Taxonomy

(Advanced Biology)

Submitted to:
Ms. Vilma A. Buladas

Submitted by:
Rufert Benedict P. Mawak Deszerie Ann A. Amulong Joyce Anne E. Casalme Marilor V. Lumbera Khristina Veronica T. Fabia Drizelle Aina L. Domingo III - DALTON

TAXONOMY

INTRODUCTION

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Hey Guys! Still wondering as to what group of animals your pet belongs? Well come! Join us as

TAXONOMY is the science of classifying and naming organisms. This is the grouping together or putting living things in order which is called classification. Taxonomy is very relevant in science since we are grouping thousands of organisms and this has been very beneficial. We classify living things to show order, likeness or relationships among organisms. For example, data could be used to indicate species relationships with ecological data to identify some endangered species of plants and animals or those that might be at brink or extinction. Taxonomic levels: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Specie The classification levels become specific towards the bottom. The classification tells the degree of relation between organisms.

TAXONOMY Before we start, let me assure you that right

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Are you ready? Lets start! 1. 2. 3. Go!

TAXONOMY

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What DO YOU KNOW???

Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. Which of the animals below have the same symmetry as the butterfly? a. crab c. sponge b. clam d.jellyfish 2. Which pair of animals has the same kind of skeleton? a. shark and penguin c. spider and octopus b. whale and ostrich d. jellyfish and sea star 3. Which of the animals below has a true coelom, a body cavity Completely lined by tissues from the mesoderm? a. ascaris c. tapeworm b. liverfluke d. earthworm 4. Which of the following vertebrates lived on land first? a. birds c. mammals b. reptiles d. amphibians 5. Which of the ff. is a characteristic shared by all chordates? a. hair c. notochord b. backbone d. bony endoskeleton 6. What organism belongs to order insectivore? a. ant c. shrews b. spider d. butterfly 7. It is usually associated with animals a.chordata c. ungulata b.invertebrata d. echinodermata 8. Group of animals that possess mammary gland a. birds c. reptiles b. mammals d.amphibians 9. In what group of animals do whales belong? a. birds c. mammals b. reptiles d.fishes 10. In what group of animals do bats belong? a.birds c.fishes b. mammals d.reptiles

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FUN WITH WORDS!!!

Activity 1 Direction: Fill in the blank with the correct letters to form words / names which the clues call for. 1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ science that deals with the study of identifying, grouping, and naming organisms according to their established natural relationships. 2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ group of similar phyla or divisions 3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ scheme which uses of genus and specie in naming an organism 4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ scientist that proposed two big kingdoms the plant and animal 5. _ _ _ _ _ biological particle composed of nucleic acid as genetic material and a protein coat. 6. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ common name given to most organisms under Kingdom Monera. 7. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (pl.) one celled members of Kingdom Protista. 8. _ _ _ _ _ _ numerous, microscopic or macroscopic, eukaryotic, plantlike organisms 9. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ organisms that can produce their own food 10. Kingdom _ _ _ _ _ composed of varied heterotrophic plantlike organisms adapted to take their nutrition from living or dead organisms

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Activity 2 Have Fun with Acrosticssssss A. Identify the following terms based on the following clues. 1._ _ _ _ I _ 2._ _ _ _ _ _N _ 3._ V _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4._ _ _ _ _ _E _ 5._ _ _ _ _ _ R _ 6._ _ _ _ _ _ T _ _ _ _ _ _ 7._ E _ _ _ _ _ 8. B _ _ _ _ _ _ 9._ _ R _ _ _ _ _ _ 10._ _ _ _ _ _ _ A 11._ _ _ _ _ _ T _ 12.E _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13._ _ _ _ _ _ S _

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TAXONOMY

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CLUES: 1. also called Birds 2. Greek word meaning string where the word chordata was derived 3. Group of animals which includes tortoise, turtles, lizards, snakes, alligators, etc. 4. jawless fishes 5. bony fishes 6. animals which can live both in land and in water 7. animals with cartilaginous skeleton but without bones 8. animals with mammary glands like humans 9. earliest known bird which lived in Europe during the Jurassic period 10. distinct feature of animals that include in the Phylum Chordata 11. eggs laid by female bony fishes

Phylum Chordata
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Its Activity Time!

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ACTIVITY NO. 1 PHYLUM CHORDATA A. Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. ORGANISM 1. SHARKS 2. CATS 3. OSTRICH 4.CROCODILE 5. FROGS 6. HOGFISH 7. LIZARDS 8. EAGLE 9. MILKFISH 10. HUMAN PHYLUM SUBPHYLUM CLASS

B. Answer the following questions based on what youve learned. 1. Why do you think that Phylum Chordata is an important group of animals? 2. State some characteristics of a Chordates. 3. What are the three classes of fishes? Define each. 4. What are vertebrates? Give some characteristics. 5. Can we classify whales and dolphins as fishes? Why or why not?

Mammals
TAXONOMY Page 10 Mammals are not the largest group of animals on earth. But they are the most intelligent and show greater variety of forms than any other group of animals.

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4. Lagomorpha. Lagomorph dentition is similar to that of the rodent but in back of each of the two prominent upper front teeth is a second, peg like tooth. (hares and rabbit) 5. Proboscidea. The animal snout is extended into a trunk and one upper incisor on each side develops into a huge tusk.(elephant) 6. Sirenea. The forelimbs of these of fully aquatic creatures are flippers and the tail is a horizontal fluke.(dugong and monatees) 7. Carnivora. These are the flesh - eating mammals.(cats, lions, tigers) 8. Primate. Primates usually have dextrous hands with nails instead of claws, large eyes that face forward, and large brains.(monkeys, apes, humans) 9. Xenarthra. These are the toothless mammals. (armadillos) 10. Ungulata. These are the hooped mammals. (horses, pigs)

Its Activity Time!

ACTIVITY NO. 2A WE ARE MAMMALS! A. Identify the order of each organisms listed below. TAXONOMY Page 12

1. hedgehog 2. cats 3. tarsiers 4. dugong 5. rabbit 6. ant eaters 7. rats 8. elephants 9. bats 10. horse

insectivora rodentia xenarthra proboscidea chiroptera serenea Activity No. 2B

carnivora primate ungulata

lagomorpha

Mammals Everywhere DIRECTION: Answer the following questions based on your understanding. 1. The third mammalian order comprises shrew and hedgehogs which prefer most habitats and occur in Europe, Asia, Africa , and America. 2. It includes lemurs, tarsiers, and monkeys; mostly herbivorous and their range includes tropical parts of both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. 3. Contains the hares, rabbits, and picas; it occupies environments ranging from arctic to desert and are really worldwide in distribution. 4. Contains the elephants which lived in forested or partly forested parts of Africa and Southeast Asia. 5. Includes the dugongs and manatees; they graze on aquatic plants in coastal waters, lakes, or rivers, along many tropical coast lines.

Fishes
Fish were the first animal with backbones to develop on earth. They are the animals best adapted to live in water. They breathe in means of gills, and they swim by using their fins and tails. Fish are found in salt and fresh water from the cold polar seas to the warm tropics. CLASSES AND ORDERS OF THE FISH Scientists divide fish into three groups namely the Jawless fish, bony fish and the cartilaginous fish.  Class Agnatha / cephalaspidomorph: TAXONOMY Lacks true jaws, ribs and paired fins. It has an unconstricted Page 13 notochord diphycereal tail, and gill basket rather than gill archers.

Its Activity Time!

Activity No. 3 Where Do I Belong? A. Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. ORGANISMS 1. CLOGFISH TAXONOMY PHYLUM CLASS ORDER CHARACTERISTIC Page 14

2. RAMPEYS 3. YELLOW PORCH 4. SHARKS 5. COELACANTHS 6. FATFISH 7. LUNGFISH 8. SKATES 9. CHIMAERAS 10. HOGFISH B. Classify these organisms as bony, jawless, or cartilaginous fish. BONY JAWLESS CARTLAGINOUS

C. State some characteristics for each classification of fish. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________

Reptiles
Reptiles are vertebrate or backboned animals constituting the class reptilia and are characterized by a combination of features, none of which alone could separate all reptiles from all other animals. Characteristics of Reptiles  reptiles are cold blooded  all reptiles have lungs  they have dry skin that acted as a barrier to moisture and greatly reduced the loss of body water  reptiles produce an amniotes egg  they have internal fertilization  they have three or four chambered hearts TAXONOMY Page 15  they have two dortic arches carrying blood from the heart to the body  they have twelve pairs of head nerves and skeletal features

Its Activity Time!

Activity No. 4 Word Hunt A. Locate all 10 terms related to Class Reptilia

C S E V R E N
TAXONOMY

H A L C E A J

E L O N I A B V E S N F A T I D O C O R C A T F A S S I P T I L E S E N T S B L C N A W H G T F E

A H T A N G A

L I C A R D S

I N Z E C T D

C O L D B L O
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D A E H M

B T M F A

O R G L M

H U G E M

Y N E S A

H K E H L

R U T S S

F L O R T

L B I R D

Y K N Q S

K J M P K

I E A O Y

O D E D U

B. Define those 10 terms related to Class Reptilia. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Amphibians
Amphibians are members of the Class Amphibia, Subphylum Vertebrata, Phylum Chordata. The class amphibia includes frogs, toads, salamanders and etc. Amphibians are characterized by a glandular skins without external scales by gills during development, and by eggs that may have jelly coasts but develop without formation of extraembryonic membranes such as the amnion. Most amphibians also have four limbs. Limbs and lungs are adaptations for life on land ; the limbs evolved from the ancestral fishes lobed fins. Classification of the Amphibians 1.TAXONOMY Order Anura / Salienta (frogs, toads) Genus Rana leopard frog, grass frog Genus Bufo

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Its Activity Time!

Activity No. 5-A Amphibians in Acrostics!

A. Name the following amphibians based on the given clues.

__ __ A __ __ __ __ __ __ M __ __ __ __ __ P TAXONOMY Page 18

H __ __ __ __ I __ __ __ __ __ B I A N __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ S

HINTS: 1. ORGANISM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PHYLUM CHORDATA CHORDATA CHORDATA CHORDATA CHORDATA SUBPHYLUM CLASS ORDER ANURA CAUDATA APODA CAUDATA ANURA RANA GENUS BUFO VERTEBRATA AMPHIBIA VERTEBRATA AMPHIBIA VERTEBRATA AMPHIBIA VERTEBRATA AMPHIBIA VERTEBRATA AMPHIBIA

B. State the characteristics of an amphibians.

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Activity No. 5-B Guess What

A. Identify the word being described in each number.

____________1.It is represented by animals that possess a tube-like nerve chord toward the dorsal during the embryonic stage of development. ____________2.It is a string-like structure which supports the body of a young chordate. ____________3.It comes from the Greek term chondros (cartilage) and icthyes (fish). ____________4.It is represented by animals that can live in water as well as on land. ____________5.It is derived from the Latin term repere which means to creep. ____________6.It comes from the Latin word avis which means birds. ____________7.They are known as bony fishes. ____________8.These are the toothless mammals. ____________9.These are the flesh-eating mammals. ____________10.These are the hoofed animals.

B. Classify the following organisms.

Species 1. salamander 2. ape 3. turtle 4. shark 5. elephant 6. ostrich 7. stingray 8. osprey 9. dugong 10. lizards

Phylum

Classes

Order

Characteristics

B. Answer the following questions. 1. How do class osteichthyes differ from chondrichthyes? TAXONOMY Page 20

2. Why do we classify whale as a mammal and not as a fish? 3. What do you think is the biological importance of each group of animals?

I have learned that

______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________.

INVERTEBRATES
An invertebrate is an animal without a backbone. The group includes 95% of all animal species[1] all animals except those in the chordate subphylum Vertebrata (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals). Invertebrates form a paraphyletic group. All the listed phyla are invertebrates along with two of the three subphyla in Phylum Chordata: Urochordata and Cephalochordata. These two, plus all the other known invertebrates, have only one cluster of Hox genes, while the vertebrates have duplicated their original cluster more than once. Within palaeozoology and palaeobiology, invertebrates are often studied within the fossil discipline called invertebrate palaeontology. Carl Linnaeus divided these animals into only two groups, the Insecta and the now-obsolete vermes (worms). Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who was appointed to the position of "Curator of Insecta and Vermes" at the Musum

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The annelids (also called "ringed worms"), formally called Annelida (from French annels "ringed ones", ultimately from Latin anellus "little ring"[2]), are a large phylum of segmented worms, with over 17,000 modern species including ragworms, earthworms and leeches. They are found in marine environments from tidal zones to hydrothermal vents, in freshwater, and in moist terrestrial environments. Although most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species, research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a subgroup of polychaetes. In addition, the Pogonophora, Echiura and Sipuncula, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes. Annelids are considered members of the Lophotrochozoa, a "super-phylum" of protostomes that also includes molluscs, brachiopods, flatworms and nemerteans.

An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body, and jointed appendages. Arthropods are members of the phylum Arthropoda (from Greek rthron, "joint", and pods "foot", which TAXONOMY Page 23 together mean "jointed feet"), and include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. Arthropods are characterized by their jointed limbs and cuticles, which are mainly made of -chitin; the cuticles of crustaceans are also biomineralized with calcium carbonate. The rigid cuticle inhibits growth, so arthropods replace it periodically by

Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic and mostly marine environments. Their distinguishing feature is cnidocytes, specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey. Their bodies consist of mesoglea, a non-living jelly-like substance, sandwiched between two layers of epithelium that are mostly one cell thick. They have two basic body forms: swimming medusae and sessile polyps, both of which are radially symmetrical with mouths surrounded by tentacles that bear cnidocytes. Both forms have a single orifice and body cavity that are used for digestion and respiration. Many cnidarian species produce colonies that are single organisms composed of medusa-like or polyp-like zooids, or both. Cnidarians' activities are coordinated by a decentralized nerve net and simple receptors. Several freeswimming Cubozoa and Scyphozoa possess balance-sensing statocysts, and some have simple eyes. Not all cnidarians reproduce sexually. Many have complex lifecycles with asexual polyp stages and sexual medusae, but some omit either the polyp or the medusa stage.

Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata) are a phylum of marine animals. Echinoderms are found at every ocean depth, from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone. Aside from the problematic Arkarua, the first definitive members of the phylum appeared near the start of the Cambrian period. The phylum contains about 7,000 living species, making it the second-largest grouping of deuterostomes, after the chordates. Echinoderms are also the largest phylum that has no freshwater or terrestrial representatives.

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The word is derived from the Greek "spiny skin" (echinos), "sea-urchin", originally "hedgehog," and (derma), "skin".

The Mollusca, common name molluscs or mollusks,[note 1] is a large phylum of invertebrate animals. There are around 85,000 recognized extant species of molluscs. This is the largest marine phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named marine organisms. Numerous molluscs also live in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Molluscs are highly diverse, not only in size and in anatomical structure, but also in behaviour and in habitat. The phylum Mollusca is typically divided into nine or ten taxonomic classes, of which two are extinct. The gastropods (snails and slugs) include by far the most classified species, accounting for 80% of the total. Cephalopod molluscs such as squid, cuttlefish and octopus are among the most neurologically advanced invertebrates. Either the giant squid or the colossal squid is the largest known species of animal without a backbone.

The nematodes (pronounced / n m to dz/) or roundworms (phylum Nematoda) are the most diverse phylum of pseudocoelomates, and one of the most TAXONOMY Page diverse of all animals. Nematode species are very difficult to distinguish; over 28,000 25 have been described, of which over 16,000 are parasitic. It has been estimated that the total number of nematode species might be approximately 1,000,000. Unlike cnidarians or flatworms, roundworms have a digestive system that is like a tube with openings at

The flatworms, known in scientific literature as Platyhelminthes or Plathelminthes (from the Greek , platy, meaning "flat" and (root: -), helminth-, meaning worm)[2] are a phylum of relatively simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrate animals. Unlike other bilaterians, they have no body cavity, and no specialized circulatory and respiratory organs, which restricts them to flattened shapes that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through their bodies by diffusion. In traditional zoology texts Platyhelminthes are divided into Turbellaria, which are mostly non-parasitic animals such as planarians, and three entirely parasitic groups: Cestoda, Trematoda and Monogenea. Turbellarians are mostly predators, and live in water or in shaded, humid terrestrial environments such as leaf litter. Cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes) have complex life-cycles, with mature stages that live as parasites in the digestive systems of fish or land vertebrates, and intermediate stages that infest secondary hosts.

Sponges are animals of the phylum Porifera. Their bodies consist of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. While all animals have unspecialized cells that can transform into specialized cells, sponges are unique in having TAXONOMY Page 26 some specialized cells that can transform into other types, often migrating between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead, most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes, and the shapes of their

The Invertebrates!

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Its Activity time!

Activity No. 6-A All About invertebrates!

A. Fill in the table with the correct answer. Organism 1. jellyfish 2. flukes 3. shrimp 4. hydras 5. ascaris 6. starfish 7. earthworm 8. tapeworm 9. sea anemone 10. sponge Phylum Classes Characteristics example

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Activity No. 6-B Text Twist

Use your cellular phone to reveal the hidden items related to invertebrates then describe each of the following. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 444 66 888 33 777 8 33 22 777 2 8 33 7777 7777 7 666 66 4 33 7777 222 66 444 3 2 777 444 2 66 7777 7 555 2 8 44 999 44 33 555 6 444 66 8 44 33 7777 66 33 6 2 8 666 3 33 7777 6 666 555 555 88 7777 55 7777 2 66 66 33 555 444 3 7777 2 777 8 44 777 666 7 666 3- 7777 33 222 44 444 66 666 3 33 777 6 -7777

Activity No. 6-C Sponges in Acrostics! Answer the following based on the given clues. _S_ __ P________ O ____N_______ G _____E_ _S_____ CLUES: 1. numerous holes which are scattered about their main body. 2. animals with numerous holes 3. process whereby growth of a whole occurs from a small part 4. structures that provide rigidity, support and protection from predators 5. largest opening

Activity No. 6-D Spot the difference

Spot the difference and reveal the answer. 1. EEEEECEEEEENEEEEEIEEEEEDEEEEEAEEEEEREEEEEIEEEEEAEEEEE It includes radially symmetrical, mostly colorful marine animals TAXONOMY Page 29

2. AAACAAANAAAIAAADAAAOAAACAAAYAAATAAAEAAASAAA A special cell that produced a harpoon shape nematocyst 3. CCCCKCCCCNCCCCICCCCDCCCCECCCC A Greek term which means nettle 4. LLLLNLLLLELLLLMLLLLALLLLTLLLLOLLLLCLLLLYLLLLSLLLLTLLLL It is the stinging cells of a Cnidarians 5. NNNNMNNNNENNNNDNNNNUNNNNSNNNNANNNN Other term for those with umbrella shaped body plan

Activity No. 6-E Plathyhelminthes! A. Identify the following terms related to Phylum Plathyhelminthes. ___________ 1. It comes from the Greek terms platys which means flat and helmis which means worm. ___________ 2. A non parasitic flat worms that thrive in fresh water habitats. ___________ 3. Are parasites in many animals, including human. ___________ 4. Known as the beef tape worm ___________ 5. Known as the pork tape worm

B. Define the following terms. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. flat worms parasites scolex tape worms flukes

Activity No. 6 - F Word Hunt

A. Locate all those five terms related to phylum nematoda then define each. TAXONOMY Page 30

R A A O S C A L E S

O E N W O R M D Y J

U T U N T C F G E O

N A S C A R I S J T

D X H T M E H I H J

W O E A E K L E L M

O N A I N N L I O P

R O D L Q M R S D T

M M A F I L A R I A

S Y B S U V A Z Y B

B. Definition and characteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Activity No. 6 - G Do You Know Me?? A. Classify each organism. 1. earthworm 2. octopus 3. squid 4. clam 5. dragon fly 6. mosquito 7. sea urchin 8. mussels 9. leech 10. star fish

MOLLUSKS

ANNELIDS

ARTHROPODS

ECHINODERMS

B. Give some characteristics for each phylum. 1. Mollusks 2. Annelids 3. Arthropods TAXONOMY Page 31

4. Echinoderms

Apply What You Know

Identify what is being described in each number. 1. Are animals with numerous holes called ostia, which are scattered about their main body. a. echinoderms b. sponges c. annelids d. arthropods 2. a. b. c. d. 3. a. b. c. Are known for their stinging cells called nematocysts. cnidarians annelids arthropods sponges Are bilaterally symmetrical animals that may be free living or parasite. cnidarians echinoderms annelids TAXONOMY Page 32

d. flat worms 4. a. b. c. d. Are the first organisms to have a digestive system with an opening at both ends. flat worms chordates roundworms annelids

5. Its body was organized into a series of segments that are partially separated from each other. a. annelids b. round worms c. flat worms d. arthropods 6. a. b. c. d. 7. a. b. c. d. Its a body contains a visceral mass, a mantle and a foot. annelids arthropods mollusks cnidarians Are free living organisms found in marine, fresh water and terrestrial environments. echinoderm annelids mollusks arthropods

8. Spiny skinned creatures that are radially symmetrical as adults but begin life as bilaterally symmetrical larvae. a. chordates b. annelids c. echinoderms d. cnidarians 9. a. b. c. d. They have dorsal supporting rod called notochord. chordates round worms flat worms annelids

10. Animals with backbones. a. invertebrates b. annelids c. arthropods d. vertebrates

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BIOLOGY Carmelita Capco Gilbert Young FUNCTIONAL BIOLOGY MODULAR APPROACH Lilia M. Rabago GROLIER ENCYCLOPEDIA TAXONOMY BIOLOGY TEXTBOOK Eden Vela Evangelista Edith Reyes - Mendoza Page 34

Reflections...
I have learned that..
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I have realized that..

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