Power Systems I

The Power Flow Solution

l Most common and important tool in power system
analysis
u also known as the Load Flow solution
u used for planning and controlling a system
u assumptions: balanced condition and single phase analysis
l Problem:
u determine the voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus
u determine the active and reactive power flow in each line
u each bus has four state variables:
n voltage magnitude
n voltage phase angle
n real power injection
n reactive power injection
Power Systems I

The Power Flow Solution
u Each bus has two of the four state variables defined or given
l Types of buses:
u Slack bus (swing bus)
n voltage magnitude and angle are specified, reference bus
n solution: active and reactive power injections
u Regulated bus (generator bus, P-V bus)
n models generation-station buses
n real power and voltage magnitude are specified
n solution: reactive power injection and voltage angle
u Load bus (P-Q bus)
n models load-center buses
n active and reactive powers are specified (negative values for loads)
n solution: voltage magnitude and angle
Power Systems I

Newton-Raphson PF Solution
l Quadratic convergence
u mathematically superior to Guass-Seidel method
l More efficient for large networks
u number of iterations required for solution is independent of
system size
l The Newton-Raphson equations are cast in natural power
system form
u solving for voltage magnitude and angle, given real and reactive
power injections
Power Systems I

Newton-Raphson Method
l A method of successive approximation using Taylors
expansion
u Consider the function: f(x) = c, where x is unknown
u Let x
[0]
be an initial estimate, then x
[0]
is a small deviation from
the correct solution
u Expand the left-hand side into a Taylors series about x
[0]
yeilds
( ) c x x f +
] 0 [ ] 0 [
( ) ( ) c x
dx
f d
x
dx
df
x f +
]
]
]

+
]
]
]

+ L
2
] 0 [
2
2
2
1
] 0 [ ] 0 [
Power Systems I

Newton-Raphson Method
u Assuming the error, x
[0]
, is small, the higher-order terms are
neglected, resulting in
u where
u rearranging the equations
( )
] 0 [ ] 0 [ ] 0 [ ] 0 [
x
dx
df
c c x
dx
df
x f
]
]
]

]
]
]

+
( )
] 0 [ ] 0 [
x f c c
] 0 [ ] 0 [ ] 1 [
] 0 [
] 0 [
x x x
dx
df
c
x
+
]
]
]

Power Systems I

Example
l Find the root of the equation: f(x) = x
3
- 6x
2
+ 9x - 4 = 0
Power Systems I

Newton-Raphson Method
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
x
f(x) = x
3
-6x
2
+9x-4
Power Systems I

( )

+

+
n
j
j ij j ij i i i
i i i i
n
j
j ij j ij
n
j
j ij i
V Y V Q j P
I V Q j P
V Y V Y I
1
*
1 1


Power Flow Equations
l KCL for current injection
l Real and reactive power injection
l Substituting for I
i
yields:
Power Systems I

Power Flow Equations
( )
( )

+
+
n
j
j i ij ij j i i
n
j
j i ij ij j i i
Y V V Q
Y V V P
1
1
sin
cos


l Divide into real and reactive parts
Power Systems I

Newton-Raphson Formation
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
]
]
]
]

]
]
]
]

]
]
]
]

+
+

] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
1
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
1
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
sin
cos
k
inj
k
inj k
k
k
k
sch
inj
sch
inj
n
j
k
j
k
i ij ij
k
j
k
i
k
i
n
j
k
j
k
i ij ij
k
j
k
i
k
i
x Q
x P
x f
V
x
Q
P
c
Y V V Q
Y V V P

l Cast power equations into iterative form
l Matrix function formation of the system of equations
Power Systems I

Newton-Raphson Formation
( )
( )
( )
( )
dx
x df
dx
x df
x f c
x x
x x x f c
k
k
k
k k
solution solution
] [
] [
] [
] [ ] 1 [
] 0 [
of estimate initial

,
`

.
|

+

+
l General formation of the equation to find a solution
l The iterative equation
l The Jacobian - the first derivative of a set of functions
a matrix of all combinatorial pairs
Power Systems I

The Jacobian Matrix
( )
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

]
]
]

]
]
]
]
]

]
]
]

m n
n
V
Q
V
Q Q Q
V
Q
V
Q Q Q
V
P
V
P P P
V
P
V
P P P
m n
n
V
V
Q
Q
P
P
V
V
Q Q
V
P P
Q
P
dx
x df
m n
m n m n
n
m n m n
m n n
m n
n n
n
n n
m n
n
M
M
L L
M O M M O M
L L
L L
M O M M O M
L L
M
M
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Power Systems I

Jacobian Terms
( )
( )
( )
( ) j i Y V
V
P
Y V Y V
V
P
j i Y V V
P
Y V V
P
j i ij ij i
j
i
i j
j i ij ij j ii ii i
i
i
j i ij ij j i
j
i
i j
j i ij ij j i
i
i
+

+ +

cos
cos cos 2
sin
sin
l Real power w.r.t. the voltage angle
l Real power w.r.t. the voltage magnitude
Power Systems I

l Reactive power w.r.t. the voltage angle
l Reactive power w.r.t. the voltage magnitude
Jacobian Terms
( )
( )
( )
( ) j i Y V
V
Q
Y V Y V
V
Q
j i Y V V
Q
Y V V
Q
j i ij ij i
j
i
i j
j i ij ij j ii ii i
i
i
j i ij ij j i
j
i
i j
j i ij ij j i
i
i
+

+ +

sin
sin sin 2
cos
cos
Power Systems I

Iteration process
l Power mismatch or power residuals
u difference in schedule to calculated power
l New estimates for the voltages
] [ ] [ ] 1 [
] [ ] [ ] 1 [
] [ ] [
] [ ] [
k
i
k
i
k
i
k
i
k
i
k
i
k
i
sch
i
k
i
k
i
sch
i
k
i
V V V
Q Q Q
P P P
+
+


+
+

Power Systems I

Bus Type and the Jacobian Formation
l Slack Bus / Swing Bus
u one generator bus must be selected and defined as the voltage
and angular reference
n The voltage and angle are known for this bus
n The angle is arbitrarily selected as zero degrees
n bus is not included in the Jacobian matrix formation
l Generator Bus
n have known terminal voltage and real (actual) power injection
n the bus voltage angle and reactive power injection are computed
n bus is included in the real power parts of the Jacobian matrix
l Load Bus
n have known real and reactive power injections
n bus is fully included in the Jacobian matrix
Power Systems I

Newton-Raphson Steps
1. Set flat start
u For load buses, set voltages equal to the slack bus or 1.00
u For generator buses, set the angles equal the slack bus or 0
2. Calculate power mismatch
u For load buses, calculate P and Q injections using the known and
estimated system voltages
u For generator buses, calculate P injections
u Obtain the power mismatches, P and Q
3. Form the Jacobian matrix
u Use the various equations for the partial derivatives w.r.t. the
voltage angles and magnitudes
Power Systems I

Newton-Raphson Steps
4. Find the matrix solution (choose a or b)
u a. inverse the Jacobian matrix and multiply by the mismatch
power
u b. perform gaussian elimination on the Jacobian matrix with the b
vector equal to the mismatch power
compute and V
5. Find new estimates for the voltage magnitude and angle
6. Repeat the process until the mismatch (residuals) are
less than the specified accuracy

] [
] [
k
i
k
i
Q
P
Power Systems I

Line Flows and Losses
l After solving for bus voltages and angles, power flows
and losses on the network branches are calculated
u Transmission lines and transformers are network branches
u The direction of positive current flow are defined as follows for a
branch element (demonstrated on a medium length line)
u Power flow is defined for each end of the branch
n Example: the power leaving bus i and flowing to bus j
V
j
V
i
y
j0
y
i0
y
ij
Bus i Bus j
I
ij
I
ji
I
L
I
j0
I
i0
Power Systems I

Line Flows and Losses
l current and power flows:
l power loss:
V
j
V
i
y
j0
y
i0
y
ij
Bus i Bus j
I
ij
I
ji
I
L
I
j0
I
i0
( )
( )
* *
*
0
2 *
0 0
j ij i i ij i ij i ij
i i j i ij i L ij
V y V y y V I V S
V y V V y I I I
j i
+
+ +

( )
( )
* *
*
0
2 *
0 0
i ij j j ij j ji j ji
j j i j ij j L ji
V y V y y V I V S
V y V V y I I I
i j
+
+ +

ji ij ij Loss
S S S +
Power Systems I

Example
j0.04
3
1
2
138.6 MW
45.2 MVAR
256.6 MW
110.2 MVAR
Slack Bus
V
1
= 1.050
j0.02
j0.025
l Using N-R method, find the
phasor voltages at buses 2
and 3
l Find the slack bus real
and reactive power
l Calculate line flows
and line losses
u 100 MVA base