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Assumptions of Behaviorism
All species of animals learn in similar (equal ways with the same guiding principles To understand learning processes, focus on stimulus and responses Internal process should be excluded from the study of learning. Learning is evidenced by a behavior change
Paris, N.A. Kennesaw State University- M.Ed in UniversityAd Ed program 2
Assumptions of Behaviorism (cont.) Organisms are blank slates at birth Learning is a result of environmental events
Comparisons
Classical conditioning
Two stimuli, UCS and CS, are paired Involuntary behavior : elicited by a stimulus CS CR
Operant conditioning
A response (R) is followed by a reinforcing stimulus (S) Voluntary behavior: emitted by an organism R OR: S-R-S SS
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Your turn!
With a partner, list two examples of operant conditioning that you have used or that you see regularly in your classroom or school. Try to think of a behavioral example and an instructional or academic example.
A-B-C Model
Consequences
Reinforcement
Punishment
Reinforcement
Punishment
Presentation punishment: An undesirable stimulus is received after a behavior occurs Removal punishment: A desireable is lost or removed after a behavior occurs
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Your turn
With a partner, list consequences (reinforcers and punishers) that you OR your school uses on a regular basis to produce the behavior you desire in your students. Which ones are effective? Why or why not?
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Antecedents
A prompt of cue that comes before a behavior that results in the correct behavior being elicited.
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Your turn!
What antecedents do you use on a daily basis to get the behavior you wish from your students? Are the antecedents effective?
Paris, N.A. Kennesaw State University- M.Ed in UniversityAd Ed program 13
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Behaviorism (cont.)
What areas of Blooms Taxonomy might behaviorism address? Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, or Evaluation?
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Phases (cont.)
Phases (cont.)
Practice phase
Structured practice: whole class led through each step of the problem with teacher leading and checking for everyones understanding. Guided practice: students work on a few examples alone at their desks. Teacher circulates and monitors, providing corrective feedback and reinforcement Independent practice: students given a few examples just like what had been learned to practice alone. Feedback is not necessarily immediate (i.e. next day).
Paris, N.A. Kennesaw State University- M.Ed in UniversityAd Ed program 19
From a behavioral perspective, students should only practice what they already know how to do. Provide short but intense practice sessions (no more than 30-40 minutes for middle/high school) 30Monitor carefully and provide corrective feedback and reinforcement
Incorrect responses which are not corrected become part of the learners behavior and impede progress toward subsequent learning
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Your turn
In small groups, describe a lesson in which you have used the behaviorist approach (just one lesson for the entire group). What do you know now that would have made the lesson better and improved the likelihood that students would have learned better. How would you change that lesson?
Paris, N.A. Kennesaw State University- M.Ed in UniversityAd Ed program 22