Analysis of Reinforced Concrete (Rectangular & Flanged Section

NARITANOH/UITMPG/ECS338/SEPT19
Learning outcomes
1. Introduction to code of practice in accordance with relevant standards. (LO1)

2. Limit state design; characteristic of materials, strength, and characteristic loads. Partial safety
factor. (LO2)
3. Relationship between stress-strain of concrete and reinforcement (LO3)
4. failure criteria of concrete and reinforcement – under reinforced, over reinforced and balanced
design (LO4)
INTRODUCTION TO CODE OF PRACTICE IN ACCORDANCE WITH RELEVANT STANDARDS
– Is a document that provides recommendations for the design and construction of

structures
– Reinforced concrete design using EUROCODE (EC) publish by European Committee include
– EN 1990 : Eurocode –Basis of structural design
– EN 1991 : Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures
– EN 1990 : Eurocode 2 – Design of concrete structures
LIMIT STATE DESIGN; CHARACTERISTIC OF MATERIALS, STRENGTH AND CHARACTERISTIC LOADS.

PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR
– What is limit state design

– Can be defined as a state of a structure which represents the acceptable limit
of an aspect of structural behavior.in other words, limit state design is a
state of structure, which no longer fit for use.
– There are two types of limit state:
– Ultimate limit state(ULS)
– Serviceability Limit State(SLS)
Table 1: Characteristics of reinforced concrete components
Properties Concrete Steel
Compression strength Good Poor
Tensile strength Poor Good
Shear strength Fair Good
Durability Good Rusty & corrosion
Fire resistance Good Poor
1
Table 2: characteristic actions/loading
Characteristic permanent action, Gk Characteristic variable action, Qk
– Self-weight of the structure – Loading cause from

– Slab – Human being
– Column – Furniture
– Beam – Equipment
– footing – M&E
Design action
– 𝐹𝑑 = 𝐹𝑘 (𝛾𝑓 )
– 𝐹𝑘 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
– 𝛾𝑓 = 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟(𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)
Combination action
𝑛 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘 (𝑈𝐿𝑆)

𝑛 = 1.0𝐺𝑘 + 1.0𝑄𝑘 (𝑆𝐿𝑆)
Concrete strength
If concrete strength is stated as C30/37, means cylinder strength is 30N/mm2 and cube strength is
37N/mm2. Therefore, characteristic strength for concrete, fck=30N/mm2. EC2 have state that 𝛼𝑐𝑐 =
0.8 − 1.0, Malaysia has decided to use 𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 0.85. Meanwhile 𝛾𝑚𝑐 = 1.5
Figure 1: stress strain relationship for concrete
2
Steel Strength
Characteristic strength of steel, 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 . Partially factor of safety for steel, 𝛾𝑚𝑠 = 1.15 and
Young’s Modulus, E =200 x 103 N/mm2
Figure 2: stress strain relationship for steel
3
Learning outcomes
1. Mode of failure-balance, under reinforced, over reinforced

2. Derivation of stress block for rectangular singly & double- determination of neutral axis(x) and
moment capacity of the beam
3. Effective depth, d
4. Nominal cover, Cnom -durability & fire resistance
5. Main reinforcement for rectangular beam (singly & doubly)
MODE OF FAILURE IN REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTION
In RC section it is must to know the behaviour of both material – steel and concrete as a composite
action. Both materials should not exceed the maximum strain in ideal condition as in stress strain
relationship.
a) Under reinforced – happened because of not enough steel in RC section. Crack will appear at
tension zone
ɛcc
x<0.617d
d
h
As
ɛst
b
4
b) Balanced reinforced – steel and concrete yield at the same time. Crack will appear ta the
compression zone and tension zone simultaneously
ɛcc
X=0.617d
d
h
As
ɛst
b
c) Over reinforced – happened due to excessive steel in RC section. Failure will occur without any
signal
ɛcc
x>0.167d
d
h
As
ɛst
b
5
STRESS BLOCK-RECTANGULAR BEAM SINGLY REINFORCED
𝜂𝛼𝐶𝐶 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝛾𝑚
x S=0.8X
FCC
d
h
As
Fst
b
How to get neutral axis (x)
Where: 𝜂 = 1.0 , 𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 0.85 , 𝛾𝑚𝑐 = 1.5
𝜂𝛼𝐶𝐶 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (1.0)(0.85)𝑓𝑐𝑘

= = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝛾𝑚 1.5
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐹𝑐𝑐
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝐴𝑠 ) = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏)(0.8𝑥 )
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝐴𝑠 )
𝑥=
0.4536𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏)
How to get moment capacity, ultimate moment
𝑴𝒔𝒕 = 𝑭𝒄𝒄 𝒛 = [0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏)(0.8𝑥 )][𝑑 − 0.4𝑥]
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝒅
𝑴𝒔𝒕 = 𝑭𝒄𝒄 𝒛 = [0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏)(0.8)(0.45𝑑)][𝑑 − 0.4(0.45𝑑 )] = 0.167𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
6
EXAMPLE 1
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of a rectangular beam if the beam dimension is 150 x 315
mm (bxd), concrete strength f ck = 30 N/mm2 and steel strength fyk = 500 N/mm2 . 2H16 (As = 402 mm2)
of tension reinforcement bar are provided. (ans= 74.737kNm)
STRESS BLOCK-RECTANGULAR BEAM DOUBLY REINFORCED
𝛾𝑚
d’
FsC
As’ x S=0.8X
FCC
d
h
Z1
Z2
As
Fst
b
How to get neutral axis (x)
Where: 𝜂 = 1.0 , 𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 0.85 , 𝛾𝑚𝑐 = 1.5
𝜂𝛼𝐶𝐶 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (1.0)(0.85)𝑓𝑐𝑘

= = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝛾𝑚 1.5
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, (𝐹𝑐𝑐 + 𝐹𝑆𝐶 )
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝐴𝑠 ) = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏)(0.8𝑥 ) + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝐴𝑠 ′)
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠 ′)
𝑥=
0.4536𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏)
7
𝑴𝒔𝒕 = 𝑭𝒄𝒄 𝒛𝟏 + 𝑭𝒔𝒄 𝒛𝟐 = [0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏)(0.8𝑥 )][𝑑 − 0.4𝑥 ] + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝐴𝑠 ′)(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝒅
𝑴𝒔𝒕 = 𝑭𝒄𝒄 𝒛𝟏 + 𝑭𝒔𝒄 𝒛𝟐 = [0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏)(0.8)(0.45𝑑 )][𝑑 − 0.4(0.45𝑑 )] + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝐴𝑠 ′)(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
𝑴𝒔𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒅𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚𝒌 (𝑨𝒔 ′)(𝒅 − 𝒅′ )
8
EXAMPLE 2
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of a rectangular beam if the beam dimension is 150 x 315
mm (bxd), compression effective depth (d’) = 37 mm, concrete strength fck = 30 N/mm2 and steel strength
fyk = 500 N/mm2 . 2H12 and 2H20 are provided for compression and tension reinforcement bar,
respectively. (ANS=102.067kNm)
EFFECTIVE DEPTH
Main reinforcement, Øbar
d’
As’
d
h
shear reinforcement, Ølink
As
cnom
b
𝝓𝒃𝒂𝒓
𝒅 = 𝒉 − 𝒄𝒏𝒐𝒎 − 𝝓𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒌 −
𝟐
𝝓𝒃𝒂𝒓
𝑑 ′ = 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 + 𝝓𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒌 +
𝟐
9
NOMINAL COVER, Cnom
As a building must be designed to full fill the requirement durability (exposure class) and fire resistance.
Therefore, there is a need to determine nominal cover which is suitable for both conditions.
𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + Δ𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣
Δ𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣 = 10 𝑚𝑚
HOW TO GET Cmin DUE TO FIRE RESISTANCE
𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝛼𝑠𝑑 − 𝜙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 −
2
𝛼𝑠𝑑 = 𝑎 + 10
𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 5.5 (𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚)& 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 5.6 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚)
HOW TO GET Cmin DUE TO EXPOSURE CLASS
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max {𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 ; 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 + Δ𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝛾 − Δ𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑠𝑡 − Δ𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑎𝑑𝑑 ; 10𝑚𝑚}
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 = 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4.2
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 = 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4.3𝑁 & 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4.4𝑁
Δ𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝛾 = 0 𝑚𝑚
Δ𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑠𝑡 = 0 𝑚𝑚
Δ𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 0 𝑚𝑚
10
MAIN REINFORCEMENT FOR RECTANGULAR BEAM (PG 8)
EXAMPLE (RECTANGULAR SINGLY)
A simply supported beam carrying permanent action of 2.0 kN/m and variable action of 4.87 kN/m. The
beam was cast separately with the slab during construction (non-monolithically or non-integral beam
slab) which having 6 m span. Determine the area of reinforcement required if the beam dimension is
150 x 315 mm (bxd), concrete strength fck = 30 N/mm2 and steel strength fyk = 500 N/mm2
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑛 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘 = 1.35(2) + 1.5(4.87) = 10.005𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑤𝑙 2 (10.005)(6)2
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑀 = = = 45.023𝑘𝑁𝑚
8 8
𝑀 45.023𝑥106
𝑘= = = 0.101 < 0.167
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (150)(315)2 (30)
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑘
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.134
0.101
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.134
𝑧 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟏𝒅 ≤ 0.95𝑑
𝑀 45𝑥106
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 364𝑚𝑚2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87(500)(0.901)(315)
𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 402𝑚𝑚2 (2𝐻16)
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏 𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑡
2.9
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 ( ) (150)(315) ≥ 0.0013(315)(150)
500
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 71 ≥ 61
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 71𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑏ℎ = 0.04(150)(315) = 1890𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 (71) ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 (402) ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1890) … ∴ 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠
11
EXAMPLE (RECTANGULAR DOUBLY)
A rectangular reinforced concrete beam must support a design moment of 80 kNm. Determine the area
of reinforcement required if the beam dimension is 150 x 315 mm (bxd), concrete strength fck = 30
N/mm2 and steel strength f yk = 500 N/mm2 . The effective depth of compression bar (d’) is taken as 37
mm.
𝑀 80𝑥106
𝑘= = = 0.179 > 0.167
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (150)(315)2 (30)
∴ 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑏𝑎𝑙
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } = 0.82𝑑
1.134
(𝑘 − 𝑘𝑏𝑎𝑙 )𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 (0.179 − 0.167)(30)(150)(315)2

𝐴′𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 44𝑚𝑚2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝑑 − 𝑑′) 0.87(500)(315 − 37)
𝐴′𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 226𝑚𝑚2 (2𝐻12)
2.9
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 ( ) (150)(315) ≥ 0.0013(315)(150)
500
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 71 ≥ 61
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑏ℎ = 0.04(150)(315) = 1890𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 (71) ≤ 𝐴′𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 (226) ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1890) … ∴ 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑′ 37
= = 0.117 ≤ 0.171
𝑑 315
𝑘𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 = + 𝐴′𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧𝑏𝑎𝑙
(0.167)(30)(150)(315)2
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 = + 44 = 707𝑚𝑚2
0.87(500)(0.82)(315)
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 (71) ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 (804) ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1890) … … . . ∴ 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠
12
Learning outcomes
1. Analysis of section flanged section when neutral axis lies at flanged

2. Analysis of section flanged section when neutral axis lies below flanged (singly & doubly)
3. Effective width, b
4. Main reinforcement for flanged section singly and doubly
ANALYSIS OF SECTION FLANGED SECTION WHEN NEUTRAL AXIS LIES AT FLANGED
Assumption : hf≤0.8x & Mdesign ≤ Mf
beff
𝛾𝑚
0.8x fcc
hf x
h d z
fst
bw
Moment capacity
ℎ𝑓
𝑴𝒔𝒕 = 𝑴𝒇 = 𝑭𝒄𝒄 𝒛 = [0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 )(0.8𝑥 )][𝑑 − 0.4𝑥 ] = [0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏)(ℎ𝑓 )] [𝑑 − ]
2
13
ANALYSIS OF SECTION FLANGED SECTION WHEN NEUTRAL AXIS LIES BELOW FLANGED (SINGLY)
beff
𝛾𝑚
fcc2
hf 2 2
x 0.8x fcc1
h d
Z2
Z1
fst
bw
ℎ𝑓
𝑴𝒔𝒕 = 𝑭𝒄𝒄𝟏 𝒛𝟏 + 𝑭𝒄𝒄𝟐 𝒛𝟐 = [0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑤 )(0.8𝑥 )][𝑑 − 0.4𝑥 ] + 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )(𝑑 − )
2
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝒅
𝑀𝑠𝑡 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 𝑧1 + 𝐹𝑠𝑐 𝑧2
ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑡 = [0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏)(0.8)(0.45𝑑 )][𝑑 − 0.4(0.45𝑑 )] + 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )(𝑑 − )
2
𝒉𝒇
𝑴𝒔𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒅𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟕𝒇𝒄𝒌 (𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇 − 𝒃𝒘 )(𝒅 − )
𝟐
14
ANALYSIS OF SECTION FLANGED SECTION WHEN NEUTRAL AXIS LIES BELOW FLANGED (DOUBLY)
beff
𝛾𝑚
d’ fsc
hf 2 2 fcc2
As’ x 0.8x fcc1
h d
Z3 Z2 Z1
As
fst
bw
𝑴𝒔𝒕 = 𝑭𝒄𝒄𝟏 𝒛𝟏 + 𝑭𝒄𝒄𝟐 𝒛𝟐 + 𝑭𝒔𝒄 𝒛𝟑
ℎ𝑓
𝑴𝒔𝒕 = [0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑤 )(0.8𝑥 )][𝑑 − 0.4𝑥 ] + 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 ) (𝑑 − ) + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴′𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝒅
𝑀𝑠𝑡 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐 𝑧1 + 𝐹𝑠𝑐 𝑧2 +𝑭𝒔𝒄 𝒛𝟑
ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑡 = [0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑤 )(0.8)(0.45𝑑 )][𝑑 − 0.4(0.45𝑑 )] + 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 ) (𝑑 − )
2
+ 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴′𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
𝒉𝒇
𝑴𝒔𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒅𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟕𝒇𝒄𝒌 (𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇 − 𝒃𝒘 ) (𝒅 − ) + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚𝒌 𝑨′𝒔 (𝒅 − 𝒅′ )
𝟐
15
EXAMPLE
Determine the ultimate moment resistance of the following T beam: hf = 100 mm, b = 700 mm, bw =
225 mm, d = 500 mm and d’= 50 mm. The tension reinforcement provided is 6H25 and the compression
reinforcement is 3H12. Used fck = 30 N/mm2 and fyk = 500 N/mm2
Compr. reinforcement = 3H12 As’ = 339 mm2 Tension reinforcement = 6H25 As = 2946 mm2
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE NEUTRAL AXIS
𝐹𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 𝐹𝑐𝑐1 + 𝐹𝑐𝑐2 + 𝐹𝑠𝑐
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠 = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 (0.8𝑥 ) + 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )(ℎ𝑓 ) + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠 ′
0.87(500)(2946) = 0.567(30)(225)(0.8𝑥 ) + 0.567(30)(700 − 225)(100) + 0.87(500)(339)
𝑥 = 106.5𝑚𝑚 ≥ ℎ𝑓 = 100𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑁𝐴 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑
STEP 2 : DETERMINE ULTIMATE MOMENT
ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑠𝑡 = 0.167𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 2 + 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )(ℎ𝑓 ) (𝑑 − ) + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴′𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
100
𝑀𝑠𝑡 = 0.167(30)(225)(500)2 + 0.567(30)(700 − 225)(100) (500 − ) + 0.87(500)(339)(500
2
− 50)
𝑀𝑠𝑡 = 711.76𝑘𝑁𝑚
16
EFFECTIVE WIDTH (FLANGE BEAM)
Effective width typically occurs when the beam is cast integrally with slab. Therefore, slab is assumed to
increase the compression capacity the beam. In Reinforced concrete beam normally the shaped for
flanged beam will beam will be T beam or inverted L beam.
Calculation for effective width is clearly state in Clause 5.3.2.1 in EC 2. Where 𝑙𝑜 for simply supported
beam is defined as effective span. Meanwhile for continuous beam 𝑙𝑜 is defined in Figure 5.2
17
EXAMPLE
Figure 1 shows part of the first floor plan of a reinforced concrete office building. During
construction, slabs and beams are cast together. The overall thickness of the slab is 125mm
and the dimensions of the beams are as given in the diagram. Based on information given
calculate effective width for beam 2/B-C and C/1-3
250 x 450
A
2000
250 x 450
B
300 x 600
300 x 600
250 x 450
5500
250 x 450
C
3500 2500
1 2 3
b1=1612.5 b2=1112.5
300 3225 bw=250 2225 300

b=2975
18
𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 (BEAM 2/B-C)
𝑙 = 𝑙0 = 5500𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ∑ 0.2𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 0.2𝑙𝑜
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 0.2𝑏𝑖 + 0.1𝑙0 ≤ 0.2𝑙0
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 0.2(1612.5) + 0.1(5.5) ≤ 0.2(5.5)
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝟖𝟕𝟐. 𝟓𝒎𝒎 ≤ 1100𝑚𝑚
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 𝟖𝟕𝟐. 𝟓𝒎𝒎 ≤ 𝑏1 = 1612.5𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓2 = 0.2(1112.5) + 0.1(5500) ≤ 0.2(5500)
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓2 = 𝟕𝟕𝟐. 𝟓𝒎𝒎 ≤ 1100𝑚𝑚
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓2 = 𝟕𝟕𝟐. 𝟓𝒎𝒎 ≤ 𝑏2 = 1112.5𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 𝑏
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 872.5 + 772.5 + 250 ≤ (2975)
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1895𝑚𝑚 ≤ 2975𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑜𝑘!
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟓𝒎𝒎
𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 (BEAM C/1-3)
𝑙 = 𝑙0 = 6000𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ∑ 0.2𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 0.2𝑙𝑜
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 0.2𝑏𝑖 + 0.1𝑙0 ≤ 0.2𝑙0
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 0.2(2625) + 0.1(6000) ≤ 0.2(6000)
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟓𝒎𝒎 ≤ 1020𝑚𝑚
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟓𝒎𝒎 ≤ 𝑏1 = 2625𝑚𝑚
19
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1035 + 250 ≤ (2875)
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1285𝑚𝑚 ≤ 2875𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑜𝑘!
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟓𝒎𝒎
MAIN REINFORCEMENT FOR FLANGED SECTION SINGLY AND DOUBLY
EXAMPLE (FLANGED BEAM NA LIES WITHIN FLANGED)
Determine the area of reinforcement required in a T beam with the following dimension for an applied
moment of 250 kNm. Depth of slab 100 mm, width of flange 800 mm, width of web 200 mm, effective
depth 400 mm. Use fck = 30 N/mm2 and fyk = 500 N/mm2 .
ℎ𝑓 100
𝑴𝒇 = [0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 )(ℎ𝑓 )] [𝑑 − ] = 0.567(30)(800)(100) [400 − ] = 476.28𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
> 250𝑘𝑁𝑚 ∴ 𝑁𝐴 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑. 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀 250𝑥106
𝑘= = = 0.065 < 0.167
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (800)(400)2 (30)
𝑘
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.134
0.065
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.134
𝑧 = 0.939𝑑 ≤ 0.95𝑑
𝑀 250𝑥106
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 1530𝑚𝑚2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87(500)(0.939)(400)
𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 1570𝑚𝑚2 (5𝐻20)
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏 𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑡
20
2.9
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 ( ) (200)(400) ≥ 0.0013(200)(400)
500
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 120 ≥ 104
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑏ℎ = 0.04(200)(400) = 3200𝑚𝑚2
21
EXAMPLE (FLANGED BEAM WHEN NEUTAL AXIS LIES BELOW FLANGED-SINGLY)
Determine the area of reinforcement required in a T beam with the following dimension for an applied
moment of 300 kNm. Depth of slab 100 mm, width of flange 500 mm, width of web 200 mm, effective
depth 400 mm. Use f ck = 30 N/mm2 and f yk = 500 N/mm2 .
ℎ𝑓 100
𝑴𝒇 = [0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 )(ℎ𝑓 )] [𝑑 − ] = 0.567(30)(500)(100) [400 − ]
2 2
𝑴𝒇 = 297.675𝑘𝑁𝑚 < 300𝑘𝑁𝑚
∴ 𝑁𝐴 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑. 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝒃𝒘 𝒉𝒇 𝒃𝒘 𝒉𝒇
𝜷𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟕 (𝟏 − ) (𝟏 − )
𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇 𝒅 𝒃 𝟐𝒅
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝜷𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟕 { } + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟕 { } (𝟏 − ) (𝟏 − ) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟏
𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟐(𝟒𝟎𝟎)
𝑴𝒖𝒇 = 𝜷𝒇 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 = 0.141(30)(500)(400)2 = 338.4𝑘𝑁𝑚 ≥ 300
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑴 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒘 𝒅(𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝒅 − 𝒉𝒇 )

𝑨𝒔𝒓𝒆𝒒 =
𝒉𝒇
𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚𝒌 (𝒅 − )
𝟐
𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟏(𝟑𝟎)(𝟐𝟎𝟎)(𝟒𝟎𝟎)[(𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎)

𝑨𝒔𝒓𝒆𝒒 = = 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟎. 𝟖𝟕(𝟓𝟎𝟎)(𝟒𝟎𝟎 − )
𝟐
𝑨𝒔𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟐 (𝟕𝑯𝟐𝟎)
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏 𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑡
2.9
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 ( ) (200)(400) ≥ 0.0013(200)(400)
500
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 120 ≥ 104
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑏ℎ = 0.04(200)(400) = 3200𝑚𝑚2
22
HOW TO DRAW BMD & SFD FOR CONTINOUS BEAM WITHOUT MDM (TABLE 3.5,PG 19)
outer 1st interior interior 1st interior outer

interior
support support support support support
support
Middle of interior span
Near middle of end span
23
-0.11FL -0.08FL -0.08FL -0.11FL
0.07FL 0.07FL 0.07FL
0.09FL 0.09FL
BMD
0.45F
0.55F 0.55F 0.55F 0.6F
0.6F 0.55F 0.55F 0.45F

0.55F
SFD
24
SUMMARY BEAM DESIGN
1) Design loading
𝑈𝐿𝑆: 𝑛 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘
2) Nominal cover
a) Due to exposure condition

𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + ∆𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 ; 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 + ∆𝑐𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝛾 − ∆𝑐𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝑠𝑡 − ∆𝑐𝑑𝑢𝑟,𝑎𝑑𝑑 ; 10𝑚𝑚)
Table 4.2 Table 4.4N
∆𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣 = 10 𝑚𝑚
b) Due to fire resistance

𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + ∆𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣
∅𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑎𝑠𝑑 − ∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 −
2
Table 5.5 or table 5.6
𝑎𝑠𝑑 = 𝑎 + 10𝑚𝑚
3) Effective depth
∅𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 − ∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − … … . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 & 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
2
∅𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑑 ′ = 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 + ∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 + … … . . 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
2
25
Rectangular beam
𝑀
𝑘=
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
𝑘 ≤ 0.167 𝑘 ≥ 0.167
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑘 𝑘𝑏𝑎𝑙
𝑧 = 𝑑 ቌ0.5 + √0.25 − ቍ ≤ 0.95𝑑 𝑧 = 𝑑 ቌ0.5 + √0.25 − ቍ
1.134 1.134
𝑀 (𝑘 − 𝑘𝑏𝑎𝑙 )𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝐴′𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑′ 𝑑′
≤ 0.171 > 0.171
𝐶𝑙 9.2.1.1(3) 𝑑 𝑑
𝑒𝑞𝑛 9.1𝑁
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐴′𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐴′𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶𝑙 9.2.1.1(3) 𝐶𝑙 9.2.1.1(3)
𝑒𝑞𝑛 9.1𝑁 𝑒𝑞𝑛 9.1𝑁
26
Learning outcomes
1. Understand the theory of shear develop in a beam

2. Design shear reinforcement
UNDERSTAND THE THEORY OF SHEAR DEVELOP IN A BEAM
In normal conditions, if any simply supported beam is subjected to transverse loading it will lead deflection
profile that will promoted crack at tension zone due to shear stress and bending stress develop at point
1, 2, and 3( refer Figure 1). As expected at point 1, bending stress is equal to 0kN/m2 and having maximum
shearing stress based on SFD and BMD. Therefore, at point 1 diagonal crack will be produce due to high
concentration of shear stress acting on the element. Meanwhile, at point 2 shear stress is equal to 0kN/m2
but maximum in bending stress. Therefore, crack will propagate be based on flexural profile.
3
1 2
Vmax
Vmax
Mmax
Figure 1: crack profile, Bending moment and shear force diagram for simply supported beam
27
DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
SHEAR LINK
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝑐
𝑉𝐸𝐷 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝐸𝐷 > 𝑉𝑅𝐷𝐶
𝑛𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝐼𝑁 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 (𝐶𝑙 6.4) 𝑉𝑅𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝜃 = 22)
𝑉𝑅𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝑉𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝑅𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝑉𝐸𝐷
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝐶𝑙 6.3 𝑉𝑅𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝜃 = 45)
𝑉𝑅𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝑉𝐸𝐷
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝐶𝑙 6.3
28
EXAMPLE (NO SHEAR LINK REQUIRED)
A 3 m span simply supported slab with effective depth d = 125 mm carries a factored permanent action
of 4.5kN/m and unfactored load of variable action of 3.67kN/m the load was assume to be per metre
width (b=1000mm). The provided tension reinforcement steel is H8-150 bar. Use fck = 30 N/mm2 and fyk
= 500 N/mm2 . Verify shear reinforcement for this section.
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑛 = 𝑤 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘 = 4.5 + 1.5(3.67) = 10.005𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑙 10.005(3)
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑉𝐸𝐷 = = = 45.0225𝑘𝑁
2 2
1 3 1
2
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12𝑘 (100𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 ≥ [0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ] 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
200
𝑘 =1+√ ≤ 2.0
𝑑
200
𝑘 =1+√ = 2.26 ≥ 𝟐. 𝟎
125
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌1 = ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
335
𝜌1 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟕 ≤ 0.02
(1000)(125)
1 3 1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12(2.0)(100𝑥0.0027𝑥30)3 (1000)(125) ≥ [0.035(2.0)2 (30)2 ] (1000)(125)
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 60.249𝑘𝑁 ≥ 𝟔𝟕. 𝟕𝟕𝟖𝒌𝑵
𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 45.0225𝑘𝑁 ≤ 67.778𝑘𝑁 ∴ 𝑁𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
29
EXAMPLE (SHEAR LINK REQUIRED)
A simply supported beam of 7 m span carries a uniform ultimate load of 95 kN/m. The beam dimensions
are 200 x 450 mm (b x d) and the longitudinal reinforcement provided are 4H16 and 2H12 for tension and
compression respectively. Design the shear reinforcement using vertical links. Use fck = 30 N/mm2 and fyk
= 500 N/mm2 .
𝑤𝑙 95(7)
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑉𝐸𝐷 = = = 332.5𝑘𝑁
2 2
1 3 1
2
200
𝑘 =1+√ ≤ 2.0
𝑑
200
𝑘 =1+√ = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 ≤ 2.0
450
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌1 = ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
804
𝜌1 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟗 ≤ 0.02
(200)(450)
1 3 1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12(1.667)(100𝑥0.0089𝑥30)3 (200)(450) ≥ [0.035(1.667)2 (30)2 ] (200)(450)
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟖𝟏𝒌𝑵 ≥ 37.134𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 332.5𝑘𝑁 ≥ 53.81𝑘𝑁 ∴ 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝑓𝑐𝑘
0.36𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (1 − )𝑓
250 𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)
30
0.36(450)(200) (1 − ) (30)
𝜃 = 22, 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 250 = 297.09𝑘𝑁
(𝑐𝑜𝑡22 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛22)
30
0.36(450)(200) (1 − ) (30)
𝜃 = 45, 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 250 = 427.68𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝐸𝐷
𝜃 = 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [ ]
𝑓
0.18𝑏𝑤 𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘 (1 − 𝑐𝑘 )
250
30
332.5𝑥103
𝜃 = 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [ ] = 25.51°
30
0.18(200)(450)(30) (1 − )
250
𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒌
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝐷 332.5𝑥103

= = = 0.904
𝑠 0.78𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 0.78(500)(450)𝑐𝑜𝑡25.51
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐻8 − 100
max 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75(450) = 337.5𝑚𝑚 > 100𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠

𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒌
𝐴𝑠𝑤 0.08𝑏𝑤 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.08(200)√30

= = = 0.175
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐻8 − 300
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠
𝐴𝑠𝑤 101
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ( ) (0.78𝑑𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃) = ( ) (0.78𝑥450𝑥500𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡25.51) = 110.061𝑘𝑁
𝑠 337.5
332.5
110.061
X
X
110.061
332.5
H8-100 H8-300 H8-100
2.341 2.317 2.341
31
Learning outcomes
1. Check deflection: span to depth ratio and modification factors

2. Check crack: type of cracking and bar spacing
Check deflection: span to depth ratio and modification factors
Any building should fit the purpose of intended design as requested by client during service life. Therefore,
the structure must not deform excessively. Excessive deflection may cause sagging of the floor or beam,
ill lifting door and extra.it is important to control the deflection to ensure the building is fit to use. Hence,
span over depth ratio is typically use to control the deformation of the structure. For beam, slab or
cantilever the limiting span over depth ratio should not exceed span/250. Meanwhile the deflection after
the application of finishes or fixing of partition should not exceed span/500.
𝑙 𝑙
[ ] ≤[ ]
𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝑙 𝑙 7
( ) =( ) 𝑥 𝑀𝐹 𝑥 0.8 𝑥
𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑒𝑞𝑛 7.16𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑛 7.16𝑏 𝑒𝑞𝑛 7.17 𝑏𝑓 𝑙 > 7𝑚

>3
𝑏𝑤
𝑙 𝜌0 𝜌0 3/2
[ ] = 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1) ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0
𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝜌 𝜌
𝑙 𝜌0 1 𝜌′
[ ] = 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + √𝑓 √ ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 > 𝜌0
𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝜌 − 𝜌′ 12 𝑐𝑘 𝜌𝑜
𝐾 = 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4.1
310 500 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
𝑀𝐹 = = =
𝜎𝑠 𝑓 𝐴
𝑦𝑘 𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞
( )
𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
32
CHECK CRACK: TYPE OF CRACKING AND BAR SPACING
In services life, any structure should not allow any cracking which impair the functioning of the structure.
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≤ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
Sact2
Sact1 Sact1
𝑏 − 2𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 −2∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − 𝑛∅𝑏𝑎𝑟

𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝑛−1
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 7.3𝑁(𝑝𝑔 16)
𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝐺𝑘 + 0.3𝑄𝑘 )
𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑓𝑠 = (𝑝𝑔15)
1.15(1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘 )
𝑤𝑘 = 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 7.1𝑁(𝑝𝑔 16)
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝑘1 (∅𝑏𝑎𝑟 ); (𝑑𝑔 + 𝑘2 ); 20}𝑚𝑚 (𝑝𝑔 10; 𝐶𝑙 8.2)
𝑘1 = 1, 𝑘2 = 5, 𝑑𝑔 = 20𝑚𝑚
33
DESIGN FULL BEAM
300 x 500
C
5500
300 x 500
B
300 x 400
250 x 350
250 x 350
250 x 350
6000
300 x 500
A
8000 8000 8000

1 2 3 4
Design specification
Diameter main reinforcement = 16 mm

Diameter shear reinforcement = 10 mm
Fire resistance = R30
Exposure class = XC3
Characteristic concrete strength = 30 N/mm2
Characteristic steel strength = 500 N/mm2
Permanent action = 3.0 kN/m (excluding selfweight)
Variable action = 8.0 kN/m
Unit weight of concrete = 25kN/m3
Slab thickness = 100 mm
34
Design beam A/1-4
a) Determine nominal cover

b) Design main reinforcement at maximum moment support and mid span
c) Evaluate the shear reinforcement
d) Check for deflection
e) Check for cracking
f) Draw the detailing
SOLUTION
a) Determine nominal cover

𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + Δ𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 10
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 ; 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑒 }
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = max {𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 ; 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 + Δ𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝛾 − Δ𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑠𝑡 − Δ𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑎𝑑𝑑 ; 10𝑚𝑚}
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = max{16; 25 + 0 − 0 − 0; 10𝑚𝑚} = 25𝑚𝑚

𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟 16
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝛼𝑠𝑑 − 𝜙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − = (𝑎 + 10) − 𝜙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − = (12 + 10) − 10 − = 4𝑚𝑚
2 2 2
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 ; 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑒 } = max{25; 4} = 25𝑚𝑚
𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + Δ𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 10 = 25 + 10 = 35𝑚𝑚
b) Design main reinforcement at maximum moment support and mid span
MAIN REINFORCEMENT AT SUPPORT (DESIGN AS RECTANGULAR BEAM)

𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑛 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘 = 1.35(3 + 25(0.3)(0.5)) + 1.5(8.0) = 21.113𝑘𝑁/𝑚
0.11Fl=148.636 0.11Fl=148.636
0.07Fl=94.586
0.09Fl=121.61
0.09Fl=121.61
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 148.636𝑘𝑁𝑚
35
∅𝑏𝑎𝑟 16
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 − ∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − = 500 − 35 − 10 − = 447𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑀 148.636𝑥106
𝑘= = = 0.083 < 0.167
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (300)(447)2 (30)
𝑘
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.134
0.083
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.134
𝑧 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟎𝒅 ≤ 0.95𝑑
𝑀 148.636𝑥106
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 831𝑚𝑚2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87(500)(0.920)(447)
𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 1010𝑚𝑚2 (5𝐻16)
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏 𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑡
2.9
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 ( ) (300)(447) ≥ 0.0013(300)(447)
500
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 202 ≥ 174
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑏ℎ = 0.04(300)(500) = 6000𝑚𝑚2

36
MAIN REINFORCEMENT AT MID SPAN (A/1-2➔DESIGN AS INVERTED L BEAM)
B=3150
BW=300 B1=2850 2850 300
6000
𝑙 = 𝑙0 = 0.85(4000)𝑚𝑚 = 3400𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ∑ 0.2𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 0.2𝑙𝑜
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 0.2𝑏𝑖 + 0.1𝑙0 ≤ 0.2𝑙0
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 0.2(2850) + 0.1(3400) ≤ 0.2(3400)
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 910𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝟔𝟖𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 𝟔𝟖𝟎𝒎𝒎 ≤ 𝑏1 = 2850𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 680 + 300 ≤ (3150)
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 980𝑚𝑚 ≤ 3150𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑜𝑘!
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝟗𝟖𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 121.61𝑘𝑁𝑚
37
ℎ𝑓 100
2 2
> 121.61𝑘𝑁𝑚 ∴ 𝑁𝐴 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑. 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀 121.61𝑥106
𝑘= 2 = = 0.021 < 0.167
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (980)(447)2 (30)
𝑘
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.134
0.021
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.134
𝑧 = 0.981𝑑 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝒅
𝑀 121.6𝑥106
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 658𝑚𝑚2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87(500)(0.95)(447)
MAIN REINFORCEMENT AT MID SPAN (A/3-4➔DESIGN AS RECTANGULAR BEAM)

𝑀 121.61𝑥106
𝑘= = = 0.068 < 0.167
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (300)(447)2 (30)
𝑘
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.134
0.068
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.134
𝑧 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟔𝒅 ≤ 0.95𝑑
𝑀 121.61𝑥106
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 668𝑚𝑚2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87(500)(0.936)(447)
38
c) Evaluate the shear reinforcement (critical at support)
0.45F=76.007 0.55F=92.897
0.6F=101.342
0.6F=101.342 0.55F=92.897 0.45F=76.007
𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 101.342𝑘𝑁
1 3 1
2
200
𝑘 =1+√ ≤ 2.0
𝑑
200
𝑘 =1+√ = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟗 ≥ 2.0
447
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌1 = ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
1010
𝜌1 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 ≤ 0.02
(300)(447)
1 3 1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12(1.669)(100𝑥0.008𝑥30)3 (300)(447) ≥ [0.035(1.669)2 (30)2 ] (300)(447)
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟒𝟕𝟏𝒌𝑵 ≥ 55.430𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 101.342𝑘𝑁 ≥ 𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝒌𝑵
∴ 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑.

𝑓𝑐𝑘
0.36𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (1 − )𝑓
250 𝑐𝑘
30
0.36(300)(447) (1 − ) (30)
𝜃 = 22, 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 250 = 442.667𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 101.342𝑘𝑁 ≤ 𝟒𝟒𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟕𝒌𝑵(𝜽 = 𝟐𝟐°)
39
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝐷 101.342𝑥103

= = = 0.235
𝑠 0.78𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 0.78(500)(447)𝑐𝑜𝑡22
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐻8 − 300
𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒌
𝐴𝑠𝑤 0.08𝑏𝑤 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.08(300)√30

= = = 0.263
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐻8 − 300
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 min 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 min 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
0.45F=76.007 0.55F=92.897
0.6F=101.342
0.6F=101.342 0.55F=92.897 0.45F=76.007

H8-300 H8-300 H8-300
8000 8000 8000
40
d) Check for deflection (critical at mid span)

𝑙 𝑙
[ ] ≤[ ]
𝑙 𝑙 7
( ) =( ) 𝑥 𝑀𝐹 𝑥 0.8 𝑥
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 668
𝜌= = = 4.98𝑥10−3
𝑏𝑑 300(447)
𝜌𝑜 = 10−3 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 10−3 √30 = 5.477𝑥10−3
𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑜
3
𝑙 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
[ ] = 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1) ]
𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝜌 𝜌
3
𝑙 5.477𝑥10−3 5.477𝑥10−3 2
[ ] = 1.3 [11 + 1.5√30 + 3.2√30 ( − 1) ] = 26.7
𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 4.98𝑥10−3 4.98𝑥10−3
310 500 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 804
𝑀𝐹 = = = = = 1.204
𝜎𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 668
( )
𝑙 𝑙 7 7
( ) =( ) 𝑥 𝑀𝐹 𝑥 0.8 𝑥 = 26.7𝑥1.204𝑥1𝑥 = 28.128
𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 8
𝑙 8000 𝑙
[ ] = = 17.897 ≤ [ ] = 28.128 ∴ 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡 447 𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
41
e) Check for cracking (need to check at support and at mid span)
At support
Sact1 Sact1
Sact2
500
300
𝑏 − 2𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 −2∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − 𝑛∅𝑏𝑎𝑟 300 − 2(35) − 2(8) − 3(16)

𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡1 = = = 83𝑚𝑚
𝑛−1 3−1
𝑏 − 2𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 −2∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − 𝑛∅𝑏𝑎𝑟 300 − 2(35) − 2(8) − 2(16)
𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡1 = = = 182𝑚𝑚
𝑛−1 2−1
𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝐺𝑘 + 0.3𝑄𝑘 ) 500(6.75 + 0.3𝑥8)
𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑓𝑠 = = = 189𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.15(1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘 ) 1.15(21.113)
𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 200𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑤𝑘 = 0.3 (𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 7.1𝑁 − 𝑝𝑔 16)
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 250𝑚𝑚(𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 7.3𝑁 − 𝑝𝑔16)
𝑘1 = 1, 𝑘2 = 5, 𝑑𝑔 = 20𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {(1)(16); (20 + 5); 20}𝑚𝑚 = max{16; 25; 20} = 25𝑚𝑚
𝑠min (25) ≤ 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 (83; 182) ≤ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 (250) ∴ 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠
42
At mid span(A/1-2)
500
Sact3
300
𝑏 − 2𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 −2∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − 𝑛∅𝑏𝑎𝑟 300 − 2(35) − 2(8) − 2(16)

𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡3 = = = 182𝑚𝑚
𝑛−1 2−1
𝑠min (25) ≤ 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 (182) ≤ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 (250) ∴ 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠
43
At mid span(A/3-4)
500
Sact4
300
𝑏 − 2𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 −2∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − 𝑛∅𝑏𝑎𝑟 300 − 2(35) − 2(8) − 2(16)

𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡4 = = = 182𝑚𝑚
𝑛−1 2−1
𝑠min (25) ≤ 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 (182) ≤ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 (250) ∴ 𝑝𝑎
44
f) Draw the detailing(PG 18-Figure 10.1 b)

2000
1200
2H16 4H16 5H16 4H16 2H16 4H16 5H16 4H16 2H16

H8-300
2H16 4H16 2H16 4H16 2H16 4H16 2H16
1200 1200
800 1200 1200 800
8000 8000 8000
45
At mid span(A/3-4) At mid span(A/1-2)
H8-300
H8-300
500
500
4H16 4H16
300 300
46
At support
H8-300
5H16
500
300
47
SOLUTION FOR PAST YEAR
DEC 2018
QUESTION 1
a) Actions are the set of applied forces for which a structure is to be designed. Briefly explain
the main categories of actions
Variation action-non permanent action subjected to the structure. Normally it is due to
furniture, human being, M& E . For slab it comes from floor usage
Permanent action- loading that fixed to the structure such as self-weight (beam, column
,slab ,foundation)
b) Briefly explain the three types of stress block in the reinforced concrete beam
c) List the types of foundations
i) Raft foundation
ii) Pad footing
iii) Pile foundation
iv) Combined footing
v) Strip foundation
QUESTION 2
Figure Q2 shows a simply supported two way slab supported by four beams at its four edges. An
engineer is asked to design the design reinforcement for one of the beams at the longer edge of the
two way slab. The ultimate action acting on the slab is taken as 11.70 kN/m2. Meanwhile, the load
transferred to the beam from slab is with a maximum value of 20kN/m.
Beam design data
Characteristic strength of concrete = 30 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of main reinforcement = 500 N/mm2
Fire resistance requirement = 1 hour
Main reinforcement bar = 20 mm
Shear reinforcement diameter = 8 mm
Size Of The Beam = 250x 500
i. bending moment and shear force diagram

ii. evaluate the sufficiency of the minimum area of reinforcement area against the bending
moment
iii. proposed the suitable arrangement of shear reinforcement for the beam
48
SOLUTION
i. bending moment and shear force diagram
10kN/m
67.5kN
67.5kN
113.906kNm
49
ii. evaluate the sufficiency of the minimum area of reinforcement area against the bending
moment
250
2125
2125
250
𝑙 = 𝑙0 = 6750𝑚𝑚(𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑)
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ∑ 0.2𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 0.2𝑙𝑜
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 0.2𝑏𝑖 + 0.1𝑙0 ≤ 0.2𝑙0
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 0.2(2125) + 0.1(6750) ≤ 0.2(6750)
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 ≤ 𝟏350𝑚𝑚
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 ≤ 𝑏1 = 2125𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1100 + 250 ≤ (2375)
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 ≤ 2375𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑜𝑘!
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + Δ𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 10
𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟 20
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝛼𝑠𝑑 − 𝜙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − = (𝑎 + 10) − 𝜙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − = (25 + 10) − 8 −
2 2 2
= 17𝑚𝑚
𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + Δ𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 10 = 17 + 10 = 27𝑚𝑚
50
∅𝑏𝑎𝑟 20
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 − ∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − = 500 − 27 − 8 − = 455𝑚𝑚
2 2
ℎ𝑓 125
] = 0.567(30)(1350)(125) [455 −
𝑴𝒇 = [0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 )(ℎ𝑓 )] [𝑑 − ] = 1127𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
> 103.906𝑘𝑁𝑚 ∴ 𝑁𝐴 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑. 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀 103.906𝑥106
𝑘= = = 0.014 < 0.167
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (1350)(455)2 (30)
𝑘
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.134
0.014
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.134
𝑧 = 0.988𝑑 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝒅
𝑀 103.906𝑥106
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 610𝑚𝑚2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87(500)(0.95)(455)
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏 𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑡
2.9
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 ( ) (250)(455) ≥ 0.0013(250)(455)
500
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 172 ≥ 148
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑏ℎ = 0.04(250)(500) = 5000𝑚𝑚2

51
iii. proposed the suitable arrangement of shear reinforcement for the beam
𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 67.5𝑘𝑁
1 3 1
2
200
𝑘 =1+√ ≤ 2.0
𝑑
200
𝑘 =1+√ = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟑 ≥ 2.0
455
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌1 = ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
628
𝜌1 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔 ≤ 0.02
(250)(455)
1 3 1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12(1.663)(100𝑥0.006𝑥30)3 (250)(455) ≥ [0.035(1.663)2 (30)2 ] (250)(455)
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟒𝟗𝒌𝑵 ≥ 46.76𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 67.5𝑘𝑁 ≥ 𝟓𝟗. 𝟒𝟗𝒌𝑵
∴ 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑.

𝑓𝑐𝑘
0.36𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (1 − )𝑓
250 𝑐𝑘
30
0.36(250)(455) (1 − ) (30)
𝜃 = 22, 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 250 = 375.49𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝐸𝐷 = 67.5𝑘𝑁 ≤ 𝟑𝟕𝟓. 𝟒𝟗𝒌𝑵(𝜽 = 𝟐𝟐°)
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝐷 67.5𝑥103

= = = 0.155
𝑠 0.78𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 0.78(500)(455)𝑐𝑜𝑡22
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐻8 − 300
52
JUN 2019
QUESTION 1
a) The design method for reinforced concrete structure according to EC 2 is based on limit state
principles. Define limit state and explained the two principles of limit state in design
LIMIT STATE DESIGN -A limit state is a condition of a structure beyond which it no longer fulfills
the relevant design criteria
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE-limit state that deals with the strength and stability of the structure
under the maximum design load it is expected to carry. It considers strength, overturning, fatigue,
sliding etc
SERVICEBILITY LIMIT STATE-limit state that deals with the conditions beyond which speficoed
service requirements are no longer met sush as deflection and cracking. It considers crack width,
deflection, vibration etc
b) A beam can be in a form a single span or multiple spans. Illustrate and differentiate bending
behaviour and design moment calculation for simply supported single span beam and three span
continuous beam.
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM CONTINOUS BEAM
n n
L
L L L
0.11FL 0.11FL
nL2/8
0.09FL 0.07FL 0.09FL
53
QUESTION 2
Figure Q2 shows the first floor key plan layout of a building. Reinforced concrete beam and slab for
the building is cast integrally to speed up the construction process. The following design data are
given as follows. Assume bar and link diameter.
Exposure class = XC3
Characteristic strength of concrete = 30N/mm2
Characteristic strength of steel = 500 N/mm2
Nominal cover = 35 mm
All beam size (b x h) = 250 mm x 550 mm
Steel stress = 280 N/mm2
3000 mm 1
2
3700 mm
3
3000 mm
4
800 mm
4000mm 4000mm 4000mm

A B C D
Figure Q2
54
i) Propose number of tension reinforcements required at interior span of beam 3/A-D if the beam
must restrain an ultimate moment of 255kNm.
3000 mm
2
250
3700 mm
1725
1725
3
250
3000 mm
1375
1375
4
800 mm
250
5
4000mm 4000mm 4000mm

A B C D
𝑏 = 𝑏1 + 𝑏𝑤 + 𝑏2 = 1375 + 250 + 1725 = 3350𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 0.2𝑏1 + 0.1𝑙𝑜 ≤ 0.2𝑙𝑜
𝑙𝑜 = 0.7(4000) = 2800𝑚𝑚( 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛)
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 0.2(1725) + 0.1(2800) ≤ 0.2(2800)
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 625 ≤ 𝟓𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 = 𝟓𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎 ≤ 𝑏1 = 1725𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓2 = 0.2𝑏2 + 0.1𝑙𝑜 ≤ 0.2𝑙𝑜
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓2 = 0.2(1375) + 0.1(2800) ≤ 0.2(2800)
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓2 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎 ≤ 560𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓2 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎 ≤ 𝑏2 = 1375𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓1 + 𝑏𝑤 + 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓2 ≤ 𝑏
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 560 + 250 + 555 ≤ 3350
55
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟓𝒎𝒎 ≤ 3350
𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 ∅𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 16𝑚𝑚, ∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 = 10𝑚𝑚

∅𝑏𝑎𝑟 16
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 − ∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − = 550 − 35 − 8 − = 499𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 255𝑘𝑁𝑚
ℎ𝑓 155
2 2
> 255𝑘𝑁𝑚 ∴ 𝑁𝐴 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑. 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀 255𝑥106
𝑘= = = 0.025 < 0.167
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (1365)(499)2 (30)
𝑘
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.134
0.014
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.134
𝑧 = 0.977𝑑 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝒅
𝑀 255𝑥106
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 1236𝑚𝑚2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87(500)(0.95)(499)
𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 1410𝑚𝑚2 (7𝐻16)
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏 𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑡
2.9
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 ( ) (250)(499) ≥ 0.0013(250)(499)
500
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 188 ≥ 162
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑏ℎ = 0.04(250)(550) = 5500𝑚𝑚2

56
ii) Verify the adequacy of the beam 3/A-D against serviceability limit state requirements of EC2 to
satisfy the comfort of occupancy
Deflection
𝑙 𝑙
[ ] ≤[ ]
𝑙 𝑙 7
( ) =( ) 𝑥 𝑀𝐹 𝑥 0.8 𝑥
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 1236
𝜌= = = 9.908𝑥10−3
𝑏𝑑 250(499)
𝜌𝑜 = 10−3 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 10−3 √30 = 5.477𝑥10−3
𝜌 ≥ 𝜌𝑜
𝑙 𝜌0 1 𝜌′
[ ] = 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ′
+ √𝑓𝑐𝑘 √ ]
𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝜌−𝜌 12 𝜌𝑜
𝑙 5.477𝑥10−3 0
[ ] = 1.5 [11 + 1.5√30 −3
+ 3.2√30√ ] = 23.313
𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 9.908𝑥10 − 0 5.477𝑥10−3
310 500 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1410
𝑀𝐹 = = = = = 1.141
𝜎𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 1236
( )
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 1365
= = 5.46 > 3 ∴ 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 0.8
𝑏𝑤 250
𝑙 𝑙 7
( ) =( ) 𝑥 𝑀𝐹 𝑥 0.8 𝑥 = 23.313𝑥1.141𝑥0.8𝑥1 = 21.279
𝑙 4000 𝑙
[ ] = = 8.016 ≤ [ ] = 21.279 ∴ 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡 499 𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
57
Cracking
Sact2
Sact1 Sact1
𝑏 − 2𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 −2∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − 𝑛∅𝑏𝑎𝑟 250 − 2(35) − 2(8) − 3(16)

𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡1 = = = 58𝑚𝑚
𝑛−1 3−1
𝑏 − 2𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 −2∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − 𝑛∅𝑏𝑎𝑟 250 − 2(35) − 2(8) − 2(16)
𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡2 = = = 132𝑚𝑚
𝑛−1 2−1
𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑓𝑠 = 280𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑤𝑘 = 0.3 (𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 7.1𝑁 − 𝑝𝑔 16)
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 150𝑚𝑚(𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 7.3𝑁 − 𝑝𝑔16)
𝑘1 = 1, 𝑘2 = 5, 𝑑𝑔 = 20𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {(1)(16); (20 + 5); 20}𝑚𝑚 = max{16; 25; 20} = 25𝑚𝑚
𝑠min (25) ≤ 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 (58; 132) ≤ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 (150) ∴ 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠
58

Analysis of Reinforced Concrete (Rectangular &amp; Flanged Section

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Analysis of Reinforced Concrete (Rectangular &amp; Flanged Section

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NARITANOH/UITMPG/ECS338/SEPT19

1. Introduction to code of practice in accordance with relevant standards. (LO1)

INTRODUCTION TO CODE OF PRACTICE IN ACCORDANCE WITH RELEVANT STANDARDS

– Is a document that provides recommendations for the design and construction of

LIMIT STATE DESIGN; CHARACTERISTIC OF MATERIALS, STRENGTH AND CHARACTERISTIC LOADS.

– What is limit state design

Table 1: Characteristics of reinforced concrete components

Properties Concrete Steel

Compression strength Good Poor

Tensile strength Poor Good

Shear strength Fair Good

Durability Good Rusty & corrosion

Fire resistance Good Poor

Table 2: characteristic actions/loading

Characteristic permanent action, Gk Characteristic variable action, Qk

– Self-weight of the structure – Loading cause from

𝑛 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘 (𝑈𝐿𝑆)

Figure 1: stress strain relationship for concrete

Figure 2: stress strain relationship for steel

1. Mode of failure-balance, under reinforced, over reinforced

MODE OF FAILURE IN REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTION

STRESS BLOCK-RECTANGULAR BEAM SINGLY REINFORCED

How to get neutral axis (x)

Where: 𝜂 = 1.0 , 𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 0.85 , 𝛾𝑚𝑐 = 1.5

𝜂𝛼𝐶𝐶 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (1.0)(0.85)𝑓𝑐𝑘

𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐹𝑐𝑐

0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝐴𝑠 ) = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏)(0.8𝑥 )

How to get moment capacity, ultimate moment

𝑴𝒔𝒕 = 𝑭𝒄𝒄 𝒛 = [0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏)(0.8𝑥 )][𝑑 − 0.4𝑥]

𝑴𝒔𝒕 = 𝑭𝒄𝒄 𝒛 = [0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏)(0.8)(0.45𝑑)][𝑑 − 0.4(0.45𝑑 )] = 0.167𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2

STRESS BLOCK-RECTANGULAR BEAM DOUBLY REINFORCED

How to get neutral axis (x)

Where: 𝜂 = 1.0 , 𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 0.85 , 𝛾𝑚𝑐 = 1.5

𝜂𝛼𝐶𝐶 𝑓𝑐𝑘 (1.0)(0.85)𝑓𝑐𝑘

𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, (𝐹𝑐𝑐 + 𝐹𝑆𝐶 )

0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝐴𝑠 ) = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏)(0.8𝑥 ) + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝐴𝑠 ′)

How to get moment capacity, ultimate moment

𝑴𝒔𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒅𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚𝒌 (𝑨𝒔 ′)(𝒅 − 𝒅′ )

Main reinforcement, Øbar

shear reinforcement, Ølink

NOMINAL COVER, Cnom

𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + Δ𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣

HOW TO GET Cmin DUE TO FIRE RESISTANCE

HOW TO GET Cmin DUE TO EXPOSURE CLASS

𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max {𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 ; 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 + Δ𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝛾 − Δ𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑠𝑡 − Δ𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑎𝑑𝑑 ; 10𝑚𝑚}

𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 = 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4.2

𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 = 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4.3𝑁 & 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4.4𝑁

MAIN REINFORCEMENT FOR RECTANGULAR BEAM (PG 8)

EXAMPLE (RECTANGULAR SINGLY)

𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑛 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑄𝑘 = 1.35(2) + 1.5(4.87) = 10.005𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 402𝑚𝑚2 (2𝐻16)

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑏ℎ = 0.04(150)(315) = 1890𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 (71) ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 (402) ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1890) … ∴ 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠

EXAMPLE (RECTANGULAR DOUBLY)

(𝑘 − 𝑘𝑏𝑎𝑙 )𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 (0.179 − 0.167)(30)(150)(315)2

𝐴′𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 226𝑚𝑚2 (2𝐻12)

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑏ℎ = 0.04(150)(315) = 1890𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 (71) ≤ 𝐴′𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 (226) ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1890) … ∴ 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠

𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 804𝑚𝑚2 (4𝐻16)

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 (71) ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 (804) ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1890) … … . . ∴ 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠

1. Analysis of section flanged section when neutral axis lies at flanged

ANALYSIS OF SECTION FLANGED SECTION WHEN NEUTRAL AXIS LIES AT FLANGED

Assumption : hf≤0.8x & Mdesign ≤ Mf

Analysis of Reinforced Concrete (Rectangular & Flanged Section

Analysis of Reinforced Concrete (Rectangular & Flanged Section