PUMPS

Principles and Practices

presented by
P.Saravanan P.Raghuram

M/s Terra Pumps, Coimbatore.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Basic Principles
A machine which increases the pressure of the fluid it handles. Provide sufficient pressure to move the fluid through the system at the desired flow rate. OBJECTIVE To transfer a liquid from a source to a required destination e.g. filling a high level reservoir

h h0 [

FORCED VORTEX Produced by the application of to circulate liquid in a system. external force. v = [r Terra h h0 = w2r2/ 2g
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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Water Column

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Higher Column of water

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Low Column of water

Pump Characteristics
Pressure is the driving force responsible for the movement of the fluid. Friction is the force that slows down fluid particles Pressure drop Flow rate is the amount of volume that is displaced per unit time. (l/s or m3/hr)

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Pressure
Pressure provides the driving force to overcome friction and elevation difference. The pump provides the pressure. Pressure is increased when fluid particles are forced closer together. In an open system..

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Friction
Friction is always present, even in fluids, it is the force that resists the movement of objects. Friction can become significant for long pipes. In short pipes which have a high flow rate and small diameter.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Friction
Friction occurs between fluid layers that are traveling at different velocities within the pipe Viscosity. Friction will also be high for viscous fluids and fluids with suspended particles. Rougher the pipe, the higher the friction Pipe surface roughness. Pump has to overcome this friction depends on pipe size.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Friction
Another cause of friction is all the fittings (elbows, tees, y's, etc) required to get the fluid from point A to B. Each one has a particular effect on the fluid streamlines.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Energy/Head
Pressure - weight of the liquid produces a force that is distributed over a surface which is pressure Static Pressure. Elevation energy - available to a liquid when it is at a certain height. Friction energy - energy that is lost to the environment due to the movement of the liquid through pipes and fittings in the system. Velocity energy - energy that moving objects have.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Pressure energy D Velocity energy

Elevation energy D Velocity energy

Energy/Head
Pump Energy = Friction Energy + Elevation Energy

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Head
The amount of energy the pump has to provide to overcome friction.

Elevation Energy EE = weight of the object W x distance d Friction energy FE = force of friction F x distance the liquid is displaced or the pipe length l Head is defined as the energy divided by weight The amount of energy used to displace a object divided by its weight. For elevation energy, the elevation head EH = W x d / W = d For friction energy, the friction head FH = FE/W = F x l / W

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Head
Unit of this energy is metre!! In a tube attached to the discharge side of a pump, the liquid will rise in the tube to a height that exactly balances the pressure at the pump discharge. Part of the height of liquid in the tube is due to elevation head and the other is the friction head Both are expressed in metres(feet) and this is how you can measure them.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Static head

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Static head
The suction tank fluid provides pressure energy to the pump suction which helps the pump. Static head = Discharge static head Supply static head

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Static head

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Static head

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Flow rate
Depends on elevation difference or static head Effect of static head and friction.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Flow rate
If the liquid surface of the suction tank is at the same elevation as the discharge end of the pipe then the static head will be zero. Flow rate will be limited by the friction in the system.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Flow rate

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Flow rate

siphon

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Flow rate

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Flow rate

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Flow rate
PUMP SPECIFICATIONS Not the maximum total head that the pump can deliver since this occurs at zero flow. the maximum height you need to reach with respect to the suction tank fluid surface and the friction loss in your system. Purchase a pump that provides slightly more head and flow than you require and you will adjust the flow with the use of appropriate valves. You can get more head from a pump by increasing its speed or its impeller diameter or both - home owners cannot make these changes and to obtain a higher total head, a new pump must be purchased.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Flow rate

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Flow rate
Smaller the pipe, less the flow. Impeller size and its speed determine the flow rate.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Flow rate

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Flow rate

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Types of Pumps
Dynamic Pressure type Self priming pumps Centrifugal pumps Submersible pumps Bore well Open well Terra
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Positive displacement type Rotary pumps Reciprocating pumps

Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Centrifugal Pump

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Centrifugal Pump
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION Impeller / Diffuser Priming Impeller forced vortex Sets up low pressure at eye K in pressure and velocity Kinetic to potential energy Volute casing (L!

To maintain constant velocity To reduce velocity

Guide vanes in the stationary diffuser (h = 80%). Diffuser - A set of fixed vanes(integral to casing) that reduces turbulence by promoting a more gradual reduction in velocity.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Centrifugal Pump
A centrifugal pump is a device whose primary purpose is to produce pressure by accelerating fluid particles to a high velocity providing them with velocity energy. The fluid particles in the pump are expelled from the tips of the impeller vanes at high velocity. Then they slow down as they get closer to the discharge connection, loosing some of their velocity energy. This decrease in velocity energy increases pressure energy. Unlike friction which wastes energy, the decrease in velocity energy serves to increase pressure energy, this is the principal of energy conservation in action.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Centrifugal Action
The faster you spin, the more water comes out the small hole. The water is pressurized inside the cup using centrifugal force. Similar to centrifugal pump.

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Centrifugal Pump
Pressure(head) developed depends on Impeller diameter Number of impellers Size of impeller eye Shaft speed Capacity(flow rate) depends on Exit width of the impeller Flow rate = velocity of flow x outlet area between the vanes

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Centrifugal Pump
Power = flow rate x pressure Hydraulic power(Ph) output(kWh) = flow rate(l/s) x pressure(m) Ph = Q (m3/s) x Total head, hd - hs (m) x Pump shaft power Ps = Ph / L (kg/m3) x g (m/s2) / 1000

pump

Electrical Power required(kW) = Ps / Lmotor

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Flow Rate Change

How does the flow rate change when the discharge pipe end elevation is changed or when there is an increase or decrease in pipe friction? These changes cause the pressure at the pump outlet to increase when the flow decreases. If changing something in the system causes the flow to decrease (for example closing a discharge valve), there will be an increase in pressure at the pump discharge because there is no corresponding reduction in the impeller speed. The pump produces excess velocity energy because it operates at constant speed, the excess velocity energy is transformed into pressure energy and the pressure goes up.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Performance Characteristic Curve

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Total Head
Not positive acting will not pump the same volume always. Greater the depth of the water, the lesser is the flow from the pump. When it pumps against increasing pressure, the less it will pump. Total head is related to the discharge pressure of the pump. Why can't we just use discharge pressure? Do not know how you will use the pump and the flow rate you require. Discharge pressure depends on the pressure available on the suction side of the pump. Preferable to use the difference in pressure between the inlet and outlet of the pump.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Total Head
The amount of pressure that a pump can produce will depend on the density of the fluid. TOTAL HEAD - the difference in head between the inlet and outlet of the pump.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Total Head
How is Head related to Density? The fluid in the measuring tube of the discharge or suction side of the pump will rise to the same height for all fluids regardless of the density. The pump produces pressure and the difference in pressure across the pump is the amount of pressure energy available to the system. If the fluid is dense, more pressure will be produced at the pump discharge than if the fluid were pure water.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Total Head

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Total Head

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Total Head
FRICTION HEAD FH = FE/W = F x l / W Standard tables of Friction Head loss for different piping. Depends on velocity of water. If the velocity is less, then the friction loss will be less. If the discharge pipe diameter changes then the velocity will change for the same flow rate D friction in that portion of pipe.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Performance Characteristic Curve

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Selection of a Centrifugal Pump

Determine the flow rate Determine the static head Determine the friction head Calculate the total head Select the pump

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Selection of a Centrifugal Pump

DETERMINE THE FLOW RATE

To size and select a centrifugal pump, first determine the flow rate. Home owner - approximately 0.6 L/s. Industrial setting - the flow rate depends on production level.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Selection of a Centrifugal Pump

DETERMINE THE STATIC HEAD

This a matter of taking measurements of the height between the suction tank fluid surface and the discharge pipe end height or the discharge tank fluid surface elevation.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Selection of a Centrifugal Pump

DETERMINE THE FRICTION HEAD

Depends on the flow rate, the pipe size and the pipe length. This is calculated from the standard values in tables. For fluids other than water the viscosity will be an important factor.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Selection of a Centrifugal Pump

CALCULATE THE TOTAL HEAD The total head is the sum of the static head (remember that the static head can be positive or negative) and the friction head. SELECT THE PUMP You can select the pump based on the pump manufacturers catalogue information using the total head and flow required as well as suitability to the application.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Pump Rating
The manufacturer will rate the pump at its optimum total head and flow, this point is also known as the best efficiency point or B.E.P. At that flow rate, the pump is at its most efficient and there will be minimal vibration and noise (min. radial force on impeller). Can operate at 15% on total head.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Best Efficiency Point

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Pump Performance Curves

Net Positive Suction Head NPSH required for the pump at a specific flow, total head, speed and impeller diameter.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Self Priming Pump

Does not require priming or a initial filling with liquid. The pump casing carries a reserve of water that helps create a vacuum that will lift the fluid from a low source.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Reciprocating Pump
A piston slides inside a cylinder to produce low pressure. Sucks in water and delivers in the reverse stroke. Definite delivery - Positive displacement pump. Will provide its rated flow no matter what system you install it in. Uses an accumulator on the delivery side, to avoid pulsations. Used in fire fighting.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Jet Pump
Jet centrifugal pump / Jet reciprocating pump 3 STAGES Water is leaked from delivery into the suction pipe. Water comes out at high velocity through a nozzle. Resulting in low pressure around the nozzle. Sucks water due to low pressure. High velocity at the nozzle pushes the jet of water. Reaches the suction head of centrifugal/reciprocating pump. Does not require priming.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

Submersible Pump

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Submersible Pump
A pump which has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. A series of centrifugal pumps - no. of stages. The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be pumped. The advantage of this type of pump is that it can provide a significant lifting force as it does not rely on external air pressure to lift the fluid.

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Pumps manufactured by Agri Pump Industries, Coimbatore.

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External Gear Pump

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Internal Gear Pump

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Thank You

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