CE 308 : PRC - I

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RC BEAMS

(AN INTRODUCTION)

MILITARY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

NUST
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

➢ Basics of flexural theory of a RC beam

➢ Behavior of steel and concrete in a RC beam

➢ Different stages till the failure of a RC beam

➢ Bending Moment Capacity of a RC Beam

➢ Basic strength requirement of a beam

➢ What is analysis and design

FRAME STRUCTURE
REIFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
 BASIC FLEXURAL THEORY
A
w (lb/ft)

N/A

M (lb-ft)

A
BASIC FLEXURAL THEORY

C
jd Mn = T x jd
C x jd
T

A
 BASIC FLEXURAL THEORY
➢ Assumptions Regarding Flexural Behavior:
1. Plane Section Remains Plane after Bending
 BASIC FLEXURAL THEORY
➢ Assumptions Regarding Flexural Behavior:
1. Plane Section Remains Plane after Bending

2. There exist a Perfect Bond b/w Concrete and Steel

No slip at the
surface of the steel
P

3. Hooks Law is Applicable

 FLEXURAL THEORY OF RCC
➢ Assumptions Regarding Steel Behavior:
fs Es
fy

(Compression)
ey ey
es

(Tension)

fy
 FLEXURAL THEORY OF RCC
➢ Assumptions Regarding Concrete Behavior:
fc

f’c

(Compression)
er
ec
eo emax= 0.003
fr
(Tension)
 FLEXURAL THEORY OF RCC
A

ec fc

Sec A-A er fr
(Stage – I)
 FLEXURAL THEORY OF RCC
A

ec fc ec fc

Sec A-A er fr es fs
(Stage – I) (Stage – II)
 FLEXURAL THEORY OF RCC
A

ec fc ec fc ec(max) fc

es fs es or eey fs or fy
Sec A-A er fr s

(Stage – I) (Stage – II) (Stage – III)

 Equivalent Stress Distribution
➢ Design assumptions for concrete (ACI Code 22.2.2.4 )
➢ In 1937, C.S. Whitney, proposed the replacement of stress
distribution by an equivalent rectangular stress distribution.
Equivalent Stress Distribution
 BASIC STRENGTH REQ
➢ For each applicable factored load combination, design
strength at all sections shall satisfy: (ACI Code 9.5.1.1)
Reduced nominal strength ≥ factored load effects

fMn ≥ Mu
➢ Mu is the moment due to the factored loads, which is referred
to as the factored design moment. (ACI Code 5.3.1)
➢ Mn refers to the nominal moment strength of a cross section,
computed from the dimensions and material strengths.
➢ f is the strength reduction factor to account for possible
variations. (ACI Code 21.2.1 and 21.2.2)
 ANALYSIS VS DESIGN
➢ Two different types of problems arise in the study of
reinforced concrete:
1. Analysis
1. b
2. h
3. As Mn
4. fy
5. f’c
2. Design
1. b
2. h
Load 3. As
4. f’c
5. fy
 FAILURE OF RCC BEAM
Balanced strain condition.
A balanced strain condition exist at a cross section when
steel strain is equal to ey and the strain in concrete
simultaneously reaches ecu=0.003. ecu
From similar triangles
c/d = ecu/(ecu+ ey) c
c = ecu.d/(ecu+ ey) ----- (I)
for equilibrium, T= C d
As.fy=ρb.b.d.fy=0.85f’c.a.b
=0.85f’c. β1c.b
put value of c from (I) above, ey
ρb= 0.85 β1.f’c/fy.(ecu/ ecu+ ey)
For Es= 29x106 psi and ecu= 0.003, we get
ρb= 0.85 β1.f’c/fy.(87000/(87000+ fy))
 FAILURE OF RCC BEAM

➢ When the load carrying capacity of the beam is reached,

failure can be caused in one of the two ways.

1. Compression controlled failure

2. Tension controlled failure
 FAILURE OF RCC BEAM
1. Compression controlled failure
➢ If large amount of reinforcement is used, the compressive
strength of concrete may be exhausted before steel starts
yielding.
➢ Compression failure of concrete is sudden, of an almost
explosive nature and without warning. For this reason, it is
always undesirable to proportion a beam such that if
overloaded, failure initiates by crushing of concrete and not
by yielding of steel.
➢ This type of section is called as over reinforced section.
 FAILURE OF RCC BEAM
1. Compression controlled failure
➢ when the concrete strain in compression just reaches a strain
of 0.003. ey may be taken equal to 0.002 for grade 60 steel.
c/dt ≥ 0.003/(0.002 +0.003) ≥ 0.60

➢ c/dt ≥3/5 ≥0.60

 FAILURE OF RCC BEAM
2. Tension controlled failure
➢ If relatively moderate amount of steel is used, at some value
of load, the steel will reach its yield point.
➢ The reinforcement yields and stretches a large amount and
the tension cracks in the concrete widen visibly and
propagate upward, with simultaneous significant deflection of
beam.
➢ The strain in the remaining compression zone of the concrete
increase to such a degree that crushing of concrete occurs
causing “secondary compression failure”.
 FAILURE OF RCC BEAM
2. Tension controlled failure
➢ The net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel is equal to
or greater than 0.005, concrete strain in compression just
reaches a strain of 0.003.

c/dt ≤ 3/8 ≤ 0.375

 FAILURE OF RCC BEAM
2. Tension controlled failure (Transition Section).
➢ When the tensile strain in extreme tension steel is between
the limiting values for compression controlled and tension
controlled limits, the section behaves as a transition between
the two types of sections. 0.375≤ c/dt ≤ 0.60
MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT
 MAXIMUM REINFORCEMENT
➢ To make sure that every flexural member fails by yielding of
steel by sufficient warning before failure, ACI Code 9.3.3.1
require that if axial load on the member is less than 0.1f’c.Ag,
then et ≥ 0.004 which means
0.003 (dt-c)/c ≥ 0.004
c/dt≤3/7
➢ For singly reinforced beams with one layer of steel
reinforcement, dt=d
For C = T,
0.85 f’c.b.a=As.fy=ρb.d.fy
ρ = 0.85(f’c/fy).a/d=0.85(f’c/fy).β1.3/7
ρmax=0.364 β1.f’c/fy
 MAXIMUM REINFORCEMENT
➢ For design, it is better to keep the minimum strain equal to
0.005 to give some margin against the possibility of being
below the strain limit of 0.004, while steel bars are selected.

➢ Also, due to reduced factor of safety at a strain of 0.004, no

considerable economy is obtained, therefore,

et ≥ 0.005
(c/dt) ≤ 3/8

ρmax= 0.318 β1.f’c/fy This equation is preferred.

 ANALYSIS OF SINGLY
REINFORCED SECTION
1. Calculate the depth of neutral axis assuming the section
as under - reinforced.
a = As.fy/(0.85 f’c.b)
c = a/β1
2. Calculate the steel strain. Also calculate et, if different. (or
check c/dt ratio)
es= 0.003(d-c)/c =0.003(β1d-a)/a
et= 0.003(dt-c)/c =0.003(β1dt- a)/a
If et ≥ey , the sec is under reinforced as assumed, go to
step no.3.
If et < ey , it will be a compression failure. Recalculate the
value of “a” from following eqn.
{0.85 f’c/(87000.ρ)}a2+ad - β1.d2=0
 ANALYSIS OF SINGLY
REINFORCED SECTION
3. Determine the value of strength reduction factor, ɸ
depending upon the value of et.
et ≥ 0.005 ɸ=0.90
et ≤ єy ɸ=0.65
0.002 < et < 0.005 --- Use transition formula.
ɸ=0.65+{0.25/(0.005 - ey)}x(et - ey)
ɸ = 0.483 +83.33 et. ------- For grade 60 steel.
4. Calculate the flexural capacity , ɸ Mn, as under.
ɸ Mn= ɸ As. fy (d - a/2) For under reinforced sec.
ɸ Mn= ɸ 0.85 f’c.b.a (d - a/2) For compression
= ɸ As.fs.(d - a/2) controlled section