;D uQ,sl iudch ;=<
ldka;d foaYmd,k{hkag ixialD;sluh jYfhka
wNsfhda.d;aul fõ¡ tfy;a msßñ foaYmd,k{hkag
lsisÿ iudÔh ndOdjlska f;drj ;u mlaIfhau
fyda úreoaO mlaIfha Pkao odhlhka iu. lghq;=
lsÍug yels fõ¡ úfYaIfhkau, úreoaO mlaIj,ska
t,a, jk wNsfhda.h jeäfhkau oekS ;snqfKa n,fha
fkdisáñka ;u foaYmd,k Ôú;h mj;ajd .ekSug
isÿj ;snq, ;rÕ lsÍfuka fyda ,ehsia;=j u.ska
fyda iNdjg f;aÍ m;aùug fkdyels jQ ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hkagh¡.

wmydid;aul jd.aud,dj iy wdl%uKYS,S WÉpdrK

ú,dYh fhdod .ksñka msßñka jdo újdoj,
kshef<k wdldrh ;=< ldka;d foaYmd,k{hkaf.a
y~ hgm;a fõ¡ flfia fj;;a, fndfyda ldka;djka
m%ldY lf<a Tjqka blau‚ka Bg yqre mqreÿ jq nj;a
iNdj ;=< tjeks mQreIdldr bÈßm;alsÍïj,g ;uka
oeka ìh fkdue;s nj;ah¡ fï w;r, m%;spdr oelajQ
;j;a iuyfrla mjid isáfha we;a; jYfhkau
34 Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj

rEm igyk 01- ldka;djkaf.a foaYmd,k wkd.;h i|yd úYd,;u ndOd

Other
fjk;a 2.3

m%pKav foa Ymd,k

Violent ixiaculture
political lD;sh 13.7

iudcfhka meñfKk
Challenges wNssociety
from the fhda. 9.1

mjqChallenges
f,ka t,a,from my family
jk wNs fhda. 1.9

uf.a foaYChallenges
md,k mlawithin
Ih ;=my
< own
wNsfparty
hda. 11.1

Challenges
úreoafrom opposition
O mla Ij, wNsparties
fhda. 20.9

foaY
Lack ofmd,kh
financesi|yd jeh
to spend on ls Íug
politics 40.9
uqo,a fkdue;slu

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

m%pKav foaYmd,k ixialD;sh we;s idOlhla f,i i,lkqfha foaYmd,k

;u foaYmd,k wkd.;hg ndOdjla f,i ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hka olsk‌f;jk jvd;au ckm%sh
idOlh jkafka m%pKav foaYmd,k ixialD;shhs¡ ;u
foaYmd,k lghq;= i|yd uerhka fyda uer l,a,s
fhdod .kakd njg lsisÿ foaYmd,k mlaIhla fyda
foaYmd,k{fhla újD;j m%ldY fkdlrk kuq;a
úfYaIfhkau m%Odk mlaIj, foaYmd,k{hka
wjYH ´kEu úgl§ m%pKav;ajh uqod yeÍug
we;s yelshdj mj;ajd .kshs ^msßia 2014& tjeks
m%pKav l%shd ñkS ueÍï, myr§ï, fjä ;eîï iy
foam< .sks ;eîï f,i muKla fkdj úúO iQlaIu
wdldj,ska isÿfõ¡ Y%S ,xldfõ ue;sjrK foaYmd,kh
wdrïN jQ od isgu ue;sjrK m%pKav;ajh meje;s
nj ue;sjrK wOHhk ms<sn| foaYSh jYfhka m< ù
we;s f,aLk mq¿,aj ms<s.kq ,nhs¡ ^ð.skaia 1979( cqma
1978( mSÍia 2014&¡ tmuKla o fkdj, foaYmd,kfhka
ldka;djka wE;a lr ;nk jvd;au mq¿,aj ms<sf.k
lafI;%fha mj;sk m%pKav;ajhhs¡ ^nd¾v,a 2018,
vh¾ iy wfkl=;a wh 2019& foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha
isÿjk YdÍßl ysxikhka —ldka;djkaf.a wjodkï
iy.;nj by< kxjk w;r wjYHfhkau fndfyda
rd;%s jk ;=re jev lsÍu yd ;ksju .uka lsÍu
fldgila jk foaYmd,k l%shdldrlï wffO¾hu;a
lrhs¡˜ idudkH ldka;djka id;sYh nyq;rhlg
fukau fndfyda msßñka i|yd o, foaYmd,kh
jD;a;shla f,i i,ld ne,Su j<lajd,k idOlhla
jkqfha m%pKav;ajhhs¡˜ ^fldäldr 2009. msgqj
20& Bg wu;rj, ia;%S mqreI iudcNdj iajrEmfha
m%pKav;ajhg ldka;djka úfYaIfhkau wjodkï
md;% neúka foaYmd,kfha /£ isàu ldka;djkag
úYd, wNsfhda.hls¡ iólaIKfha wkdjrKhkag
wkqj, foaYmd,k m%pKav;ajh iïnkaOfhka
jeäfhkau ish lKiai,a, m< lf<a ;rÕ lsÍfuka
fyda ,ehsia;=j yryd m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g
f;aÍ m;ajQ ldka;djkah¡ ^j.=j 13&
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj 35

j.=j 13- wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj foaYmd,k wkd.;h i|yd mj;sk ndOl

wfmalaIl j¾.h ^%&

;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr ,ehsia;+fjka ,ehsia;+fjka
ch`.`yKh l< mrdch jQ ch`.`yKh l< mrdchg m;a jq
foaYmd,kh ióyd jeh lsrSug uqo,a 47.2% 34.0% 41.5% 41.5%
fkdue;slu
úreoaO mlaIj, wNsfhda. 19.0% 26.9% 23.9% 15.3%
Uf.au mlaIfhka u;+jk wNsfhda. 2.8% 14.1% 6.3% 17.8%
Uf.a mjqf,ka t,a, jQ wNsfhda. 0.7% 4.5% 1.3% 1.7%
Iudcfhka meusKs wNsfhda. 12.7% 7.7% 8.8% 8.5%
m%pKav foaYmd,k ixialD;sh 14.1% 11.5% 17.0% 13.6%
tl;+j 3.5% 1.3% 1.3% 1.7%
uQ,h 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

;ukaf.au mlaIfhka u;=jk wNsfhda.

fmdÿfõ .;a l<, fuu wOHhkhg iyNd.s jQ
ldka;d foaYmd,k{hla 11% la m%ldY lr isáfha
;u mlaIh úiskau ;ukaf.a foaYmd,k Ôú;h
wNsfhda.hg ,la lr we;s njh8. ;u foaYmd,k
wkd.;h i|yd mlaIh ;=<skau wNsfhda.hla t,a,
ù we;ehs is;Sug jeäfhkau bv we;af;a ;rÕ fldg
mrdchg m;ajQ fukau ,ehsia;=fjka mrdchg m;ajQ
ldka;djkah¡ mlaI ;=< mj;sk mS;D uQ,sl jHqyhka,
ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka ;nd.kqfha fjfyi ù jev
l< hq;= tfy;a fkdjeo.;a ;k;=rej, jk w;r
Tjqka m%lg foaYmd,k mjq,lska meñ‚hfyd;a ñi
kdhl;aj yelshdjka iys; mqoa.,hka fia i,lkqfha
b;d l,d;rlsks¡ úfYaIfhkau 2018 m<d;a md,k
ue;sjrKh ;rÕ fldg mrdchg m;ajQ ldka;djkag
yefÕkqfha ;u mlaIh ;=<skau u;=jk wNsfhda.
;u foaYdmd,k Ôú;hg ndOlhla njhs¡
wOHhkfha .=Kd;aul kdjrK u.ska fmkajd
fokqfha foaYmd,khg msúfika ldka;djkag
uQ,slju ldka;d Ôjfkdamdh ixj¾Okh, Èlalido,
.Dyia: m%pKav;ajh iy$ fyda fkdi,ld yeÍu,
<ud wdrlaIdj, ldka;d whs;sjdislï wd§ ldka;d
lghq;=¡ hehs kï l< yels foaj,a iïnkaOfhka
muKla mejÍfï m%jK;djhla mj;sk njhs¡ fuu
m%jK;djfha .eg¨‍j ù we;af;a úksYaphkh, nÿ
mekeùu, iïm;a fjkalsÍu iy md,khg wod<
wfkl=;a uQ,sl lafI;%hkag wod< ;SrK .ekSfï
l%shdodufha§ ldka;d woyia fkdúuiSuhs¡ we;af;kau
isoqjsh hq;af;a ldka;d fldagdj y÷kajd §ug
mlaIj bÈßm;a lrkq ,enQ ;¾lhla jQfhau ldka;d
lghq;= iïnkaO .eg¨‍ ksid neúka ;SrK .ekSfï
l%shdodufha§ ldka;d lghq;=¡ hehs idïm%odhslj
i,lkq ,nk lreKq ksfhdackhk lrkq ,eîu
jeo.;a jQj;a, tjeks ldrKd iïnkaOfhka muKla
ldka;djka iyNd.s ùu isÿ fkdúh hq;a;ls¡ Tjqkag
iïnkaOùug whs;shla we;s ksidu muKla fkdj,
Tjqkaf.a ðú; o tu lafI;%hkays l%s,hd;aul neúka,
md,kfha ish¨‍ lafI;%hkag wod< ;SrK .ekSfï§
ldka;djka ta i|yd il%Shj iyNd.s úh hq;=h¡

8 uq,H iïm;a fkdue;sùfï m%Odk lreK we;=¿j fuu ixLHdj,ska oelafjkqfha úl,am lsysmhl=
w;=ßka Tjqka f;dard.;a úl,amhkays m%;sY;h nj ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h’
36
iudch ;=<skau u;=jk wNsfhda.
iudch úisk t,a, lrk wNsfhda. iïnkaOfhka
úuiSfï§, ;u foaYmd,k wkd.;hg iudch
ndOdjla njg woyia oelajQfha wOHhhkhg iyNd.s
jQ ldka;d foaYmd,k{hska ishhg 9% la mu‚9
wka whg jvd fuu iudÔh wNsfhda. wjOdrKh
lf<a ;rÕ fldg ch.%yKh l< ldka;djka nj
ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= lreKls¡ flfia fj;;a, ñka
fmr isÿlr we;s wOHhkhkaf.ka fmkakqï lr
we;af;a ldka;djka foaYmd,kfhka wE;alr ;eîug
uQ,sl fya;=jla ù we;af;a ixialD;sl ndOlhka
njhs¡ ^f,hsgka iy .=Kj¾Ok 1998¦ ,shkf.a 1999¦
f,hsgka 2000¦ mska;= chj¾Ok iy fldäldr 2003¦
chj¾Ok 2002& fmdÿ-mqoa.,sl oaúOdlrKh iy
mqoa.,sl Ôú;fhys ldka;djkag kshu lr we;s
N+ñldj u.ska foaYmd,kh ;uka i|yd wlem
fohla njg jk u;h Tjqka is;a ;=< ls|d nei ;sfí¡
^;ïnhshd 2003& fuu isud udhsï w;sl%uKh lsÍu
ixialD;sluh jYfhka wkqÑ; yd .Dyfha mqoa.,sl
wjldYfha iïm%odhsl .;sl;ajhkag wjysr lrk
fohla fia fndfyda úg olskq ,nhs ^fldäldr
2009&, wEIaj¾;a ^1996& iy fívka ^2000&¡ w¿;ska
y÷kajd ÿk fldagd l%uh hgf;a 2018 m<d;a
md,k ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;ajQfha ljr wdldrfha
ldka;djka o hkak úuid ne,Sug fuu wkdjrK
wmg wdrdOkd lrhs¡
ixialD;sh úiska mkjd we;s ;j;a jHqyd;aul
ndOlhka jkqfha ldka;djkaf.a ‘fohdldr nrhs¡¡
tu.ska Tjqka ksjfia j.lSï iy ndysr j.lSï
bgqlr,Sfï wfmalaIdj, ld,h yd Y%uh jeh jk
foaYmd,kh jeks fohl Tjqka ksr;ùu wffO¾hu;a
lrhs¡ ^fn%daä 2009& fuys i|yka lr we;s ksjfia jev
lghq;= ms<sn| wfmalaIdjka msßñkag wod< fkdfõ
hehs i,lkq ,nk neúka foaYmd,kl%shdldrlïj,g
iyNd.sùuka je<lS isàfï mSvkhla idudkHfhka
Tjqkg we;s fkdfõ¡ tu.ska foaYmd,kh msßñkag
iqúfYaI jQ úIh lafIa;%hla f,i ks¾jpkh lsÍfï
È.= ld,Sk Ndú;dj we;s lrñka, hï ÿIalr;d
uOHfha jqj o, foaYmd,khg msúfik ldka;djkag
wNsfhda.d;aul mßirhla ks¾udKh lrk ,§¡ —
msßñka flfrys jdisodhl, iudÔh Ndú;djka iy
msßñ mlaI idudðlhka w;r wfkdkH iqyoYS,S;ajh
9 uq,H iïm;a fkdue;sùfï m%Odk lreK we;=¿j fuu ixLHdj,ska oelafjkqfha úl,am lsysmhl= w;=ßka
Tjqka f;dard.;a úl,amhkays m%;sY;h nj ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h’
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj
u; mokï jQ fia fmfkk mS;DuQ,sl mlaI ixialD;sh
˜ ue;sjrKj,§ iu ;;a;ajfha isg ;rÕ lsÍu
ldka;djkag ÿIalr lrhs¡ — Tìk foaYmd,k{hka
f,i ldka;d wfmalaIsldjka fkdi,ld yeÍu˜
È.ska È.gu isÿ lsÍu u.ska Pkao odhlhka fuu
;;a;ajh ;j ÿrg;a ixlS¾K lr ;sfí¡ ^úl%uisxy
iy fldäldr 2012, msgqj 795& fuys ó<Õ fldgfia
úia;r lr we;s mßÈ, foaYmd,kfha id¾:l jk
ldka;djka, oekgu;a msßñka il%Sh foaYmd,kfha
fhfok fyda fuu lafI;%fha Yla;su;a in|;d iys;
mjq,aj,ska meñŒfï keUqrejla mj;S¡
ldka;d foaYmd,kfha mqreI
N=ñldj
wkdjrKh jQ lreKqj,ska fuf;la fy<s ù
we;s mßÈ, oekgu;a il%sh foaYmd,kfha ksr;
fyda uq,H iïm;a fj; m%fõYh iys; mjq,aj,ska
meñfKk ldka;djkag, ;rÕ lr fyda fldagdj
yryd foaYmd,khg msúiSfï jeä bv m%ia:d mj;S¡
fuu wjia:djka foflys§u meyeÈ<sj oelsh yels
fohla jkqfha, ;ukaf.a jvd mq¿,a kHdh m;%hg
.e,fmk mßÈ mjqf,a msßñka ;ukag Wjukd
mßÈ ;;a;ajh yiqrejk njhs¡ WodyrKhla f,i
ldka;d foaYmd,kh{hka iu. meje;s .=Kd;aul
idlÉPdjl tla ldka;djla fy<s lf<a ;u mjqf,a
idudðlhka m<d;a iNdfõ n,.;= ;k;=re ork
neúka m<d;a md,k wdh;kh o Tjqkag ßis fia
yiQrejd,Su ms‚i wehj tu ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;a
l< njhs¡ ;j;a wjia:djl §, ish jHdmdßl
ieñhdf.a uqo,a tla ldka;djla ;u ue;sjrK
jHdmdrh i|yd fhdod f.k ;snq‚‘ iDcqju m%ldY
fkdl< o, foaYmd,k n,emEï u.ska iajdñ
mqreIhdf.a jHdmdrhkag jdis ,nd.ekSfï wruqKq
tys .eíj ;sfnkakg we;¡ ;j;a ldka;djka
fofofkl=g ms<sfj<ska ish mshd iy iajdñ mqreIhd
wysñ ù ;snQ w;r Tjqka foaYmd,khg msúi isáfha
—Tjqkaf.a Wreuh bÈßhg /f.k hdug iy Tjqka
ms<sno u;lhg .re lsÍug˜ jk w;r ;j;a tla
isÿùul § iajdñ mqreIhd wud;Hjrhl=f.a ld¾h
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj
uKa,fha idudðlhl= jQ w;r oYl ;=kla ;siafia
tu fofokd tlsfkldg ‘Woõ lr¡ ;snq‚‘
fuu WodyrKhkaf.ka weÕfjkqfha tjeks
wjia:djkays È ldka;djkaf.a ;SrK .ekSfï
n,h nrm;, f,i ÿ¾j, úh yels njhs¡ flfia
fj;;a, tfia fkdjQfha kï Tjqkg fkd;sfnkakg
bv ;snQ foaYmd,kh msúiSfï yelshdj fuu
mS;D uQ,sl jHqyh iy ie,iqï ldka;djkag we;s
lr ;sfnkafkah hk lreK o bka fmkakqï lrhs¡
tneúka, foaYmd,khg msúi id¾:l ùu i|yd
foaYmd,k wNs,dI
fldagd l%ufha m%;s,dN ;yjqre lr .ekSug
kï, jD;a;Suh foaYmd,k .ukla i|yd È.= ld,Sk
oelaula iys; ldka;djka fjkqfjka wdfhdackh
lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ¡ ldka;d ixúOdk yd
l%shdOrhkaf.a uQ,H iy ld,sl iïm;a fndfydauhla
j;auka iy$fyda wkd.; ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka
mqyqKq lsßu iy oekqj;a lsÍu fjkqfjka jeh jk
neúka foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha ;uka fjkqfjka oelaula
iys; ldka;djka y÷kd .ekSu Tjqkaf.a Yla;Ska
wmf;a fkdhk nj iy;sl lrhs¡ iólaIKfha
m%;sM,j,g wkqj, ta jk úg;a 2008 ue;sjrKfhka
ch.%yKh lr ;snQjka, tfia fkdjQ whg jvd cd;sl
yd m<d;a foaYmd,kfha wNs,dIhka imqrd,Sug jvd
jeä bv lvla ;sfí¡ ,ehsia;=fjka ;rÕ fldg
ch.%yKh l< msßfika nyq;rhla wkd.;fha§
m<d;a iNd ioyd ;rÕ lsÍug wfmalaId lrhs¡ fuu
j.+j 14 wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj foaYmd,k wNs,dI
wfmalaIl j¾.h ^%&
;rÕ lr
Hñ osfkl uu md¾,sfïka;+
ue;sjrKh ;rÕ lrkafkñ
Uu m<d;a iNd ue;sjrKh ;rÕ
lrkafkñ
oekg uu m%dfoaYSh iNdj ^fyda k.r
iNdj fyda uy k.r iNdj& flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lsrSug leue;af;ï
wkd.;fha uu foaYmd,kfhka
iuq.ekSug woyia lrï
37
we;s fndfyda ldka;djkaf.a wfmalaIdjkag mS;D
uQ,sl;ajh u.ska wjysr lsÍug bv we;;a, th
;j;a iuyr ldka;djka id¾:l;ajh i|yd o fya;=
ldrl ù ;sfí¡ wfkla w;g fuhska .uH jkqfha
fuu ldka;djka isàu u.ska m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,
ldka;djka fjkqfjka fmkS isákakkaf.a ksfhdackh
by< hdug bv we;;a, Tjqka we;=,;a lsÍu u.ska
fndfyda úg i;H f,i isÿjkafka foaYmd,kfha
mS;D uQ,sl õhqiyhka ÿ¾j, lrkjd fjkqjg tajd
iúu;a lsÍu isÿ ùuhs¡
wOHhkhg iyNd.s jQ ldka;d foaYmd,k{hkaf.
ka ie,lsh hq;= wkqmd;hla m%ldY lr isáfha ;uka
m<d;a md,k foaYmd,kh ;=< È.gu ksr; jk
njhs¡ úfYaIfhkau ;u mlaIj, ,ehsia;= yryd
m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g msúisug fkdyels jQ
ldka;d foaYmd,k{hska nyq;rhla ;uka m<d;a
md,k wdh;k flfrys wLKavj wjOdkh fhduq
lsÍug leue;af;ka miqjk njhs¡ wfmalaIs; mßÈu,
wkd.;fha foaYmd,kfhka iuq.ekSug woyia l<
whf.ka by<u m%;sY;h jd¾;d lf<a ,ehsia;=fjka
f;aÍ m;aùug fkdyels jQ wh jk w;r B <Õ
jeäu m%;sY;h ;rÕ lr mrdchg m;a jQ whhs¡
flfia fj;;a, fmdÿfõ .;a l<, wkd.;fha
foaYmd,kfhka iuq.kakd nj m%ldY lf<a ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hkaf.ka b;d wvq m%;sY;hls¡
;rÕ lr ,ehsia;+fjka ,ehsia;+fjka
mrdch jQ ch`.`yKh l< mrdchg m;a jq
21.1% 19.4% 19.5% 11.9%
41.1% 45.8% 44.5% 33.1%
29.1% 23.2% 31.7% 39.0%
4.3% 8.4% 3.7% 14.0%
38
mqyqKqj yryd ldka;djka Yla;su;a lsÍu
kdhl;aj l=i,;d, ;uka flfrys úYajdih
iy$fyda we;eïúg idlaIr;dj mjd fkdue;slu
ksid jeä w;aoelSï iys; ;u ifydaor msßñ
foaYmd,k{hka úiska wjudkhg ,la lrkq
we;ehs hk ìh, foaymd,kh jD;a;shla jYfhka
i,ld ne,Sfuka ldka;djka wffO¾hu;a lrhs¡
tneúka, ;SrK .ekSfï§ ldka;d ksfhdað;hkaf.a
iy wfmalaIsldjkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh w¾:dkaú;
yd M,odhS nj iy;sl lsÍfï§, Tjqkaf.a Odß;d
f.dvekexùu jeo.;a wjYH;djhla jk w;r
.=Kd;aul ixrplhkag ish¨‍ ia:dkhkays m%;spdr
oelajQ ish¨‍ fokd fuu wjfndaOh ;yjqre lrk
,§¡ jvd fyd¢ka mqyqKqj ,enQ ldka;djka fuu
;k;=rej, isàu, ldka;d wfmalaIsldjkaf.a$
foaYmd,k{hkaf.a úYajikSh;ajh o by< kxjkq
we;¡ ^fldäldr 2009, ífrdaේä 2009, ෆ්af,Ikan¾.a
2008&
j.=j 15 - wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj mqyqKq uÜgu
wfmalaIl j¾.h ^%&
;rÕ lr
ch`.`yKh l<
Fndfyda mqyqKqùï ,nd we;’ 57.2%
hï mqyqKqjla ,nd we; 35.2%
lsisoq mqyqKqjla fkdue; 7.6%
m<d;a md,k uÜgfï ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka iy ue;sjrK
foaYmd,kh ms<sn| Tjqkaf.a oelau
ldka;djka foaYmd,kfhka wE;a lr ;nkqfha
Tjqkaf.a Tjqkaf.a fN!;sl ;;a;ajhka úiska muKla
fkdj Tjqka wh;a u;jd§uh rduqj o ksidfjks¡
tneúka, foaYmd,kh ms<sn|j Tjqkaf.a oelau
ksidfjka ldka;djka fndfyda úg foaYmd,khg
msúiSug W;aidyhla mjd fkdorhs¡ fuu wOHhkhg
iyNd.s jQ ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka flf;la ÿrg
tajd wkqu; lrkafkaoehs úu¾Ykh lsÍu ms‚i
ldka;djka iy foaYmd,kh ms<sn| j;auka ixjdoh
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj
Tjqka ,nd we;s mqyqKqj iïnkaOfhka .;a l<,
;uka fndfyda mqyqKqùï ,nd we;s nj jd¾;d l<
jQjka w;r by<u m%;sY;h jd¾;d lf<a ;rÕ
fldg ch.%yKh l< wh ^57¡2]& iy ,ehsia;=fjka
ch.%yyKh l< ^50¡3]& whhs¡ lsisÿ mqyqKqjla
,nd fkdue;s njg jd¾;d l< wh w;=ßka, by<u
m%;sY; ^13¡5]& jd¾;d lf<a ,ehsia;=fjka mrdchg
m;a jQ wh iy ,ehsia;=fjka ch.%yKh l<
^10¡3]& whhs¡ flfia fj;;a, mqyqKq wjYH;djhkag
w¾:dkaú;j ms<shï fh§u ms‚i fldäldr ^2009&
wk;=re wÕjd we;s mßÈ, wfmalaIl;ajh iy OQrhg
m;aùfuka miqj u;=jk wNsfhda.hkag iQodkï lsÍu
iïnkaOfhka .;a l<, ;u ,%;s,dNSkaf.a ienE
j¾Okhg mqyqKq jevigyka flf;la ÿrg odhl ù
we;a o hkak ms<sn|j we.hSula isÿlsÍu wjYH fõ
^msgqj 42-44&
;rÕ lr ,ehsia;+fjka ,ehsia;+fjka
mrdch jQ ch`.`yKh l< mrdchg m;a jq
42.7% 50.3% 41.0%
49.7% 39.4% 45.5%
7.6% 10.3% 13.5%
ms<sônq flfrk ñY% m%ldY lsysmhla Tjqka fj;
fhduq lrk ,§¡
iólaIKhg iyNd.s jQ ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka
id;sYh nyq;rhla úYajdi lrkqfha wfmalaIl
j¾.h l=ula jqjo, tkï ;rÕ lrkafka o ke;fyd;a
,ehsia;=fjka m;a jkafka o hkak fkd;ld m<d;a
md,k ue;sjrKj,§ ldka;djka i|yd fldagdjla
y÷kajd§u ldka;djkag foaYmd,khg msúiSug
msájy,la njhs¡ Tjqkaf.ka ie,lsh hq;= nyq;rhla
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj 39

is;kqfha ldka;djka foaYmd,khg iïnkaO foaYmd,khg msúiSu flfrys n,mdkakd jq wfkl=;a

jqjfyd;a foaYmd,kfha mj;sk m%pKav;ajh wvqjk
njhs¡ lsisÿ ndLdjlska f;drj mQ¾j ue;sjrK
jHdmdrfha kshe<sh yels nj;a mlaI OQrdj,sfha
by<g .uka lsÍug ;u Èia;%sla kdhlhka ;ukag
Wmldr lrkq we;s nj;a fuu wOHhkhg iyNd.s
jQ ldka;d foaYmd,k{hkaf.ka y;frka ;=kla
woyia lrhs¡ flfia fj;;a, wka wh fuka fkdj,
;rÕ fldg ch.%yKh l< wh by; Okd;aul
m%ldY iu. tlÕjQfha ;rula wvqfjks¡ ;rÕ lr
ch.%,yKh l< whg tu Okd;aul lreKqj,g
jvd f;aÍ m;aùu i|yd ;uka uqyqK ÿka wNsfhda.
wjOdrKh l< njla fmkS hhs. ;rÕ fldg
ch.%yKh l< wh wOHhkhg iyNd.s jQ wfkla
ldka;d foaYmd,k{hkag jvd fjkia wdldrhlska
is;k nj meyeÈ<sj olakg ,enq‚‘ ue;sjrK
;rÕ lsÍu i|yd ldka;djkag mj;sk Okd;aul
mßirh ms<sn|j uOHia: jk w;ru, ldka;djka
ksfYaOkd;aul lreKq ms<sn| Tjqka t;rï wiqnjd§
fkdfj;s¡ ue;sjrKj, § id¾:l jQ ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hka iu. isÿ l< mqoa.,sl iïuqL
idlÉPdj,§ ;=< § oek .ekaug ,enqfKa Tjqka
;u ue;sjrK fldÜGdYfha msßñkaf.a Wmdh ud¾.
wkq.ukh lrñka ;rÕ l< njhs¡ ue;sjrK ;rÕ
lsÍfï§ ldka;djka by; wNsfhda. fndfydauhlg
uqyqK fok nj Tjqka ms<s.kshs¡ tfiau th zwY=oaO
lafI;%hla¡ nj;a foaYmd,kfha È.gu /£ isàu
ms<sn|j Tjqka nrm;, f,i is;kafka kï Tjqka Bg
yev .eish hq;= nj;a Tjqka úYajdi lrhs¡ ;rula
úma,jldÍ woyila bÈßm;a lrñka, yeg jk úfha
miq jQ tla ldka;d l%shdldß‚hla lshd isáfha msßñka
;u YdÍßl Yla;sh fhdod .kakd mßoafokau,
ue;srjrKj,g ;rÕ lsÍfï § ldka;djka o ;ukag
iqúfYaIs jQ foaj,a fidhd .; hq;= njhs.

j.=j 16 - ue;sjrK foaYmd,kh ms<sn| oelau

ldka;dj yd foaYmd,kh ms<sn| m%ldYh tlÕ fjñ

m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKfha§ ldka;djka i|yd fldagdjla y÷kajd §u ldka;djkag 96.3%
foaYmd,khg msúiSug úYd, f,i Wmldr fõ'
ldka;djka foaYmd,khg iïnkaO jqjfyd;a foaYmd,kfha m%pKav;ajh wvqjkq we; 83.8%

mQ¾j ue;sjrK jHdmdrhg iyNd.s ùug ldka;d wfmalaIsldjkag ndOdjla fkdue; 75.3%

uf.a mlaIfha Èia;%sla foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh ldka;djkag mlaI OQrdj,sfha by<g 75.3%
hdug Woõ lrhs'
mjq,a Ôú;h id¾:lj foaYmd,kfha kshe<Sfuka ldka;djka j<lajhs' 71.4%

foaYmd,kh jvd;au iqÿiq jkafka msßñkagh' 69.9%

mlaI ;=< ,sx.sl m%pKav;ajh yd ,sx.sl mlaI.%dys;ajh foaYmd,kfha kshe<Sug 69.5%

ldka;djkag ndOdjls
mlaI ;=< yd w;r mj;sk foaYmd,k m%pKav;ajh ldka;djkag foaYmd,kfha 65.7%
kshe<sug ndOdjls
ue;sjrKj,§ ldka;djka jeäfhkau iyfhda.h olajkqfha ldka;d wfmalaIsldjkagh 64.3%

mj;sk foaYmd,k ixialD;sh ;=< ldka;djkag foaYmd,kh ;+< ke.S isáh fkdyel 53.4%
40 Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj

j.=j 17 - wfmalaIl j¾.h wkqj ue;sjrK foaYmd,kh ms<sn| oelau

wfmalaIl j¾.h ^%&

;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr ;rÕ lr
ch`.`yKh ch`.`yKh ch`.`yKh ch`.`yKh
l< l< l< l<
m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKfha§ ldka;djka i|yd 95.1% 96.2% 99.4% 95.9%
fldagdjla y÷kajd §u ldka;djkag
foaYmd,khg msúiSug úYd, f,i Wmldr fõ’
ldka;djka foaYmd,khg iïnkaO jqjfyd;a 75.4% 89.7% 83.5% 89.2%
foaYmd,kfha m%pKav;ajh wvqjkq we;’
mjq,a Ôú;h id¾:lj foaYmd,kfha 57.9% 82.2% 71.4% 75.4%
kshe<Sfuka ldka;djka j<lajhs’
mQ¾j ue;sjrK jHdmdrhg iyNd.s ùug 68.1% 75.2% 82.3% 74.5%
ldka;d wfmalaIsldjkag ndOdjla fkdue;
foaYmd,kh jvd;au iqÿiq jkafka msßñkagh’ 55.6% 75.5% 74.2% 73.4%
mlaI ;=< ,sx.sl m%pma¾pKav;ajh yd ,sx.sl 61.8% 69.3% 75.9% 72.0%
mlaImd;s;ajh foaYmd,kfha kshe<Sug
ldka;djkag ndOdjls
uf.a mlaIfha Èia;%sla foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh 85.0% 71.5% 81.4% 66.8%
ldka;djkag mlaI OQrdj,sfha by<g hdug Woõ lrhs’
. ‘ue;sjrKj,§ ldka;djka jeäfhkau 57.2% 72.6% 64.6% 66.0%
iyfhda.h olajkqfha ldka;d wfmalaIsldjkagh
mlaI ;=< yd w;r mj;sk foaYmd,k m%pKav;ajh 65.7% 69.5% 64.6% 62.8%
ldka;djkag foaYmd,kfha kshe<sug ndOdjls
mj;sk foaYmd,k ixialD;sh ;=< ldka;djkag 43.3% 59.7% 48.8% 58.0%
foaYmd,kh ;+< ke.S isáh fkdyel
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj 41

ks.uk
2018 fmnrjdß udifha y÷kajd ÿka ldka;d fldagdj m<d;a md,k uÜgfï
m%cd;ka;%jdofha ldka;d ksfhdackh ie,lsh hq;= f,i by< kxjd ;sfí¡ tfia
fkdjkakg" foaYdm,kslj fldka lr ;snQ ldka;d foaYmd,kh l%shdOrhkag m<d;a
md,k wdh;kj,g m;aùug tu.ska fodr.=¿ újD; úh¡ flfia fj;;a" tjka lemS
fmfkk ch.%Khla ,nd .;a; o" m%dfoaYSh ldka;d foaYmd,k l%shdOrhka fldagd
l%uhfhka m%;s,dN ,nd we;af;a flfiao" ue;sjrKh ioyd ;rÕ lsÍfïÈ fyda
,ehsia;=j yryd msúiSug W;aidy oeÍfï§ Tjqka uqyqK ÿka wNsfhda. fudkjdo,
foaYmd,kfha È.gu /£ isàfï§ Tjqka uqyqK fok wNsfhda. fudkjdo" mqreI
wdêm;Hh iys; lafIa;%hla jk ue;sjrKh foaYmd,kfha§ Tjqka jvd Yla;su;a
lr.lrejka lrkq we;af;a ljrlao jeks m%Yak .Kkdjla ;j ÿrg;a b;sßj ;sfí¡
2018 m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKh i|yd ;rÕ l< m%dfoaYSh ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka
iu. meje;s iïuqL idlÉPd u; mokïj, by; m%Yak i|yd ms<s;=re ms<sno
hï wjfndaOhla ,nd §ug fuu jd¾;dj W;aidy ork w;r tu.ska ldka;d
ksfhdackfha ch.%yKh mj;ajd .kq ms‚i l< hq;af;a l=ulaoehs¡idlÉPd lrhs¡

fldagd l%uh y÷kajd §u m<d;a md,k uÜgfï§ ldka;d ksfhdackh by<

kexùu Wfoid jQ meyeÈ<s Okd;aul mshjrla nj m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï ldka;d
foaYmd,k l%shdOrhka úYajdi lrhs¡ Bg wu;rj, foaYmd,k mjq,aj,ska iy
mlaIj,ska mßndysr kj uqyqK .Kkdjlg jD;a;Suh foaYmd,khg msúiSug
fldagd l%uh ux fm;a újr lr we;s nj wOHhkfhka fmkakqï flf¾¡ ;u
ifydaor foaYmd,k{hka iu. lrg lr isáh yels jeä yelshdjkaf.ka hqla;
ldka;djka foaYmd,kh flfrys wdl¾IKh lr .ekSu iïnkaOfhka fuh idOkSh
m%jK;djhls¡ flfia fj;;a, wjodku jkqfha, ldka;d foaYmd,k ixúOdk iu.
iu.dój lghq;= lsÍug i,iajk w;ru mlaI jHqyhg Tjkq wka;¾.%yKh lr.kq
fkd,enqjfyd;a, È.= ld,Skj .;a l< foaYmd,k mlaI ;=< ldka;d l%shdldß;ajfha
mokï ÿ¾j, úug bv ;sfí¡

ta i|yd foaYmd,k mlaI ish mlaI ixúOdk jHqyhka h<s il%Sh

lr fuu kj ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka i|yd u;jd§uh ÈYdk;shla
iemehsh hq;= w;r ue;sjrK foaYdmd,kh, m%cd;ka;%jd§ foaYmd,k
wdh;k, ia;%SmqreI iudcNdù foaYmd,kh iy ldka;djkaf.a foaYmd,k
ksfhdackh ms<sn| mqyqKq jevigyka ldka;d ixúOdk meje;aúh hq;=h¡

42 Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj

we;eï ldka;djka foaYmd,khg msúfikqfha ;u iajdñmqreIhka

ksfhdackh lsÍug fyda Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k Ôú;h Yla;su;a lsÍug h¡ ;u iajdñ
mqreIhkaf.a iïm;a iy iudc cd, Tjqka i;=j mj;sk neúka wfkl=;a ldka;d
wfmalaIsldjjkag jvd jeä jdisodhl ;;a;ajhla Tjqkg ;sfí¡

wNsm%dh l=ula jqjo, fuu ldka;djkag foaYmd,kh, wdKavqlrKh,

iy mlaI l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn| oekqu ,nd ÿk fyd;a, foaYmd,kfha
È.gu /§ isáñka Yla;su;a iajdëk foaYmd,k{hka f,i ke.S isàug
Tjqkg yelsh¡

ldka;djla o msßñfhla o hkak fkdi,ld cd;sl, m<d;a fyda m%dfoaYSh hk

ljr uÜgul§ fyda foaYmd,khg msúiSug leue;af;ka miqjk ljfrl=g jqj;a,
idfmalaIj ;u ;rÕlrejkag jvd by< n,hla Tyq$weh i;=úh hq;=h¡ uQ,H
Odß;djh, iudc ;;a;ajh iy iudc in|;d tlaj lKavdhula ;=< n,h mj;ajd
.ekSug hï mqoa.,hl=f.a yelshdj ;SrKh lrhs¡ wOHhkfhka fmkakqï lrkafka
uqo,a jeh lsÍug jvd by< yelshdjla i;=, oekque;s iy ;u wi,ajdiSkaf.a, mlaI
kdhlhkaf.a iy fldÜGdYfha msßñkaf.a mjd iydh ,nd.ekSfï yelshdj we;s
ldka;djkag ue;sjrK ch.%yKh lsÍfï jeä yelshdjla mj;sk njhs¡

tneúka foaYmd,k mlaI ldka;d wdOdrlrejka flfrys jk ;u

wdl,amh fjkia l< hq;=h¡ mlaImd;S yd fjfyis jev l< o jeo.;a
;k;=re fkdorkakkag iSud ù we;s ldka;djkaf.a N+ñldj fj; wjOdkh
fhduq lrkq fjkqjg mlaI jHqyh ;=< kdhl;aj N+ñld bgq lsÍfï úúO
yelshd iys; ldka;djka flfrys Tjqka wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h

isú,a iudc ixúOdk ;u úúO Odß;d f.dv kexùfï iy oekqj;a

lsÍfï mqyqKq jevigyka i|yd, kdhl;aj N+ñld bgq lsÍfï Odß;dj
iys; ldka;djka fj; ^fjk;a jpkj,ska lsjfyd;a, wd¾Ól, ixialD;sl
iy iudc m%d.aOkh iys;& jeäfhka m%fõY úh hq;=h¡ fuu ldka;djkag
idfmalaIj wvq uÜgul tjeks m%d.aOk iys; ldka;d foaYmd,ljßhkag
jvd foaYmd,k wNs,dIhka ;sîug jeä bv we;s neúka ld,h;a iu.ska
yrhd;aul ksfhdackh iy;sl lsÍfï§ fuh jvd;a w¾:dkaú; jkq we;¡

mlaI ixúOdk ;=< idlÉPd iy ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdoduhkays idudkHfhka

msßñ foaYmd,k{hka ish wdêm;Hh n, mj;ajk w;r ;u ifydaor ldka;d
foaYmd,k{hkaf.a y~g wjOdkh fhduq fkdlrk ;rïh¡ flfia fj;;a, ;u
wOHdmk iqÿiqlï yd foaYmd,k lreKq ms<sn| oekqu ksid msßñ foaYmd,k{hkaf.a
wjOdkh ,nd .ekSug yelsj we;ehs ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka m%ldY lrh¡
Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj 43

wdKavqlrKh, wdKavql%u jHjia:duh lreKq iy foaYmd,k

b;sydih jeks lafI;%hka ms<sn| ldka;d foaYmd,k{hkaf.a oekqu
j¾Okh lsÍu, mlaIh ;=< idfmalaIj jvd Yla;su;a y~la i;= msßñ
foaYmd,k{hka blaujd hd yels jeä jdishla Tjqkag ,nd fokq we;¡

fldagdjla y÷kajd §u m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g msúiSug ldka;djkag

msgqjy,la ù we;;a, Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk wkq.%dyyl;ajh u; mokï jQ foaYmd,k
l%uh ;=<, uQ,H m%fõYh ioyd ldka;djkag myiq m%fõYhla fkdue;s kï, keje;
f;aÍ m;aùu i|yd w;HdjYH jk ;u wdOdrlrejkaf.a lKavdhï iy mq¿,a
iudc cd, f.dv ke.Sug Tjqkag fkdyels jkq we;¡

ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka ¥IK l%shdjkag iïnkaO ùu je<elaùug

isú,a iudc ixúOdkj,g yelshdjla fkdue;¡ Tjqka m%;slafIam lrkq
fjkqjg, ldka;d ksfhdackh Yla;su;a lsÍu ms‚i isú,a iudc ixúOdk
Tjqka iu. lghq;= l< hq;=h¡ iuia; foaYmd,k moaO;shu wkq.%dyl
-fiajd,dNS in|;d l%shd;aul jk f;la m%;sm;a;s iy uQ,O¾u u;
mokïj foaYmd,kfha r|d meje;Sug ldka;d foaYmd,k{hkag ;ksju
fkdyels jkq we;¡ tneúka, rfÜ ¥Is; foaYmd,k ixialD;sh msßisÿ
lsÍfï nr ;kslru ldka;djka u; muKla fkdmegúh hq;=h¡

foaYmd,kfha m%pKav;ajh" iudcfha mj;sk mS;D uQ,sl iudc mqreId¾:

iy mlaI jHqy ;=< mj;sk mS;D uQ,sl Ndú;djka ldka;djka foaYmd,khg meñŒu
iy /£ isàu j<lajd,hs¡ flfia fj;;a, ;rÕ lr ch.%kyKh l< ldka;djka
tjeks wNsfhda.hkag idfmalaIj wvq jeo.;alula wdfrdamKh lrk nj fmkS hhs¡
fuhska yeÕfjkqfha msßñka iu. ;rÕ lsÍug Yla;sh we;af;a lrg lr isáñka
Tjqka iu. igka lsÍug leue;a;la olajk ldka;djkag njhs

iudcfha mj;sk ldka;djkag tfrys m%Kav;ajhg, foaYmd,kfha

,sx.sl m%pKav;ajhg iy mlaIh ;=< ldka;djkag fjkia wkaoñka
ie,lSug úreoaOj lghq;= lrk w;ru ;u ifydaor msßñ
foaYmd,k{hka fukau mj;akd ;;a;ajhka yd in|;d ;u jdishg
fhdod .ekSug ldka;d foaYmd,k{hka Èßu;a l< hq;=h¡ fuys§ ;u
mjq,a Ôú;h iy foaYmd,kh iunrj mj;ajd .ekSug fyda ldka;djf.a
ixialD;sl wfmalaIdjka imqrd,sug Tjqkag fkdyels ùug bv we;¡
44 Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj

wdY%s; .%ka:

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46 Y%S ,xldfõ jvd mq¿,a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd ldka;d fldagdj

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