Kimia Itu Mudah InsyaAllah A SCORING A IN CHEMISTRY 2009 1)

11 p 12 n

12 12 n

Describe the atom shown above Key word Explanations Nucleus The nucleus consists 11 protons and 12 neutrons Electron Have 11 electrons in its orbits Same Have same number protons and electron is equal to 11 Arrangement Electronic arrangement for atom R is 2.8.1 Valence Have one valence electrons electron Group According the number of valence electron, atom R in group 1 (alkaline metals) Period According the number of shells, atom R in period 3 Neutral The atom is neutral since the number protons is equal to number of electrons 2)

Describe about the figure above showing the symbol for atom aluminium, Al Key Word Explanations Nucleon The nucleon number for atom Al is equal to 27 number Proton number The protons number is equal to 13 Electron The electron number is equal to 13 number Neutral Since the number protons and electron is equal, the atom is neutral Relationship The nucleon number = (protons number + neutrons number) Neutrons The neutrons number is equal to (27 13) = 14 number + Charged Proton is positively charged - Charged Electrons is negatively charged Neutrons Neutrons is neutral charged 3) Explain why Group 18 is chemically unreactive or inert Key Word Explanations Monoatomic Group 18 elements exist as monoatomic gases 1

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Kimia Itu Mudah InsyaAllah A Cannot combine with another elements ionically or covalently For Neon until Radon they have octet electron arrangement For Helium, it in duplet electron arrangements They cannot share, release or accept electrons with other elements Valence Valence electron is eight (full occupied) and two (duplet) for atom electrons Helium 4) When going down the group the size become increase. Explain Key Word Shells Radius Size Explanations When going down in group, the number of shells become increase So, the radius of atom become increase Size become increase when going down in group Combine Octet Duplet Cannot share

5) The reactivity of Group 1 becomes increase when going down in group. Explain Key word Size Distance Forces Tendency Potassium Reactivity Explanations When going down, the size become increase since the number of shells increase The distance between valence electron and nucleus become further The attraction forces become weaker as going further or more bigger Tendency the valence electron to release become higher So, the potassium is very far with nucleus, so weaker forces and tendency to electrons is very higher than sodium and lithium The reactivity is increase when going down in Group 1

6) Clone SPM 2006

Compare the attractive forces between the nuclei and the valence electrons in the atom in R and S and relate this to their reactivity Key Word Greater Shells Attractive forces Tendency Electropositive Release Explanations The distance between nuclei and valence electrons of the atom R is greater than S Atom R has three shells while atom S has only two shells As the distance between nuclei and valence electron atom R is very greater , the attractive forces is weaker than atom S So, the tendency atom R to release electrons is very higher compared atom S Atom R more electropositive compared atom S Atom R release two electrons to become R2+ 2

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Kimia Itu Mudah InsyaAllah A

7) When going down Group 17, the size of the atom becomes increases. The melting and boiling points increase too Key Word Explanations Proton When going down in group, the proton number become increase numbers Size The size becomes increase as number of shell increase Diatomic Halogens exist as diatomic molecules at room temperature with Van der Waals forces Fluorine Forces attraction between fluorine molecules are weak but when going down, it become strong Energy More energy needed to overcome that forces Boiling or Boiling and melting points become increase melting 8) The reactivity of Group 17 becomes decrease when going down in group. Explain Key Word Explanations Size When going down, the size become increase since the number of shells increase Distance The distance between valence electron and nucleus become further Forces The attraction forces become weaker as going further or more bigger Difficult It becomes more difficult to accept electrons as the atom increases in size Electronegativ Stronger attraction towards electrons and become more e electronegative Reactivity The reactivity is decrease when going down in Group 1 9) When across why Key Word Protons Positive charge Forces Increase force 10) Period 3 from sodium to argon, the atomic size decreases. Explain Explanations As the proton number increase The positive charge of the nucleus becomes increase The force of attraction of nucleus on electron of the first three shells increase The increase force of attraction of nucleus on the electrons, causes the atomic size to decrease

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Kimia Itu Mudah InsyaAllah A Which of the following metal oxides suitable to be used in above diagram Key Word Explanations Less reactive Metal oxides which are less reactive than hydrogen, H2 in reactivity series of metals Arrangement K Na Ca Mg Al used Zn Fe Sn Pb (H) Cu Used above diagram example Copper oxide and Silver Oxide Ag 11)

Clone SPM 2008 Key Word Explanations Aim of To compare the reactivity of lithium, sodium, and potassium with experiment water Manipulated Different types of metals Responding Reactivity of the metals Constant Volume of water/ size of the metal used Hypothesis The reactivity of these metals towards water increases down the Group 1 Apparatus Forceps, knife, water trough, filter paper, water, lithium, sodium, potassium and red litmus paper Procedure A small piece of lithium is cut using a knife The oil on its surface is dried using a piece of filter paper Use a pair of forceps to drop it into a trough containing water. Observation was recorded The solution was tested with red litmus paper when reaction stopped Step 1 to 4 are repeated using sodium and potassium respectively Tabulation of Metal Observation data Lithium It moves slowly on the water 4

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Kimia Itu Mudah InsyaAllah A surface with a little fizzing. Red litmus paper turns to blue It moves rapidly on the water surface with ahissing sound. Red litmus paper turns to blue It moves very rapidly on the water surface. It ignites with a lilac flame pop and a hissing sound. Red litmus paper turns to blue

Sodium Potassium

12) When a piece of sodium metal is dropped into aqueous copper (II) sulphate solution, copper metal is not displaced. However, a blue precipitate is formed. Explain why. Key Word Reacts Equation Hydroxide Explanation Sodium reacts with water in the copper (II) sulphate solution to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 The hydroxide ions react with copper (II) ions, to form blue copper (II) oxide precipitate

13)

Key Word Precautions

Chemical for X

Explanations Hydrogen, H2 gas must be flowed through the apparatus for several minutes to eliminate all the air in the apparatus Apparatus be tested by collecting the gas emitted from the tiny opening with a test tube and tested with a lighted wooden splinter Anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2, concentrated sulphuric acid, 5

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Kimia Itu Mudah InsyaAllah A H2SO4, Drying agent The metal oxide is reduced by hydrogen, H2 into metal and water, H2O is formed

Function of X Reaction Part C 14)

Determine the empirical formulae of the oxide of M Key Word Explanations Element Metal, M O Mass 102.02g 52.34g =48.68g 105.86g 102.02g = 3.84g Mole 48.68g / 207 g mol-1 = 3.84/16gmol-1 = 0.24mol Simplest ratio 0.235mol Ratio 0.24/0.24 = 1 0.24/0.24 =1 1 1 Empirical MO formula 15)

Key Word Melting point Water bath Stirring Conical Flask Temperature remain 16)

Explanations Temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid To ensure that the X is heated evenly To ensure an even temperature during the cooling of substance X in order to avoid super cooling To minimizes the heat loss to the surrounding which may affect the accuracy The heat energy absorbed by the particles is used to overcome the forces between particles

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Kimia Itu Mudah InsyaAllah A

How many electrons contain? Key Word Electron arrangement Proton number Electron number Same Group Period 17)

protons and does an atom of Y Explanations Cation = 2.8 Y2+ means two electrons loses, for atom: 2.8.2 = 12 protons 12 electrons The number of protons is equal to the number of electron for atom Y Group 2 (based on valence electrons) 2 (based on the number of shells)

Which of the following shows the position in the Periodic Table of the elements? Key Word Explanation Proton number Is 9 Electron Atom have the same number of electron is equal to 9 number Arrangement 2.7 Valence 7 means Group 17 (valence electron + 10) electron Shells Have two shells means Period 2 18)

Key Word Atom P Atom Q Electron arrangement Bond Sharing Formula 19)

Explanations Proton number = electron number is equal to 6 Proton number = electron number is equal to 17 Atom P = 2.4 (Group 14-non-metal) Atom Q = 2.8.7 (Group 17 non-metal) Covalent Compound 1 carbon atom of P shares four electrons with 4 atoms Q to achieved stable octet electron arrangement PQ4

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Kimia Itu Mudah InsyaAllah A

Key Word Electron arrangement Electron number Proton number Plus electron Proton number 20)

Explanations Based on ion R electron arrangement I equal to 2.8 10 When ion becomes negative ions, this atom have addition of number of electrons Anion R2- add 2 electrons 10 2electrons = 8 electrons = 8 protons (for atom R)
Silver ion Ag+ Zinc ion Zn2+ Nitrate ion NO3Chloride ion Cl-

Name of ions Formula of ions

Write the formula for each compound the below Key Word Explanations + Silver Nitrate Ag and NO3 = AgNO3 Zinc Chloride Zn2+ and Cl- = ZnCl2 Silver Chloride Ag+ and Cl- = AgCl Zinc Nitrate Zn2+ and NO3- = Zn(NO3)2 Zn2+ NO31 2 Zn(NO3)2 21)

Key Word Electron arrangement

Explanations P = 2.4 Q = 2.5 R = 2.8 S = 2.8.1 T = 2.8.2 U = 2.8.7 8

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Kimia Itu Mudah InsyaAllah A Group Group 1 = atom S (based on valence electrons) Group 2 = atom T Group 14 = atom P (valence electrons + 10 for valence electron 3/4/5/6/7/8) Group 15 = atom Q Group 17 = atom U Group 18 = atom R Period 2 is atom P, Q, R (based on the number of shells) Period 3 is atom S, T, U Atom S Atom 2 Atom R (achieved stable octet electron arrangement) Steam Process Water Heat The change of state is called Key Word Liquid Gas Evaporation/boiling Gas Liquid Condensation Solid Liquid Melting Solid Gas Sublimation Gas Solid Sublimation Liquid Solid Freezing Heat Explanations Water

Period Metal Form +2 charge Inert gas 22)

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