PROTECTIVES TALC y Chalk, Soapstone, Piedra Grassa, Creta Gallica y Native hydrous silicate sometimes w/ aluminum silicate y Softest

mineral known y Smooth, greasy to touch y Steatite lump form, soapstone y Foliated talc most desirable form for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes y Low absorptive properties y Filtering aid y Inert unctuous nature y Form granulomas / sterile abcesses on broken skin y Precluded for surgical gloves y No issue w/ intact skin y Preparation: perfumed for cosmetic purposes or medicated w/ antimicrobial agent (e.g. boric acid) ZINC OXIDE y Zinc White, Lana o Algodon Filosoficos, Flores de Zinc y Heating in furnace mixture of coke and Zn mineral where free metallic Zn is liberated and vaporized. y Absorbs CO2 in air -> basic zinc carbonate y Reacts with dilute acids and aq. solutions of ammonium compounds -> water soluble products y Forms ZnCl2 (Lewis Acid) w/ diluted HCl y Acidic solutions exhibit Zn ion properties y Mild Astringent y Weak Antimicrobial Compound y Topical Protective y Treatment for skin ulceration and O.D.P y Dusting powder in combination with protectives and other antimicrobial agent (e.g. talc& boric acid) y 1o ingredient for Calamine USP CALAMINE y ZnO.xFe2O3 y Ferric oxide give pink color y Official Forms: Ointment, paste, ZnO w/ salicylic acid y calamine attributed to ZnCO3 forming ZnO upon roasting y For mineralogists: native form of Zn silicate (not appropriate) y Topical protective y Dusting powders, ointments, solutions y Calamine Lotion one of the most widely used prep. of Calamine; contains equal quantities of Calamine & ZnO suspended w/ Bentonite Magma in solution of Ca(OH)2; w/ good drying effect& mild astringent action y For dermatological problems involving exudation of fluids y Phenolated Calamine Lotion 1% Liq. Phenol; anesthetic & antipruritic ZINC STEARATE y Cmpd. of w/ mixture of solid organic acids obtained from fats & consists chiefly of variable proportions of Zn stearate & Zn Palmitate y Unctuous to touch y Readily adheres to skin y Hydrolyzed -> Zn salt & insoluble layer of stearic (& palmitic) acid y Mild astringent & antimicrobial properties y Not wetted by moisture advantage to talc y Desirable in derma. problems where large amts. fluid is exuded y Not form crusty patches y Inhalation: cause pulmonary inflammation y Dusting powder not for children y Lubricant in manufacture of tablets TITANIUM DIOXIDE y TiO2 y Fusion w/ KHSO4 or w/ alkali SILICON POLYMERS y Inert protective substance

y y y y y y y

carbonates/ hydroxides render it sol. In H2O w/ H2O2 -> Titanium Trioxide (orange-red color in solns.) topical protective primarily used for its opacity due to high refractive index screens out UV rxn sun creams & sun screen products solar ray protective 5% to 25% White pigment in cosmetics and paints; cream color w/ addition of small amount of Iron(III) compounds.

y y

y y y y y

substance occurring in liquid form & known generally as silicone oils Dimethyl silicone ethers Dimeticone/ Simethicone USP 26 30% concentration; water repellent & protectives against contact irritants Simethicone gastric protective, antiflatulent Silicone oils adhere very well to skin; exclude contact w/ air Not for broken/ abraded skin and wounds requiring drainage Contact w/ eyes should be avoided Prophylactic agent against irritants

ANTIMICROBIALS HYDROGEN PEROXIDE POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE y NaOCl y Dakins Soln. Chlorinated Soda Soln. y Greenish yellow liquid w/ odor of chlorine y Affected by light y Chlorine will bleach color of litmus y Common household bleach 4.5% to 5% soln. of NaOCl y Disinfectant y Not suitable for wound DIL. SODIUM HYPOCLORITE y Diluted w/ 5 times the quantity of purified H2O & adjusting pH w/ a 5% soln. of Sodium Bicarbonate until no color is produces w/ phenolphthalein y pH of 8.3 or less y only hypochlorite preparation officially recognized for local application to tissues as antibacterial Other Chlorine Containing Compounds CHLORINATED LIME y Bleaching, Powder, AMMONIATED MERCURY y Hg(NH2) Cl y White Precipitate y Darkens in exposure to light y Readily dissolve in HCl, HNO3 & HAc y Insoluble in H2O but prolonged contact will cause yellow basic compound which necessitates use of oil in lotions y Mercury ion

y y y y y y y y y

Aqua Oxigenada Preservatives n.m.t. 0.05% Produces froth in mouth Pure Hydrogen Peroxide not used topically; explodes when heated to 100o; miscible in water, alcohol & ether Deteriorate upon standing Decomposes upon contact with reducing & oxidizing substances Unstable on prolonged exposure to light May decompose suddenly when rapidly heated Ways to make stable: cool place away from light and dust, Amber-colored bottles, Preservatives (like acetanilide), Stabilized w/ any organic & inorganic acids, complexing

y KMnO4 y Mineral Chamelion y Opaque in transmitted light, blue metallic luster in reflected light y Concentrated deep violet y Diluted pink y Strong oxid. agent (dry state & in soln. y Great care in handling y Explosive in contact with organic and other oxidizable substances y Form explosive mixture w/ charcoal y Produce fire w/ glycerin y Oxidize alcohol

Chlorinated Lime
y Calcium Chloride

Hypochlorite
y CaOCl(Cl).2H2O y Produced by passing

chlorine gas over slaked lime y Decomposes in air to release hypochlorous acid y Disinfectant in swimming

agents or adsorbents y Weak acid in aq. soln. y Addition of H will cause equilibrium to form more H2O2 y Complexation or chelating agents will chelate trace amounts of abundant metals thereby making them unable to catalyze decomposition y Adsorbents (alumina & silica) will remove impurities y Mild oxidizing antiseptic when in contact w/ abraded tissue y Oxygen oxid. agent on bacteria; antiseptic action on organisms obliged to survive through anaerobic metabolism y Will destroy pathogenic bacteria: Escherichia ecoli, Staphlococcus aureus, thyphoid bacilli y Major diffulty: rapid O2 release under influence of catalase; does not penetrate below surface y Major benefit: mechanical cleansing action provided by foaming release of oxygen; effervescent action aids remowal of dirt, bacteria and debis from wound surface or in hard to reach areas y 3% - 10 volume soln. meaning 1 mL of soln. will liberate 10 mL oxygen at standard temp. and pressure y 6% - 20 volumes; hair and fabric bleach; not used medicinally y Undiluted antiseptic and cleansing effect on wounds; y Diluted w/ one part water mouthwash for bacterial infections of throat and mouth y Half strength vaginal douche y Diluted less than half strength loses antiseptic property

y Acid soln reduce MnO4 to manganous ions y Neutral/ Alkaline soln- brown ppt. pf Manganese Dioxide y Applied to skin neutral y Antimicrobial action dependent on its oxidation of protein or other bio-organic substances in neutral media. y Oxygen effective agent released y Leaves brown stai on skin and tissues y Oxidizes all organic matter y Activity on microorganisms diminished in the presence of extraneous organic substances y Antibacterial & antifungal actions y Short durations of action y low penetrating power y unsightly staining y used in dermatitis caused by bacteria, fungi y for poisoning produces by plant & animal toxins y wet dressing 1: 10000 solution; for vesicular stage of eczema (small blisters), Athletes foot (TInea pedis) & fungal infections e.g. groin ( tine cruries) y bathing in dilute solutions is better than wet dressing

application y Dissolve blood clots & delays healing y Labaraques Solution diluted form; NaOCl diluted w/ equal parts H2O; disinfectant for inanimate objects y Loses active chlorine & becomes useless upon exposure to air y Deterioration on keeping and w/ heat and light y Decomposed even by weak acids y Gernmicidal agent y Disinfect areas, instruments and utensils exposed to pathogenic organisms

y dilution of bleach does not meet standards y antiseptic on pus-forming wounds y irritation soln. for infections inside certain body openings y effective antiseptic& removing necrotic tissue y Disadvantage: dissolves certain types of sutures; dissolving blood clots, prolonging clotting time y Can lead to 2O hemorage y Foot bath for the prevention of fungal infections

pools & sterile rooms

y Bleaching agent

CHLORAMINES y Chloramines organic amines w/ 1 or 2 chlorine atoms bonded to nitrogen y Hydrolyze to form hypochlorous acid y Hydrolyze to form hypochlorous acid y Disinfectant & purification of water supplies y Chloramine-T & Halazone y Form hypochlorous acie in neutral or acidic water

y y y

y y

antiseptic action on microorganisms & body tissues; react w/ many polar groups on the amino acids of proteins; has particular affinity for sulfyhydryl (-SH) groups Local anti-infective Topical 5% ointment to skin 3% ophthalmic ointment - for conjunctivas Not given internally TOXIC

IODINE

POVIDONE - IODINE

SILVER NITRATE

Forms of Sulfur

SULFURATED POTASH

SELENIUM SULFIDE

ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE

y Iodinum, Jodum y Metallic luster y Iodide & triodide devoid of antibacterial activity y Triodide spontaneously reverts to I2 & I thus retaining antibacterial properties y Mild oxidizing agent y Less reactive than chlorine y Chlorine germicidal due to formation of HOCl y Oxidizing reaction through formation of HIO y Free iodine 6 times more effective than HIO y Oxidize iron to form ferrous iodide y Metal spatulas should be protected against

y Complex of iodine w/ povidone y Member of iodophors complexes of iodine w/ carrier organic molecules as solubilizing agents; liberate iodine in solution; made in an effort to prepare less irritating iodine products without losing antimicrobial effectiveness y Same use a iodine soln

y Heavy ppt. formed when protein is treated w/ soln. of silver salt; basis for antimicrobial action y Protein pptant action not selective & will ppt. both batcterial & human protein y Rapidly bactericidal (0.1 % conc. Ag) y Action localized due to pption w/ tissue proteins & chloride ions in tissue fluids y Continuous bactericidal effect due to slow production of Ag ions; given rise to colloidal products of silver proteinate & halides as antimicrobials y Silver oligo-dynamic action (effective in small quantities); found in distilled H2O that has been in contact w/ metallic silver (bactericidal to suspensions heavy in viable organisms); lethal action in few hours; salts are effective against gonococal organisms

SUBLIMED SULFUR y Flowers of Sulfur, Azufre y Obtained by condensing sulfur vapors produces by heating any form of sulfur y Soluble in carbon disulfide

y Liver of Sulfur y Composed chiefly

y Selenium y y y y y

PPT. SULFUR y Milk of Sulfur y Prepared by mixing sulfur w/ metal hydroxides to

of potassium polysulfides & potassium thiosulfate y Liver brown species when freshly made, changing to greenish yellow color y Odor of hydrogen sulfide

Disulfide Bright orange powder Toxic in large quantities Important nutrient in trace amounts Not well absorbed through the skin Topical application to limited areas of unbrolen,

y Tartar Emetic y Formerly used as

emetic and expectorant (Brown Solution) y Treatment for schistosomiasis y Drug of choice in infections produces by Schistosoma japonicum but better agents are available for other species

pitting by using weighing papers y Very active element; easily inactivated by organic materials in GIT (very little is absorbed) y Toxic corrosive action to GI tract causing abdominal pains, gastroenteritis and bloody diarrhea; Treatment: gastric lavage w/ soluble starch soln or administration of 5% sodium thiosulfate soln. y Most frequently used preps.: Iodine Soln. & Iodine Tincture antiseptic to skin prior to surgery; available in 2% concentration w/c can be diluted to: 0.5 to 1% for wound application & 0.1 % for irrigation y Iodine solution purified water as solvent y Iodine Tincture 50% alcohol in final solvent; more suitable prior to sugery because alcohol improves penetration (wetting/ spreading effect);Very irritating to open wounds; disinfect water: 3 drops/ quart will kill amoebae bacteria in 15 minutes

y y

& tincture but not as effective Advantage: lack of tissue irritation For application for sensitive areas and mucous membranes Gargle and mouthwashes for the treatment of Vincents angina (infection of oral cavity) Preparations: 1% solutions, vaginal douche; 0.5% aerosol; 0.75% surgical scrub

y Agryria extended use; darkening of skin due to deposition of free silver below epidermis y Antimicrobial 0.01 to 10% y Silver Nitrate Ophthalmic Soln. 1% soln. for instillation into eyes of newborn babies; 2drops as prophylactic measure against infections from organisms (Opthalmia Neonatorum); more effective than antibiotics e.g. penicillin;can be buffered w/ sodium acetate to pH between 4.5 & 6; available in wax capsules containing about 0.3 mL (discarded after use) y Wet dressing (0.5) soln. for 3rd deg. Burns; common side effect: electrolyte imbalance due to pption of chloride Ag ion is effective at reducing infection due to staphylococcus aureus, Proteus & Pseudenimas aeruginosa; shoul be alternated w/ other agents y Toughened Silver Nitrate Lunar Caustic, Silver Nitrate Pencils; made by adding 4% of its weight of HCl, melting mixture at love temp. as possible & casting in silver molds; escharotic & germicide for small septic wounds in Ag molds y 5% silver chloride toughens silver nitrate & lessens the friability of pencils

form mixtures of metal sulfides and thiosulfates. Product remains in soln but can be ppted with addition of acid like HCl y Soluble in carbon disulfide y Sulfur Ointment treatment for scabies; kill Sarcoptes Scabiei (female mite lays eggs causing multiform lesions and intense itching)

y Pharma. Aid as

source of sulfide y Prep. Of White Lotion y Paraciticide (scabicide) y Treatment for acne& psoriasis

unirritated skin will not result to toxicity y Shampoo as antiseborreic y Dangerous upon introduction to eyes and mouth y Fingernail should be cleansed after using

y Stiphoben

effective against S. haematobium & S. mansoni but less effective against S. japonicum y Given orally but more effective in IV doses

o Both forms are scabicides o Sulfur are keratolytic agent dermatologic agent for the treatment of seborrhea, acne, psoriasis, etc o Sulfur loosens & softens horny elements and scaly formation of sebum and removing them from site o Symptomatic treatment for many dermatological problems