Reinforced Concrete Element

Flexural Analysis of Beam

LB3 Civil Engineering ITS

Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya

Last Ed. Sept 2017

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 1 / 17

Flexural Analysis of Beams

On a concrete beam with tensile reinforcing and that the load is

gradually increased in magnitude until the beam fails. As this takes
place, the beam will go through three distinct stages before collapse
occurs. These are:
(1) the uncracked concrete stage,
(2) the concrete cracked-elastic stresses stage, and
(3) the ultimate-strength stage.

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 2 / 17

Beam Stress Evolutions

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 3 / 17

Momen-Curvature Diagram

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 4 / 17

Cracking Moment

The area of reinforcing as a percentage of the total cross-sectional area

of a beam is quite small (usually 2% or less), and its effect on the beam
properties is almost negligible as long as the beam is uncracked.
The stress in the concrete at any point a distance y from the neutral
axis :
My
f =
Ig
Substitute f with fr and y with yt , we get :

fr Ig
Mcr =
yt

Which : Mcr ispcracking moment, fr is modulus of rupture (may be

taken as 0.62 fc0 ), and yt is the distance from the centroidal axis of the
section to its extreme fiber in tension.

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 5 / 17

Example 1.1

a. Assumed uncrack, compute bending stress of a beam 300x450 mm

reinforced with 3D29 (As = 1981.56 mm2 ), with decking of 50mm,
loaded with bending moment√of 32 kN-m, while fc0 = 30MPa and
modulus of rupture fr = 0.62 30 = 3.396 MPa
b. Determine the cracking moment of the section.
Solution:
a. Bending Stress:
1 3 1
Ig = bh = × 300 × 4503 = 2278125000 mm4
12 12
My 32000000 N-mm × 225 mm
f = = = 3.16 MPa (N/mm2 ).
Ig 2278125000 mm4
b. Cracking moment:
fr Ig 3.396 × 2278125000
Mcr = = = 34.383 kN-m
yt 225

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 6 / 17

Elastic Stresses-Concrete Cracked
When the bending moment is sufficiently large to cause the tensile
stress in the extreme fibers to be greater than the modulus of rupture,
it is assumed that all of the concrete on the tensile side of the beam is
cracked and must be neglected in the flexure calculations.
On the tensile side of the beam, an assumption of perfect bond is made
between the reinforcing bars and the concrete. Thus, the strain in the
concrete and in the steel will be equal at equal distances from the
neutral axis.
If the strains in the two materials at a particular point are the same,
however, their stresses cannot be the same since they have different
moduli of elasticity.
Introduce modular ratio :

Es
n=
Ec

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 7 / 17

Example 1.2

Calculate the bending stresses in the beam at previous example by

using the transformed area method, fc0 = 30 MPa, n = 9 , M = 45
kN-m.
Solution:
Taking Moments about Neutral Axis
x
300 × x × = 9 × 1981.56 × (400 − x)
2
150x2 = 7133614.44 − 17834.04x

Solving for x we get:

x1 = 166.59 govern
x2 = −285.48 not good

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 8 / 17

Moment of Inertia:

1
I= × 300 × 166.593 + 9 × 1981.56 × (400 − 166.59)2
3
I = 1433926722.39 mm4

Bending Stresses :

My 45000000 × 166.59
fc = = = 5.22 MPa
I 1433926722.39
My 45000000 × (400 − 166.59)
fs = n =9 = 65.92 MPa
I 1433926722.39

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 9 / 17

Example 1.3

Determine the allowable resisting moment of the beam of Example 1.2,

if the allowable stresses are fc0 = 15 MPa and fs = 240 MPa.
Solution:

fc I 15 × 1433926722.39
Mc = = = 129.11 kN-m ⇒ govern
yc 166.59
fs I 240 × 1433926722.39
Ms = = = 163.82 kN-m
nys 9 × (400 − 166.59)

For a given beam, the concrete and steel will not usually reach their
maximum allowable stresses at exactly the same bending moments.

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 10 / 17

Ultimate or Nominal Flexural Moments

In this section, a very brief introduction to the calculation of the

ultimate or nominal flexural strength of beams is presented.

Some assumsion needed:

The actual distribution of the compressive stress (parabola) replaces
with an equivalent rectangular stress block can be used without loss of
accuracy.

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 11 / 17

The flexural strength Mn , using the equivalent rectangular, is obtained
as follows:

C = 0.85fc0 ab
T = A s fy

ΣFx = 0 gives T = C

As fy = 0.85fc0 ab
A s fy
a=
0.85fc0 b
 a  a
Mn = T d − or Mn = C d −
 2 a 2
M n = A s fy d − or
 2 a
Mn = 0.85fc0 ab d −
2

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 12 / 17

Example 2.1

Determine the nominal moment strength of the beam section of

350x600mm with decking 60mm, reinforced with 3D25mm. Take
fc0 = 20 MPa and fy = 400 MPa.
Solution:

As (3D25) = 1472.62 mm2

A s fy 1472.62 × 400
a= 0
= = 98.96 mm
0.85fc b 0.85 × 20 × 350
 
 a 98.96
Mn = As fy d − = 1472.62 × 400 (600 − 60) −
2 2
Mn = 288.84 kN-m

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 13 / 17

Minimum Reinforcement

Since ductile failure mode is desired, the lowest of steel permitted

should be equal the strength of unreinforced section:

Strength of Reinforced beam, φMn ≥ Strength of plain beam, Mcr

Assuming plain concrete beam as homogeneous material:

Ig
Mcr = fr
yt

fc0 Cbw h2
p
p Cbw h3 /12 0.62
Mcr = 0.62 fc0 =
h/2 6
For reinforced section:

φMn = φAs fy (d − a/2)

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 14 / 17

Minimum Reinforcement

Substituting both equation to main equation:

0.62 fc0 Cbw h2

p
φAs fy (d − a/2) ≥
6
estimating a/2 as 0.05d, and using φ = 0.9 for flexure gives :
" p #  2 
0.62 fc0

h C
As,min = bw d
fy d 5.13

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 15 / 17

Minimum Reinforcement
For rectangular section:
Value of C = 1, and h/d between 1.05 to 1.2, minimum reinforcement:
p p
0.13 fc0 0.17 fc0
As,min = bw d to As,min = bw d
fy fy

For T-section:
Value of C variying from 1.3 to 1.6, taking C = 1.5, minimum
reinforcement:
p p
0.20 fc0 0.26 fc0
As,min = bw d to As,min = bw d
fy fy

the code (SNI and ACI) use slightly different value:

p
fc0
As,min = bw d
4fy

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 16 / 17

Home Work

Reading Assignment:
Make a note on Chapter 3 of refference, remember try not to write the
equations.
Solve the folowing:
1. problem 2.44
2. problem 2.47
3. Find the flexural moment strength of beam on problem 2.20, with
fc0 = 25 MPa and fy = 300 MPa.

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete Element First Ed Sept 2014 17 / 17