Interference reduction

Siemens

Interference reduction

Contents
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 7 7.1 Classic power control Basics Measurement preprocessing for classic PC Power control decision Power control execution BSC database parameters Adaptive power control Basics Adaptive step sizes Constant averaging Suspension of power control Database parameters Power control related performance measurements Frequency hopping Introduction Frequency hopping system Frequency Hopping Techniques Configuration examples Static MAIO Allocation Dynamic MAIO Allocation Admission control Database Parameters Discontinuous Transmission DTX Channel allocation due to interference level General Parameters for channel allocation due to interference level Related performance measurements Extended Idle Channel Measurements Smart Carrier Allocation 3 4 6 8 10 12 15 16 16 18 18 20 22 23 24 27 28 30 32 36 38 42 47 51 52 56 56 57 58

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Interference reduction

7.2 8

Extended idle channel measurements Exercise

60 63

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Classic power control

MN1788EU11MN_0001
2002 Siemens AG

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Interference reduction

1.1

Basics

The objective of power control is to adapt the transmit power of the MS and the BTS to the reception conditions. For example a mobile station MS 1 located near the BTS can use a lower transmit power than a mobile station MS 2 at the edge of a cell to achieve the required uplink quality. Advantages of power control: reduction of the average power consumption (especially in the MS), reduction of the interference experienced by co-channel (for adjacent) channel users. Remark: Downlink power control is not applied for downlink bursts using the BCCH frequency. Two types of power control are available: Classic PC Steps for power control are fixed (2, 4, 6 dB) independent of the actual values for RXQUAL and RXLEV. For averaging, the gliding window average method is used. After a power control command, the power control process is suspended for a certain time. Adaptive PC Step sizes for power control depend on the actual values of RXQUAL and RXLEV. Constant averaging is used to calculate RXQUAL and RXLEV values. In addition, the time between two power control decisions is minimized. Power control is applied separately for the uplink and the downlink and separately for each logical channel. It can be enabled/disabled using the following flags: Parameter EBSPWRC EMSPWRC Object PWRC PWRC Range ADAPTIVE (def.), CLASSIC, DISABLED DAPTIVE (def.), CLASSIC, DISABLED Description Enable Base Station Power Control Enable Mobile Station Power Control

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BTS T X P W R

T X P W R

MS 1

MS 2

Fig. 1 Power Control - Principle

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Interference reduction

1.2

Measurement preprocessing for classic PC

Any control loop is based on measurements of the controlled system parameters. For PC purposes, for each call in progress and for both links (downlink/uplink), measurements of:

received signal level received signal quality

are carried out over each SACCH multiframe, which is 104 TDMA frames (480 ms) for a TCH and 102 TDMA frames (471 ms) for a SDCCH. Every SACCH multiframe the MS sends in the next SACCH message block the downlink measurements on the dedicated channel (averaged over one SACCH multiframe) via the Measurement Report message to the serving TRX of the BTS. This means that any SACCH message will report the averaged data for the previous reporting period only. The TRX performs the uplink measurements on the dedicated channel. The measurement reports (uplink and downlink) referring to the same SACCH multiframe are used as input parameters for the Measurement Report averaging procedures, implemented within the BTS. The adjustment of the transmit power of the MS and the BTS is based on following measurement values:

RXLEV_DL_FULL / SUB- RXLEV_UL_FULL / SUB RXQUAL_DL_FULL / SUB- RXQUAL_UL_FULL / SUB

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For Classic PC, the measurement values are preprocessed within the BTS in the same way as for the handover process, i.e. a gliding average window and a weighting of FULL and SUB values is used. The parameters for measurement preprocessing for power control are administered in the object PWRC. Specification Name A_QUAL_PC DB Name PAVRQUAL AQUALPC Range Meaning

1-31 Averaging window size for RXQUAL values, (def. 4) used for power control decisions 1-3 Weighting for RXQUAL_FULL values (def. 2) 1-31 Averaging window size for RXLEV values, (def. 4) used for power control decisions 1-3 Weighting factor for RXLEV_FULL values (def. 2)

W_QUAL_PC PAVRQUAL WQUALPC A_LEV_PC W_LEV_PC PAVRLEV ALEVPC PAVRLEV WLEVPC

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Interference reduction

1.3

Power control decision

RXQUAL

7 Power Increase (bad quality) L_RXQUAL_XX_P Power Increase (bad level) U_RXQUAL_XX_P Power Decrease (good quality) 0 L_RXLEV_XX_P U_RXLEV_XX_P 63 RXLEV Power Decrease (good level)

POW_RED_STEP_SIZE (in dB)

Fig. 2 Power Control

The power control decision is primarily based upon the received signal quality, rather than on the received signal level. The reason for this is that the transmitter power directly affects the quality of the radio link regardless of the overall received signal level, which may be dominated by co-channel interference. If the controlled variable (its average value) lies in the tolerance defined by the thresholds, then no control action is taken, i.e. a deadband type of control response is produced. This introduces stability into the control process and guarantees an adequate speech quality. Note, that the controlled variables involved in the algorithm are used in accordance with their coding, e.g. RXQUAL_XX = 0 corresponds to the least BER (best signal quality: BER<0.2%). The test RXLEV_XX < L_RXLEV_XX_P + POW_RED_STEP_SIZE should prevent the control loop from oscillating, i.e. a power decrease decision for quality reasons should not be followed by power increase decision for signal level reasons. Note, that the O&M parameter POW_RED_STEP_SIZE is defined in terms of a difference between two transmit power levels. An unit power level step corresponds to a nominal 2 dB step in the variation of the transmit power.

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PC Decision Process

RXQUAL_XX< U_RXQUAL_XX_P no

yes

yes

RXLEV_XX< L_RXLEV_XX_P + POW_RED_STEP_ SIZE (in dB) no

power decrease
X RXQUAL_XX> L_RXQUAL_XX_P yes

power increase
no X RXLEV_XX> U_RXLEV_XX_P yes

power decrease
no X RXLEV_XX< L_RXLEV_XX_P no yes

power increase
X

Fig. 3 Power control decision process

MN1788EU11MN_0001
2002 Siemens AG

Siemens

Interference reduction

1.4

Power control execution

If a change of transmit power is to be carried out, the value for this change has to be fixed. If power control would only be based on RXLEV, the difference between RXLEV and the level threshold could be used as the step size for power control decision (c.f. Adaptive Power Control). However, since the main objective is to maintain an acceptable speech quality and since there is no direct simple relation between a change of the transmit power level and the resulting change of RXQUAL, for Classic Power Control the strategy is to change the transmit power in small steps and then analyze the resulting RXQUAL. This means that fixed step sizes for power increase and power decrease are used:

POW_INCR_STEP_SIZE: 2, 4 or 6 dB POW_RED_STEP_SIZE: 2 or 4 dB,

To be able to react fast enough on sudden drops of link quality it is recommended: POW_INCR_STEP_SIZE > POW_RED_STEP_SIZE. The maximum range for uplink power control is given by: [13 dBm ... Min (MS_TXPWR_MAX, P)] [5 dBm ... Min (MS_TXPWR_MAX, P)] [0 dBm ... Min (MS_TXPWR_MAX, P)] for a GSM-MS for a GSM-MS for a DCS1800-MS Phase 1 Phase 2

where P is the maximum RF output power of the MS (power class) and MS_TXPWR_MAX the maximum transmit power allowed in the respective cell. The minimum step size for transmit power adjustment is 2 dB. For downlink power control the range is determined by the maximum output power PBTS of the BTS and the static reduction BS_TXPWR_RED of the BTS output power: BS_TXPWR_MAX = PBTS - 2 * BS_TXPWR_RED BS_TXPWR_RED = 0, 1, ... 6, Unit: 2 dB. The range for downlink power control is then given by: BS_TXPWR_MAX - 30 dB ... BS_TXPWR_MAX with a step size of 2 dB. In the case of a power control decision a MS/BS Power Control message is created wherein the MS/BS is requested to adjust its transmit power level to: REQ_TXPWR = CONF_TXPWR + POW_INCR_STEP_SIZE (Power Increase) REQ_TXPWR = CONF_TXPWR - POW_RED_STEP_SIZE (Power Decrease) where CONF_TXPWR is the confirmed power level used by the MS or BTS on the concerned channel. If these values of REQ_TXPWR are not within the range for power control, the nearest value within the range is used instead.

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(1) requested transmit power confirmed

request TXPWR

CONF_TXPWR = REQ_TXPWR

resume Power Control

(1)

(2)

suspension of PC decision P_CON_INTERVAL

time P_CONFIRM

resume Power Control

(2) requested transmit power not confirmed

Fig. 4

Time relations for power control execution:

case 1: case 2:

requested transmit power confirmed requested transmit power not confirmed

Having requested a transmit power REQ_TXPWR, the power control decision process is suspended and it is waited for a confirmation that the transmit power of the MS/BTS is adjusted to requested value, i.e. CONF_TXPWR = REQ_TXPWR. If such a confirmation is not received within an interval of P_CONFIRM SACCH multiframes, the power control decision process is immediately resumed using the most recently reported confirmed value. If a confirmation is received, the power control decision process is suspended for a certain number of SACCH multiframes given by the parameter P_CON_INTERVAL. The reason for this is to allow an observation of the effect of one power control decision before initializing the next one; by this means the power control process is stabilized. Thus it is recommended to set P_CON_INTERVAL > A_QUAL_PC in terms of a number of multiframes.
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Interference reduction

1.5

BSC database parameters

The parameters for power control decision are administered in the object PWRC. Specification Name L_RXLEV_DL_P L_RXLEV_UL_P U_RXLEV_DL_P U_RXLEV_UL_P L_RXQUAL_DL_P L_RXQUAL_UL_P U_RXQUAL_DL_P U_RXQUAL_UL_P DB Name LOWTLEVD LOWTLEVU UPTLEVD UPTLEVU LOWTQUAD LOWTQUAU UPTQUAD UPTQUAU Range (def.) Meaning

0...63 RXLEV threshold on downlink/uplink (25, 25) for power increase 0...63 RXLEV threshold on downlink/uplink (35, 35) for power decrease 0...7 (4, 4) 0...7 (2, 2) RXQUAL threshold on downlink/uplink for power increase RXQUAL threshold on downlink/uplink for power decrease

The following integrity conditions on the power control thresholds have to be observed: U_RXQUAL_XX_P < L_RXLEV_XX_P < L_RXQUAL_XX_P U_RXLEV_XX_P XX = UL, DL XX = UL, DL

Furthermore the power control thresholds have to harmonize with the ones for handover, i.e.: U_RXQUAL_XX_P L_RXLEV_XX_H < < L_RXQUAL_XX_P < L_RXLEV_XX_P < L_RXQUAL_XX_H U_RXLEV_XX_P XX = UL, DL XX = UL, DL

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The following parameters are relevant for PC execution: Specification DB Name /Object Name MS_TXPWR_ MAX MSTXPMAXGSM MSTXPMAXDCS MSTXPMAXPCS /BTS BS_TXPWR_ RED PWRRED / TRX 0, 1...6 (def.) * 2 dB 215 015 015, 30-31 Range Meaning Maximum TXPWR a MS is allowed to use in the serving cell: 2 = 39 dBm, 15 = 13 dBm (GSM + R-GSM) 0 = 30 dBm, 15 = 0 dBm (DCS) 0 = 30 dBm, 15 = 0 dBm (PCS) 30 = 33dBm, 31 = 32 dBm (PCS) Static reduction of the TRX output power: BS_TXPWR_MAX = PBTS - 2 * BS_TXPWR_RED Range for downlink power control: BS_TXPWR_MAX - 30 dB ... BS_TXPWR_MAX Step size for power increase

POW_INCR_ STEP_SIZE

PWRINCSS / PWRC

DB2, DB4, DB6 (def.) DB2 (def.), DB4 1...31 (def. 2) * 2 TSACCH 0...31 (def. 2) * 2 TSACCH

POW_RED_ STEP_SIZE

PWREDSS / PWRC

Step size for power reduction

P_CONFIRM

PWRCONF / PWRC

Maximum interval for waiting for a confirmation of the new transmit power level. Minimum interval between changes of the RF transmit power level (time for suspension of a power control decision after a power control execution)

P_CON_ INTERVAL

PCONINT / PWRC

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Adaptive power control

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Interference reduction

2.1

Basics

For Classic PC, the step sizes for the power control algorithm have a fixed size, no matter what the actual radio conditions are, i.e. independent of the current position in the RXLEV - RXQUAL diagram. Adaptive power control applies steps, which are automatically adapted to the current radio conditions. In addition to the optimal adaptation of the step size, the adaptive power control also minimizes the time between two power control decisions. As a (standard) handover is triggered only when the max. allowed transmit power in a cell has been reached, a faster reaction time for adaptive power control implies that handover can be performed earlier.

2.2

Adaptive step sizes

The different areas for power control execution are shown on the right. There are four different areas, in which the different step sizes A, B, C and D are used. For the optimum area no power adaption is required. Step sizes Fast power increase is applied, if RXLEV is below "L_RXLEV_XX_P" and RXQUAL is below "L_RXQUAL_XX_P" (XX = DL or UL). step A [dB]:=abs(RXLEV 0.5*(U_RXLEV_XX_P + L_RXLEV_XX_P)) Fast power increase is applied, if RXQUAL is above L_RXQUAL_XX_P and RXLEV is below L_RXLEV_XX_P. step B [dB]:=abs(L_RXLEV_XX_P RXLEV)) Standard power increase is applied, if the signal quality average is below L_RXQUAL_XX_P and the signal level average is above L_RXLEV_XX_P. step C[dB]:= increment_step_size * 2dB; increment_step_size: configurable by the operator - PWRINCSS Standard power reduction is applied, if the signal quality average is above U_RXQUAL_XX_P and the signal level average is above L_RXLEV_XX_P + 2 x PWREDSS. step D[dB]:= decrement_step_size * 2dB, decrement_step_size: configurable by the operator - PWREDSS

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Classic PC
Good RXLEV 0 Good quality +C RXLEV
UPLEV

Adaptive PC
Good RXLEV 63 Good quality 0 7
L_RXQUAL _XX_P

0 +A 7 +B 4 +B

RXLEV
UPLEV

63 0 9 6 -D* 2b 3 30
U_RXLEV_XX_P C/I AMR

+C

+C -D
C/I AMR

+C
8 5 -D 1 2a

+C
RXQUAL 0

+C

RXQUAL 0

U_RXQUAL_XX_P

+C
L_RXLEV_XX_P

-D

-D 30
U_RXLEV_XX_P

L_RXLEV_XX_P

2*power reduction step size

2*power reduction step size

+C -D

power level constant increment power level constant decrement

+C -D* +A/B

power level constant increment power level adaptive decrement power level adaptive increment

Fig. 5 Power Control steps

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Interference reduction

2.3

Constant averaging

Power control decisions are based on RXLEV and RXQUAL values, which are obtained by averaging uplink and downlink measurement values. For Classic PC, the gliding window average is calculated: non-DTX (Discontinuous Transmission) samples are put n-times (n=1 .. 3 is an operator defined weighting factor) into the averaging window. FULL samples are copied W_LEV_PC times in the window. The time to fill the window is variable (related to how many FULL/SUB samples): Max time: A_LEV_PC* SACCH frame duration Min time: A_LEV_PC* SACCH frame duration / W_LEV_PC For Adaptive PC, each value is only entered once with its respective weighting factor. Consequently, in "real time" the averaging window has always the same length. The time to fill the window is constant:

A_LEV_PC* SACCH frame duration A_QUAL_PC* SACCH frame duration

2.4

Suspension of power control

Adaptive PC automatically calculates the optimal time for the suspension time, which is only started if the last power control decision was made due to a quality. This delay time is applied in sectors 8, 9 and 2b and is given by delay time = RXQUAL_Averaging_Window_Length (in SACCH frames). After power level changes, there is no suspension time anymore (all values are internally corrected with the power level change until the mobile confirmation is received).

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DTX
FULL FULL FULL FULL SUB SUB FULL FULL

SACCH frames RXLEV Samples

20

20

30

31

40

41

20

21

Averaging windows
x = W_LEV_PC

Constant Averaging
20

x 31

1 40

1 41

20 30

20 21

A_LEV_PC

Gliding Window Averaging

30 30 31

31 40

41

20

20

21 21

W_LEV_PC = 2

A_LEV_PC

Fig. 6 Constant averaging

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Interference reduction

2.5
Parameter

Database parameters
Object Range PWRC 0 .. 15 (def., steps of 2 dB) DISABLED; CLASSIC; ADAPTIVE (def.) 0 .. 10 (def.) .. 30 (dB) 0 .. 10 (def.) .. 30 (dB) 0 .. 13 (def.) .. 30 (dB) 0 .. 13 (def.) .. 30 (dB) 0 .. 25 (def.) .. 63 0 .. 25 (def.) .. 63 0 .. 35 (def.) .. 63 0 .. 35 (def.) .. 63 0 .. 4 (def.) .. 7 0 .. 4 (def.) .. 7 0 .. 2 (def.) .. 7 0 .. 2 (def.) .. 7 Description Max. Base station transmission power reduction level for calls hopping over the BCCH TRX Enable BTS / MS power control

PCMBSTXPRL

EBSPWRC, EMSPWRC LOWTQUAMRDL LOWTQUAMRUL UPTQUAMRDL UPTQUAMRUL LOWTLEVD LOWTLEVU UPTLEVD UPTLEVU LOWTQUAU LOWTQUAD UPTQUAD UPTQUAU

Lower threshold for DL-AMR power control Lower threshold for UL-AMR power control Higher threshold for DL-AMR power control Higher threshold for UL-AMR power control RXLEV threshold for power increase - DL RXLEV threshold for power increase - UL RXLEV threshold for power decrease DL RXLEV threshold for power decrease - UL RXQUAL threshold for power increase - UL RXQUAL threshold for power increase DL RXQUAL threshold for power decrease DL RXQUAL threshold for power decrease DL

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Parameter PAVRQUALA_QUAL_PC PAVRQUALW_QUAL_PC PAVRLEVA_LEV_PC PAVRLEVW_LEV_PC PWRINCSS

Object PWRC PWRC PWRC PWRC PWRC

Range 1 .. 4 (def.) .. 31 1 .. 2 (def.) .. 3 1 .. 4 (def.) .. 31 1 .. 2 (def.) .. 3 1, 2, 3 (def., unit: 2 dB)

Description Averaging window size for RXQUAL values Weighting factor for RXQUAL_FULL values Averaging window size for RXLEV values Weighting factor for RXLEV_FULL values Power increase step size

PWREDSS PCONINT

PWRC PWRC

1 (def.), 2 Power reduction step size (unit: 2 dB) 1, 2 (def.) .. 31 1, 2 (def.) .. 31 Min time between two power control commands (classic PC; unit 2 x SACCH multiframe) Max BTS waiting time for a confirmation of new TX power by MS (suspension of UL PC; unit: 2 x SACCH multiframe)) Static power reduction

PWRCONF

PWRC

PWRRED MSTXPMAXGSM

TRX BTSM

0 .. 6 (def., unit: 2 dB)

2 (39 dBm, Max allowed MS TX power for R def) ..15 /GSM-900 (13 dBm) 0 (30 dBm, Max allowed MS TX power for def) .. 15 DCS (0 dBm) 0 (30 dBm, Max allowed MS TX power for def) .. 31 PCS (32 dBm) 1 .. 4 (def.) .. 31 1 .. 2 (def.) .. 3 1 .. 4 (def.) .. 31 Averaging window size for RXQUAL values Weighting factor for RXQUAL_FULL values Averaging window size for RXLEV values

MSTXPMAXDCS

BTSM

MSTXPMAXPCS

BTSM

PAVRQUALA_QUAL_PC PAVRQUALW_QUAL_PC PAVRLEVA_LEV_PC

PWRC PWRC PWRC

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Power control related performance measurements

The performance measurements related to power and quality measurements are listed below: Measurement Type Power and quality measurements on uplink/downlink busy TCHs Correlated RXLEV to RXQUAL measurements (uplink) Correlated RXLEV to RXQUAL measurements (downlink) Correlated RXLEV to Time Advance measurements (uplink) Correlated RXLEV to Time Advance measurements (downlink) Correlated FER to RXQUAL measurements Abbreviation PWRUPDW CRXLVQUU CRXLVQUD CRXLVTAU CRXLVTAD CFERRXQU Functional Group SCANCHAN SCANTRX SCANTRX SCANTRX SCANTRX SCANTRX

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Frequency hopping

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4.1

Introduction

The principle of Frequency Hopping used within GSM is that successive TDMA bursts of a connection are transmitted via different frequencies - the frequencies belonging to the respective cell according to network planning. This method is called Slow Frequency Hopping (SFH) since the transmission frequency remains constant during one burst (in contrast to fast frequency hopping where the transmission frequency changes within one burst). The effect of Frequency Hopping is that link quality may change from burst to burst, i.e. a burst of high bit error rate may be followed by a burst of low bit error rate since

short term fading is different on different frequencies, the interference level is different on different frequencies.
Since the information for one speech frame is interleaved over 8 successive bursts and the successful decoding of a speech frame depends on the average bit error rate over these 8 bursts, a speech frame may be decoded even if there were some bursts with bad quality. Without hopping in general all 8 bursts are either good or bad. Hence the benefit of Frequency Hopping is a kind of equalization of the link quality of all connections by

frequency diversity - averaging of short term fading, interference diversity - averaging of interference.
To achieve interference diversity, connection in different co-channel cells may not hop in a synchronous, but in an uncoordinated way. The corresponding hopping mode is called (Pseudo) Random Hopping: uncorrelated hopping sequences are used in different co-channel cells. Hence the probability of a collision (interference) of two specific connections in co-channel cells is inverse proportional to the number of frequencies used in the hopping sequence. A hopping sequence is characterized by the so-called Hopping Sequence Number HSN. In GSM there are 63 uncorrelated pseudo random hopping sequences (HSN = 1, ..., 63). Furthermore, there is a Cyclic Hopping Mode, characterized by HSN = 0.

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Cyclic Hopping: Hopping Sequence Number HSN = 0 f1 f2 f3 f4 frame +:optimum frequency diversity (averaging of Rayleigh fading) - :no interference averaging connection 1 connection 2

Pseudo Random Hopping: Hopping Sequence Number HSN = 1 e.g. HSN = 27 for reuse cell collision probability = 1 / no. frequencies cell 2 (same frequencies as cell 1) f1 f2 f3 f4 frame +:interference averaging - :no optimum frequency diversity frame

cell 1 f1 f2 f3 f4

Fig. 7

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4.2

Frequency hopping system

A hopping sequence is the sequence of used output frequencies. The Mobile Allocation MOBALLOC defines the list of all frequencies used in the sequence. There are two possibilities to administrate these sequences: Cyclic hopping Cyclic hopping is mainly used to combat the Raleigh fading. The frequencies are used one after another. If the MOBALLOC = f1, f2, f3, f4 is created in a cell, the parameter for allocating cyclic hopping is Hopping Sequence Number HSN = 0. The result is a hopping f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, f2, f3, f4,..... The start frequency for the hopping is administrated with the parameter Mobile Allocation Index Offset MAIO. Its value depends on the number of given frequencies. Pseudo Random hopping If a non-zero value for HSN is taken, the output sequence is pseudo random. The Random hopping is used mainly to improve the C/I level for example in cells with the same frequencies if a different HSN is given.

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4.3
4.3.1

Frequency Hopping Techniques

Baseband hopping

The bursts belonging to one connection are switched to different high frequency boards in the BTSE. Each BTSE can serve a fixed number of frequencies (RFC, TRX). The number of hopping frequencies is restricted to the number of frequencies per cell.

4.3.2

Synthesizer Hopping

In this technique tunable power amplifier, which change the frequency for every burst to be transmitted are used. The number of hopping frequencies is higher than the number of CU available in a BTS.

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Fig. 8 Baseband hopping

Fig. 9 Synthesizer hopping

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4.4

Configuration examples

Base Band Frequency Hopping TRX 0 f0 RTSL0 BCCH FHSYID = 0 MAIO = 0 SDCCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 0 TRX 1 f1 SDCCH FHSYID = 2 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 1 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 1 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 1 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 1 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 1 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 1 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 1 No Hopping TRX2 f2 TCH FHSYID = 2 MAIO = 1 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 2 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 2 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 2 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 2 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 2 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 2 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 2 TRX 3 f3 TCH FHSYID = 2 MAIO = 2 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 3 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 3 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 3 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 3 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 3 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 3 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 3

RTSL1

RTSL2

RTSL3

RTSL4

RTSL5

RTSL6

RTSL7

FH_SYSTEM_ID: FHSYID=0

FH_SYSTEM_ID: FHSYID=1 MOBALLOC=BCCHFREQ&CALLF01&CALLF02&CALLF03 FH_SYSTEM_ID: FHSYID=2 MOBALLOC=CALLF01&CALLF02&CALLF03

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SMA Synthesizer Frequency Hopping TRX 0 f0 RTSL0 BCCH FHSYID = 0 MAIO = 0 SDCCH FHSYID = 0 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 0 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 0 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 0 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 0 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 0 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 0 MAIO = 0 TRX 1 f1 SDCCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 0 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 0 No Hopping MOBALLOC=CALLF01&CALLF02&&CALLF07 TRX2 f2 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 1 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 1 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 1 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 1 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 1 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 1 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 1 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 1 TRX 3 f3 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 2 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 2 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 2 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 2 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 2 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 2 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 2 TCH FHSYID = 1 MAIO = 2

RTSL1

RTSL2

RTSL3

RTSL4

RTSL5

RTSL6

RTSL7

FH_SYSTEM_ID: FHSYID=0 FH_SYSTEM_ID: FHSYID=1

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4.5

Static MAIO Allocation

Frequency hopping main benefits are frequency and interference diversity since a suitable allocation of MAIO values allows controlling of interference among the channels of the serving and neighbor cells (sectors). In all SBS releases up to SBS BR7.0 MAIO values were statically assigned to the channels during the configuration phase and they do not change. This procedure is called Static MAIO Allocation (SMA). A set of MAIO values (MA) allocated to the site is subdivided into subsets (usual case a site with three sectors) with different MAIOs for each sector. Equal MAIO values are assigned to all channels of the same TRX. If the synchronization holds for the sectors of the site (sectors derive the timing for digital signal processing and for the carrier frequencies from the same clock resource and use the same Frame Number) intra-site interference can be controlled by allocating appropriate MAIOs. The next shows a site with three sectors using equal MA and HSN. Assuming there are six frequencies available, a common SMA scheme would assign MAIO 0 and 3 to the Serving Cell, MAIO 1 and 4 to neighboring cell-1 and MAIO 2 and 5 to neighboring cell-2. With these MAIO allocations there is no co-channel interference between the mobiles served within this site, however, the mobile using MAIO 0 in the serving cell will experience adjacent channel interference from the mobile using MAIO 1 in neighboring cell-1.The usage of the site available frequencies for hopping per one cell (so called Fractional Load) is 33,3% in this example. As one can see this fractional load assures avoiding of co-channel interference but not adjacent-channel interference. Figure 17 shows three sector cell where 18 frequencies are available for hopping and reuse pattern is 1/1. The fractional Load is 16, 6% thus avoiding both co-channel and adjacent-channel interference. In general, for two radio channels using the same HSN and MA, denoting the difference between their MAIO values as MAIO, than: 1. if MAIO1 co-channel interference between two channels is avoided 2. if MAIO2 co-channel interference and adjacent channel interference between two channels is avoided. SMA gives good results if number of TRXs per site is not greater than the number of hopping frequencies. If the number of the TRX installed and configured on the site is greater than the number of available hopping frequencies, the MAIO values shall be reused within the site thus introducing continuous intra-site co-channel interference and degrading the radio quality below the acceptable values. In order to increase the network capacity using a number of hopping TRX per site greater than the number of hopping frequencies, a new strategy Dynamic MAIO Allocation (DMA) has been introduced.

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Fig. 10 Interference in a three sector site

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Static MAIO allocation for Synthesizer Frequency Hopping The main hopping deployment criterion is the frequency reuse selection. The different frequency reuses are characterized with a reuse pattern that indicates the sector cluster size in which each frequency is used only once. Reuse pattern 1/3 For the reuse pattern 1/3 all the frequencies for hopping are divided into three groups and each site of the network will be assigned with the same groups. Co-channel interference between sectors is avoided by the frequency plan. Adjacent channel interference between sectors can be avoided up to 50% frequency usage per cell on the assigned frequencies by synchronizing sectors, assigning identical HSNs to sectors and assigning MAIOs to TRXs deliberately. RF Sector 0 Sector 1 Sector 2 MAIO Sector 0 Sector 1 Sector 2 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10 f11 f12 f13 f14 f15 f16 f17 f18 f19 f20 f21 f22 f23 f24 f25 f26 f27 ... ... ... ...

TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 TRX5 TRX6 TRX7 TRX8 ... 0 1 0 2 3 2 4 5 4 6 7 6 8 9 8 10 11 10 12 11 12 14 15 14 ... ... ...

Reuse pattern 1/1 One of the most frequently reused pattern is 1/1. All the hopping frequencies are assigned to each cell on each site. Co- and adjacent channel interference between sectors can be avoided up to 16.7% frequency usage per cell on the assigned frequencies by synchronizing sectors, assigning identical HSNs to sectors and assigning MAIOs to TRXs deliberately. MAIO Sector 0 Sector 1 Sector 2 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 TRX5 TRX6 TRX7 TRX8 ... 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 ... ... ...

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MA
Random Hopping (1, 2, 10, 7, . . . )
Time (TDMA frame)

Static MAIO allocation

BCCH MAIO = 0 MAIO = 6 MAIO = 12

TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3

BCCH MAIO = 4 MAIO = 10 MAIO = 16

TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3

BCCH MAIO = 2 MAIO = 8 MAIO = 14

TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3

Fig. 11 Static MAIO Allocation with reuse pattern 1/1

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4.6

Dynamic MAIO Allocation

In case of Dynamic MAIO Allocation (DMA) the list of MAIO values is not subdivided into subsets to be assigned to the sectors but is considered as a common resource at the site level. For each incoming call the DMA algorithm selects the best MAIO/TS pair with respect to intra-site interference and assigns it to the call at channel activation. In this way asymmetric and time varying traffic load on different sectors of the site can be handled more effectively than using SMA and unnecessary MAIO repetition (causing co-channel interference) is avoided. As a consequence the DMA estimates and optimizes the expected interference for all idle TS/MAIO combinations.

4.6.1

Use cases and mandatory requirements

DMA is applied in the cases which fulfill following conditions:

1/1 frequency reuse scenario with SFH enabled (the same MA is used in all
channels by the DMA algorithm), site,

intra-site synchronization, i.e. air interface synchronization among the cells of one equal HSN assigned to the sectors of the site, speech calls only (excluding ASCI).
DMA is not applied on cells with BFH, but SMA has to be configured for BFH. In case of BCCH TRX and non BCCH TRXs supporting (E)GPRS, HSCSD and single slot data calls, SMA has to be applied. The DMA is not appropriate for serving data services due to the low C/I resulting from 1/1 reuse. DMA is not supported on extended cells and on concentric cells. DMA supports Dual Band Standard Cell.

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4.6.2

DMA Algorithm

The algorithm is a part of the whole resource research algorithm based on the service list (SL) and layer (LY) concept. It is activated when the Service Dependent Channel Allocation (SDCA) looks for the resources in DMA layer and the DMA feature is enabled in the cell. DMA is applied in case of incoming calls, incoming handovers and in case of resource reallocation (ongoing call moved to DMA layer). It is not applied in case of CS Preemption. Within the sectors, the traffic channels are identified by the sets of TS, MAIO and HSN. As the equal HSNs are considered in sectors using DMA, in the following the traffic channels will be referred as by the pairs TS and MAIO. For each incoming voice call, DMA selects a channel on the basis of the current MAIO utilization state within the site. Each combination TS/MAIO is a possible solution for the channel assignment. The algorithm progressively restricts the solution space, until a single couple TS/ MAIO is selected. In a first step for each free TS the best associated MAIO value is chosen (MAIO selection). The output of this step is a list of channels, i.e. couples TS/ MAIO one for each free TS. Then, within the list the best channel is selected (TS Selection). In particular, the algorithm:

avoids the repetition of MAIO values in the serving cell, i.e. it avoids intracell cochannel interference (Cell_CCI)

minimizes the number of MAIO repetitions at the site, i.e. the number of channels
affected by intra-site co-channel interference (Site_CCI)

controls the number of MAIO adjacencies in the serving cell, i.e. the number of controls the number of MAIO adjacencies within the site, i.e. the number of
channels affected by intra-site adjacent channel interference (Site_ACI).

times the MAIO values i, i-1 and/or i+1 are used on the same TS, i.e. the number of channels affected by intracell adjacent channel interference (Cell_ACI)

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4.7

Admission control

Using the Erlang-B table it is possible for a given Quality of Service (QoS) in terms of blocking probability and a given offered traffic to find the minimum number of channels necessary to meet the QoS requirement. The lack of radio channels is called "hard blocking". Another kind of blocking handles the impact of the high traffic load on speech quality. In a 1/1 reuse a common definition adopted for the traffic load is called Effective Frequency Load (EFL). Fractional load represents the instant frequency load while EFL is the long term estimate of it and also is known as Erlang Fractional Load. The estimation of the EFL is based on the filtered measurements of the number of busy channels on the DMA layer. The traffic load at which the speech quality in the cell becomes unacceptable due to an excessive interference is called "soft blocking". Admission Control algorithm is capable to identify the soft blocking limit and to regulate the traffic load in such way that the maximum capacity is achieved without risking the speech quality. The implementation of the Admission Control for the circuit switched speech services is restricted to the layer for which the DMA has been enabled.

4.7.1

Admission Control Algorithm

A measurable quantity that best reflects the speech quality is the Fame Erasure Rate (FER). The speech quality in terms of FER on the DMA layer of a cell can be quantified by the percentage of speech samples with FER over a certain threshold, (e.g. 2.5%). Since such speech samples show a bad speech quality, the probability (percentage) of their occurrence is called Bad Quality Probability (BQP). The Quality of Service criterion related to the speech quality in a cell is met if the BQP for a certain FER threshold is not greater then an associated threshold defined as "outage probability". If the measured and filtered BQP is greater than a given outage the AC algorithm will reject new calls in DMA layer. BQP is calculated by the following formula: BQP = P(FER > fer_threshold) in which the fer_threshold is defined in the database. The target speech quality performance on the DMA layer is considered satisfactory if the BQP value is below a threshold outage probability and calculated by means of the following formula: BQP = P(FER > fer_threshold) bqp_Thr in which Bqp_Thr is defined in the database On the Basis of the (1) and (2) formula, the Admission Control (AC) is defined as follow:

If BQP Bqp_thr a new call request on the DMA layer (LY) is accepted. If BQP > Bqp_thr a new call request on the DMA layer (LY) is not accepted. 38
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Admission Control

Speech Quality:

BQP

Bad Quality Probability

Load:

EFL

Effective Frequency Load

Soft Blocking Qualifier

Fig. 12 Admission Control Principle

Fig. 13 Bad Quality Probability

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Besides the evaluation of the BQP, criterion for the Admission Control is based on the following two steps:

calculation of the mean BQP on the DMA layer, evaluation of the Soft-Blocking-Qualifier from the mean BQP on the DMA layer.
The mean BQP is calculated on the DMA layer either separately in Uplink and Downlink or together (jointly) for both directions. The Soft-Blocking-Qualifier, denoting the status (soft-blocked or not) of the DMA layer, is evaluated by a threshold comparison too. Based on the selected mean BQP values used for the evaluation of the Soft-Blocking-Qualifier different implementations of the BQP criterion for the Admission Control have been specified. The mean BQP on the DMA layer is calculated by filtering the BQP estimated over a certain interval, called AC Period. For the estimation of the BQP the DMA layer measurements reflecting the FER on the DMA layer are required. This is accomplished by the collection of BQP samples that contain the number of erroneously received or missing speech frames over the AC Period. Due to the bursty nature of FER occurrence a sampling period of 4 SACCH periods (4x480 ms) is normally used. The scanning procedure shall be applied in the BTS on all busy speech channels of the TRXs on the DMA layer with enabled Admission Control (AC). The enhanced DMA Admission Control (due to Soft Blocking) is based on both BQP and EFL. However, this type of Admission Control shall be applied only on the service layer of the cell with enabled DMA, in the following DMA layer. When the Admission Control is enabled in the cell, the BTS evaluates during each AC Period the BQP and by the end of each AC Period the SBQ and the EFL on the DMA layer. Furthermore by the end of each AC Period the BTS runs the Admission Control procedure for determining the value of the enableSoftBlocking attribute. The BTS performs these tasks separately for each DMA layer configured in the cell. A long ACPeriod would degrade the dynamics of AC under normal traffic load conditions. Furthermore, at low traffic the reliability of the BQP is relatively low and hence the decision for soft-blocking (evaluation of SBQ) will be quite unreliable. This is why AC shall be based on both SBQ and EFL. As long as the EFL on the DMA layer is below a certain minimum threshold a new call setup on the DMA layer of the cell shall be admitted independent of the SBQ value.

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Fig. 14 SBQ and EFL

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4.8

Database Parameters

Within the SBS the Frequency Hopping feature is configured by creating the Frequency Hopping System objects and by assignment of the radio channels to these hopping systems in case of SMA. To support DMA two new objects Common BTS (CBTS) and Common Frequency Hopping System (CFHSY) with the associated parameters are introduced in the BSC Database. Additional attributes have been assigned to some existing objects as well as some existing have been modified or removed. By default the DMA feature is not enabled but may be set on cell basis by the operator. To run Admission Control mechanism additional attributes in the BTS objects of the BSC Database have been introduced. New objects

CBTS (Common BTS) groups the attributes shared by several BTS of the same
BTSM. There is one object per BTSM.

CFHSY (Common FHSY) defines the hopping laws shared by several BTS of the
same BTSM. Two objects can be defined per BTS since the DMA can be configurable in different bands.

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4.8.1
DB Name HOPP

Database Parameters for Frequency Hopping

Object BTS Range/Unit TRUE, FALSE (FALSE) BBHOP, SYNHOP TRUE, FALSE (FALSE) Meaning Flag to enable/disable FH within the BTS

HOPMODE ENDMA

BTS CBTS

Flag indicates whether baseband or synthesizer hopping is used This attribute describes whether or not Dynamic MAIO Allocation is enabled in the particular CBTS. CBTS groups the attributes shared by several BTSs of the same BTSM. This attribute describes whether or not Dynamic MAIO Allocation is enabled in particular BTS Parameter to define frequency hopping system CBTS groups the attributes shared by several BTS of the same BTSM Parameter to define frequency hopping system shared by several BTS of the same BTSM Hopping sequence number (0: cyclic hopping, 1...63: random hopping)

ENDMA

BTS

TRUE, FALSE (FALSE) 1...10 1 per BTSM

FHSY CBTS CFHSY

FHSY CBTS

CFHSY 0,1

HSN MOBALLOC

FHSY, 0...63 CFHSY FHSY

BCCHFREQ, Mobile allocation: list of frequencies CALLF<x> within the FH system for SMA x=163 Mobile allocation: list of frequencies within the common FH system for DMA

CMOBALLOC CFHSY CCALLF<y> y=163

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Parameter MAIO

Object TRX/ CHAN

Range NULL,063 (NULL)

Description MAIO to be applied to all subordinate channels of SMAor when ENDMA=FALSE. Mobile allocation index offset: defining the starting frequency (number in the MA frequency list) for a hopping sequence at a certain frame number FN Defines the band to which the CFHSY is applicable (0=GSM850, 1=PCS1900, 2=DCS1800, 3=BB900, 4=EB900)

SUBBAND

CFHSY

04

TRXFREQ

TRX

CALLF01C Additional frequency values that include ALLF63, DMA CCALL01.... CCALLF63

FHSYID, CFSYID FHSYID, CFHSYD CCALL

TRX

FHSY(010) Hopping law to be applied to all CFHSY(0,1) subordinated channels (NULL) FHSY(010) Specifies the frequency hopping system CFHSY(0,1) (depends on FHSYID of superordinate TRX) to which a channel shall belong (FHSY0) NULL,1...63 (NULL) This attribute describes the list of frequencies inherited from the CBTSM. It groups the BTS that are co-located and synchronized Defines all frequencies available in all BTS of the BTSM Range:0, 1,.,1023

CHAN

BTS

CCALLF<x> CBTS

CCALL01... CCALLF63

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4.8.2
DB Name EAC

Database Parameters for Admission Control

Object Range/Unit BTS TRUE, FALSE (FALSE) Description Parameter determines whether AC is enabled or disabled on cell basis. AC can be enabled only if DMA is enabled both in the BTS and in the CBTS

ACBQPMAX

BTS

2.0.10.0, stepsize Parameter specifies the 1.0 [%] , (5.0) maximum tolerated Bad Quality Probability (outage probability) in the cell 1.010.0, stepsize 0.5 [%] , (5.0) Parameter specifies the maximum tolerated FER for speech samples taken over 4 SACCH periods

ACFERMAX

BTS

ACPER/BTS

BTS

20, 24(120) 400, Parameter specifies the stepsize 4 SACCH Admission Control Period periods 0, (1), 2 Parameter defines the type of samples to be collected and the way they are used for the estimation of BQP. 1 means only UL samples shall be collected and evaluated. This attribute describes the forgetting factor of the time exponential filter used for BQP averaging and is only used at the TRX Parameter defines the forgetting factor for the exponential filter used for fractional load averaging

ACLNKTP

BTS

ACBQPFF

BTS

0.1, (0.2)1.0, stepsize 0.1

ACEFLFF/ BTS ACMINEFLDMA ACMAXEFLDMA

BTS

0.02, (0.04)0.2 stepsize 0.02

BTS BTS

5, (10)50, stepsize Parameter specifies the minimum 5 (in %) EFL on the DMA layer of the cell 10, 1550 100, stepsize 5 (in %) Parameter specifies the maximum EFL on the DMA layer of the cell

If ACLNKTP=0(or 2) Extended Measurement Reporting has to be enabled.

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Discontinuous Transmission DTX

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The goal of DTX is

to reduce MS power consumption and to reduce the interference in a cell.

During a normal conversation, the participants speak only 50% of time. Each direction of transmission is occupied about 50% of time. DTX is a mode of operation where the transmitters are switched on only for those frames containing useful information. The difficulty is to find techniques to distinguish noisy speech from real noise even in a noisy environment. These algorithms are implemented in the VAD (Voice Activity Detection) function. The background acoustic noise has to be evaluated in order to transmit characteristic parameters to the receive side. The receive sides generates a similar noise called comfort noise during periods where the radio transmission is cut.

SBS parameters for DTX / VAD administration: Specification Name DTX indicator uplink Object BTS DB Name DTXUL Meaning MAYFSHNH: MS may use FR / shall not use HR, SHLFSHNH: MS shall use FR / shall not use HR (def.), SHNFSHNH: MS shall not use FR & HR, MAYFMAYH: MS may use FR & HR, SHLFSHLH: MS shall use FR & HR, SHNFSHLH: MS shall not use FR / shall use HR DTX indicator downlink - FR DTX indicator downlink - HR BTS DTXDLFR FALSE: downlink-FR DTX disabled at BTS (def.), TRUE: downlink-FR DTX enabled at BTS BTS DTXDLHR FALSE: downlink-HR DTX disabled at BTS (def.), TRUE: downlink-HR DTX enabled at BTS

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With DTX the speech data rate is reduced from 13 kbit/s (user speaking) to 500 bit/s. This low rate is enough to encode the background noise. This means instead of one frame of 260 bits per 20 ms only one frame per 480 ms is sent. These so called SID frames (Silence Description Frames) are sent at the beginning of every inactivity period, then all 480 ms, as long as the inactivity lasts between BTS and MS. Between TRAU and BTS these comfort noise frames are sent all 20 ms. The time behavior looks like following: TRAU <-> BTS SSSSCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCSSCCCCCCCS BTS <-> MS SSSSC where C C C SSC C S

S = speech frame C = comfort noise frame

The so called TRAU frame contains not only these 260 bit: number of bits, UL frame synchronization discrimination: speech, data, full rate, half rate time alignment bad frame indication DTX mode other info speech spare 35 5 6 1 1 3 260 5 1 1 260 9 number of bits, DL 35 5 6

Contents of a speech block for transmission at 16 kbit/s, details in GSM 08.60.

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Channel allocation due to interference level

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6.1

General

The BTSE performs measurements of the (uplink) received level on all its idle traffic channels (TCH) in the same way as for the busy channels, i.e. the level values in [dBm] in each TDMA frame are averaged over one SACCH period. The averaged value is mapped on an RXLEV value (0, ..., 63). Since these measurements are related to idle channels the measured level is interpreted as interference level caused by a mobile in another cell using this channel or an adjacent channel (or by an external source of interference). The information on the interference level can be taken into account at channel selection to assign the channel with the lowest interference level, which is expected to guarantee the best link quality. An improvement of link quality by this mechanism is only possible if there is a choice, i.e.

in cells with low traffic load where some idle channels are available for assignment if the interference level on idle channels differs significantly (this is not the case if
random frequency hopping is applied).

Having measured the interference level for some SACCH multiframes, an arithmetic mean RXLEV_IDLE of a certain number of successive interference level samples, given by a parameter INTAVE, is calculated if the channel has been idle for the whole measurement period INTAVE * TSACCH. If a traffic channel has not been idle during the whole measurement period, it is not taken into account in the classification procedure. Using this averaged interference level, an idle traffic channel is classified as a channel of Interference Band 1 if Interference Band 2 if Interference Band 3 if Interference Band 4 if Interference Band 5 if 0 X1 X2 X3 X4 < RXLEV_IDLE < < < < < X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 = 63

< RXLEV_IDLE < RXLEV_IDLE < RXLEV_IDLE < RXLEV_IDLE

where X1, X2, ... X5 denote the boundaries of the five interference bands. 0 < X1 < X2 < X3 < X4 < X5 = 63

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RXLEV_IDLE

low quality

X5

Interference Band 5
X4

Interference Band 4
X3

Interference Band 3
X2

Interference Band 2
X1

Interference Band 1
0 high quality
Fig. 15 Interference bands

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Having classified all the traffic channels, which have been idle during the whole measurement period, the TRXsends the result of this classification to the BSC (RF Resource Indication message) where it is used in the channel allocation process. The period for sending the RF Resource Indication message is given by parameter RF_RES_IND_PERIOD. The time relations between measurements in the BTSE and information sending to the BSC is illustrated in the next figure. In the case of a call setup as well as in the case of a handover a traffic channel out of the best non-empty interference class is allocated. A condensed form of the information on the quality of the idle traffic channels at a certain BTS is sent from the BSC to the MSC using the RESOURCE INDICATION message. This message contains, for a specified cell (BTS), the number of idle TCHs, which are available separately in each of the five interference bands.

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RF resource indication period RF_RES_IND_PERIOD = 15 averaging period INTAVE = 5 averaging period INTAVE = 5 time

SACCH_ Multiframe

RF RES IND (TRX -> BSC)

RF RES IND (TRX -> BSC)

Fig. 16 RF Resource Indication Period

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6.2

Parameters for channel allocation due to interference level

The parameters are administered in the object BTS and are listed in the table below. Specification Name EN_INT_CLASS INTAVE DB Name INTCLASS INTAVEPR averaging Period Range TRUE (def), FALSE 1...31 (def.) * TSACCH Meaning Flag to enable the classification procedure in the BTS Period for averaging the measured interference level. A traffic channel, which has not been idle during the whole measurement and averaging period, it is not taken into account in the classification procedure.

X1, X2, X3, X4

INTAVEPR interference Thresholds Boundaries RFRSINDP

Boundaries of the interference (def. 2, 6, 12, 22) classes/ bands.

0...62

RF_RES_IND_ PERIOD

1...254 (def. 60) * TSACCH

Period for sending the classification information to the BSC.

Relations: 0 < X1 < X2 < X3 < X4 < X5 = 63 INTAVE < RF_RES_IND_PERIOD

6.3

Related performance measurements

Abbreviation MEITCHIB ILUPLKIC Functional group SCANBTS SCANTRX

Measurement Type Mean number of idle TCHs per interference band Interference measurements on idle TCHs

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Extended Idle Channel Measurements

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7.1

Smart Carrier Allocation

Smart Carrier Allocation is a means to perform autonomous frequency allocation, i.e. the decision which frequency is used is done by the BSS. It provides histograms of measurements on frequency basis and elaborates them to determine in a ranked list of frequencies the best one to substitute an under-test frequency e.g. for a micro cell or to change an existing frequency much disturbed by surrounding frequencies. It can also be used to create carriers on available hardware without prior frequency planning. The BTS receives signals from the MS (uplink) and measures among others the signal level (RXLEV (s)). Similarly the MS measures the downlink RXLEV (s). In order to obtain information about a possible handover the MS measures additionally the RXLEV (n) of frequencies defined in the neighbor lists (BA list, 32 maximum) it receives from the BTS when camping on that cell and reports the 6 strongest BCCHs for which it could decode the BSIC. I.e. the BTS receives measurements performed by the MS both on RXLEV and on RXQUAL of the assigned channel. It receives also other measurements of signal levels made by the MS on neighboring frequencies. Relevant information is collected, analyzed and stored in the BTS. The BSC reads the information from the BTS and combines and sorts the available information. Files containing ranked frequency lists of Smart Carrier Allocation in ASCII format and raw data are stored in the OMC. The ASCII files can be displayed and can be imported into the O&M tool set for reports and presentation of histograms. Up to 2000 cells per RC can be indicated. It is possible to put up to 250 cells per BSC under observation. Operators introduce the list of frequencies to be put under observation. A frequency list is required for each kind of input, except for the accumulative measurements. Different types of inputs may have different lists of frequencies. The operators are allowed to indicate up to 32 frequencies for the default case for each GSM band ( P, E, GSM1800, GSM-R, GSM1900) and no more than one band at a time. When a band has been chosen, all of the required input must be in that band. The frequency list for NM_DL only consists of BCCH frequencies and their respective BSICs. Operators can change the frequencies list during the night after data uploading has been completed. Operators set the accumulation times, up to four a day, between 6 a.m. to 12 p.m.

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local database local database (per cell) (per cell)

global global database database

RXLEV and C/I DL

RXLEV UL

BTS

RC

External Tools (graph. display)

Fig. 17 Smart carrier allocation: data flow

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7.2

Extended idle channel measurements

Up to BR5.5, idle channel measurements have been performed for the used frequencies only by the BTS. Extended Idle Channel Measurements allows to successively measure the RXLEV(n) of all frequencies used in the network. Extended Idle Channel Measurements (E-ICM) makes it possible to better analyze the interference conditions in the network. This provides additional input information for the planning tools. Furthermore, this feature is used by the Smart Carrier Allocation (based on a list of ranked frequencies) to determine the best frequency available. The E-ICM measurement is based on burst measurements on idle channels. The operator defines the list of frequencies to be observed under E-ICM. The BTS is able to listen and report RXLEV measurements on the uplink of up to 32 frequencies. The frequencies put under observation are not restricted to the frequencies used in the cell. The E-ICM are collected during the observation period configured by the operator. When all the E-ICM measurements for a cell are available (at the end of the observation period), cumulative histograms are provided. Original data are also stored for a period of time. Raw data can be exported from the RC. This feature handles up to 2000 cells per RC and up to 250 cells per BSC. The BSC performs the upload of measurement files both automatically (at 3 p.m.) and on specific command by the operator. Automatic uploading stores all of the data transferred from the BTSs to the BSC where it remains one day long. This data is removed just before a new upload that means that the data of any day is available on the BSC for the whole day afterwards. When the data transfer from the BTSs is finished, the BSC signals the availability of files to be transferred to the RC; the RC manages this transfer. If Idle Channel Measurements are active for a BTS (enableInterfClass=TRUE), the corresponding values of the attributes RFRSINDP and INTAVEPR must satisfy the following condition if also Enhanced Idle Channel Measurements are to be acquired for traffic channels of the same BTS: RFRSINDP > INTAVEPR Parameter RFRSINDP Object Range BTS 1 ... 254 (SACCH multiframe step size, default: 60) 1...31 (def.) * TSACCH Meaning Sending rate of the radio signaling message RFRESIND to the BSC. Period for averaging the measured interference level.

INTAVEPR

BTS

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7.2.1

Database parameters

The commands and parameters used to configure the feature E-ICM are extensions of those used in the Smart Carrier Allocation feature. ICM is handled with higher priority while E-ICM data is collected only in between ICM periods where ICM data (idle TRAFFIC channels) would have been discarded anyway. Thus, the reporting period (to BSC, configurable 1 ... 254 measurement periods) must be larger than the averaging window to make E-ICM possible. By carefully choosing the averaging window (Wsize) and the reporting period Trep the operator decides whether to emphasize ICM or E-ICM. If Trep>Wsize is fulfilled (the difference between the two) is available for E-ICM. If more E-ICM data is desired, the operator can either increase the reporting period or reduce the size of the averaging window. For BTSone, all timeslots assigned to baseband frequency hopping system are unable to perform E_ICM measurements.

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Exercise

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Exercise 1
Title:
Power Control

Task
Consider a mobile station (of GSM phase 1) of maximum output power PMS = 39 dBm. Within the cell serving that MS the following parameters are set: MS_TXPWR_MAX = 33 dBm BS_TXPWR_MAX = 43 dBm POW_INCR_STEP_SIZE = 6 dB POW_RED_STEP_SIZE = 4 dB Furthermore, the following thresholds for the uplink power control decision are set: L_RXQUAL_P = 4 U_RXQUAL_P = 3 L_RXLEV_P = 20 U_RXLEV_P = 26

In the table below some examples for the measured and average (uplink) RXLEV and RXQUAL as well as for the last confirmed TXPWR are given. What are the corresponding values for the new commended TXPWR? Example last confirmed TXPWR (dBm) 25 21 15 31 17 RXQUAL RXLEV new commanded TXPWR ? ? ? ? ?

1 2 3 4 5

2 4 2 5 5

23 28 30 25 34

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Exercise 2
Title: Task
Consider a cell with the following parameters of interference classification: INTAVE = 2 RF_RES_IND_PERIO = 4 X1 = 10 X2 = 20 X3 = 30 X4 = 40 The following levels have been measured by the BTS on its channels each SACCH frame. Channel Allocation due to Interference Level

chan 1 chan 2 chan 3 chan 4

B B 12 20 1

19 B 14 22 2

21 B 14 18 3

23 B 16 18 4

15 B 14 17 5

15 B 14 18 6 SACCH frame B: busy channel

Last RF Resource indication message

Fig. 18

To which interference bands do channel 1-4 belong at SACCH frame 7? Which channel is allocated this time in the case of an assignment request?

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Exercise 3
Enable the power control mechanism and create the related scanner.

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