REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Working Stress Method-I

IV SEMESTER CIVIL ENGINEERING
By
RAJENDRA SINGH
PRINCIPAL
LUCKNOW POLYTECHNIC LUCKNOW
 𝐹
STRESS = :1 N/m2 = 1 Pa : 1N/mm2 = 1Mpa
𝐴

Δ𝐿
STRAIN =
𝐿
E (Modulus of Elasticity) = STRESS/ STRAIN

ES=2X105 N/mm2

(Stress -Strain curve for Mild steel)

 Ec= 5000 𝑓𝑐𝑘 N/mm2
fck- characteristics compressive strength of concrete

Ec Short term modulus of Elasticity

𝐸𝑐
Ece= ; Ɵ- Creep Coefficient= Creep Strain /
1+Ɵ
Elastic strain ; IS 456-2000 pp 16

Ece Long term of Modulus of Elasticity

Stress -Strain curve for Concrete

𝐸𝑠
Modular Ratio m=
𝐸𝐶
GRADES OF CONCRETE
IS456: 2000 M – MIX ; fck- 28 days
compressive strength of 150 mm size cube
Ordinary Concrete M 10 to M20
Standard Concrete M25 to M55
High Strength Concrete M60 to M80
 fy =500

fy =415

fy =250
 WORKING STRESS METHOD
Both Concrete and steel – Elastic and obey Hook’s Law

C/S & Material Should be such that it

L can resist this SF and BM

𝑀𝑦 𝐼
fc/t= or M= fc/tx 𝑦
𝐼
𝑏𝑑 2
MR= f x ; fc/t - allowable stress
6
of material

if MR ˃ PL/4 ; section is safe against

bending
Assumptions in working stress method
1- At any section , plane section before bending remain plane
after bending (Strain is Linear)
2- Tensile Stresses are taken by steel and none by concrete.
(fcr = .7 𝑓𝑐𝑘)

3- Stress strain relationship of steel and concrete is straight

line.
280
m= where σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 is permissible compressive stress due
3σ𝑐𝑏𝑐
to bending in N/mm2

(takes partially in to account long term effect such as creep

 Permissible stresses in concrete and steel as per IS456-2000
concrete bending Compression Direct Compression
Grade σ cbc ( ≈ 0.33fck) MPa σ cc (≈0.25fck)MPa
M15 5 4
M20 7 5
M25 8.5 6
M30 10 8

Steel Mild Steel Fe250,MPa HYSD Fe415,MPa

Tension ≈0.55fy ≈0.55fy
σ st
Ø<=20mm 140 230
> 20mm 130 230
Compression 130 190
in Column
SINGLY REINFORCED; DOUBLY REINFORCED AND T-BEAM
 CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENT CONCRETE STRESS AND
EQUIVALENT CONCRETE AREA
P=Pc+Ps; Pc-Load Taken by Concrete; Ps- Load Taken by Steel
P=σcAc +σsAs (1);
σs-Stress in Steel; σc-Stress in Concrete
For Perfect Bonding,
ϵs= ϵc;
σs σ𝑐
Es = Ec
σs σ𝑠
or, σc= =
Es/Ec 𝑚
σc is Equivalent
Concrete Stress of steel
Equation (1) can be rewritten as:
P= σcAc+mσcAs; σc(Ac+mAs)
mAs is Equivalent Concrete Area of Steel
 SINGLY REINFORCED SECTION

Section of Beam Equivalent stress Equivalent Area

Diagram Diagram
CRITICAL NEUTRAL AXIS(nc)-From Equivalent Stress Diagram
σcbc σst/m
=
𝑛𝑐 𝑑−𝑛𝑐
σcbc 3σst(140)σcbc
For Fe250 &M15 : = ; nc = 0.4d
𝑛𝑐 280(𝑑−𝑛𝑐)
nc is Independent of Grade of Concrete
Similarly, For Fe415 nc = 0.29d
ACTUAL NEUTRAL AXIS (na) From Equivalent Area Diagram
𝑏𝑛𝑎2
=mAst(d-na)
2
Example:
M20; Fe250; 5bars of 14mm φ
σcbc=7MP; σst=140MPa;
find na and nc ?

m=13.33;
π
Ast=5x 4 x142 mm2
=769.69 mm2
σcbc σst/m
=
𝑛𝑐 𝑑−𝑛𝑐
nc =0.4d=0.4x500=200mm
𝑏𝑛𝑎 2
=mAst(d-na)
2
250𝑛𝑎2 /2=13.33x769.69(500-na)
𝑛𝑎2 +82.079na-41039.87=0
−82.079± 82.0792 +4𝑥41039.87
na = 2
=165.65mm
BALANCED; UNDER REINFORCED AND OVER
REINFORCED SECTION

nn
a=n
a=n
cc

Section Balanced Section Under-reinforced Over- reinforced

na= nc Section na<nc section na>nc
 BALANCED UNDER OVER
REINFORCED REINFORCED
na=nc na<nc na>nc
Steel and Concrete Steel reaches its Concrete reaches its
both reach permissible permissible permissible value
value simultaneously value first. first
𝑛 Ductile Failure sudden failure
MR=σstAst(d- 3𝑎 )
𝑛𝑎 (0+σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 ) 𝑛
(0+σ ) 𝑛 MR=σstAst(d- 3 ) MR= bna(d- 𝑎)
MR= 2𝑐𝑏𝑐 bna(d- 3𝑎 ) 2 3
Percentage Steel in Balanced Section:

Total Compression= Total Tension

σcbcbnc
=Ast σst;
2
5𝑥𝑏𝑥0.4𝑑
For Fe250 &M15: = Astx140
2
Ast
x100=0.72% (Depends upon Grade of Concrete and
𝑏𝑑
Steel)
 MOMENT OF RESISTANCE(MR)

MR= CxLever Arm ;or TxLever Arm

0+𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑎
= bna(d- ) or σstAst (d- )
2 3 3
For Balanced Section na=nc
(For M15)
0+5
= 2
bx0.4dx (d-0.4d /3);
=2.5x0.4bdx0.867d=0.867bd2
For M20
MR=1.2138bd2
In previous example, nc=200mm;na=165.65mm;Ast
=769.69mm2 ;d=500mm;b=250mm M20;Fe250
na<nc –Section is under reinforced
𝑛𝑎
MR=σst Ast(d- 3 )
=140x769.69x(500-165.65/3)
=47928339.74N-mm=47.928KN-m
Concrete is not reaching its permissible stress
6
𝜎𝐶
47.928x10 = x250x165.65(500-165.65/3);
2
σc=5.20MPa;
Alternatively, from Equivalent Stress Diagram:
σc 140
= ; σc = 5.20MPa
165.65 13.33𝑥334.35
THANK YOU