sA-09- 1 06, SP-09-08 8, FTE-09-0 43, PE-09 -204, HV-09-097,

SE-o 9 -212

Electricity Cluster-Oriented Network with Renewable Energ5r Generation and Battery Enerry Storage System
tKaoruKoyanagi Naoki
Satoshi

Nagata Mikio Fujino (VPEC)

?ffi"Jtf*iil'f-"

Rvuichi vor,ovama

(6$*'ftfl

Yasuhiro Noro (Toshiba)

Abstract

Utilization of renewable energies such as wind enerry and solar enerry are being expected as one of countermeasures against global warming. However, for incorporating a large amount of generators based on the renewable enerry, there are problems such as unreliable supply of power and reverse flow in the network in present distribution network. The authors propose a new grid'independent power systeu, "electricity cluster-oriented network", that consists ofone or several clusters in which renewable enerry generation and battery energy storage system(BESS) are equipped as main power supply sources. Mathematical models for computer simulations were developed by MATLAB/Simulink, and the dynamie properties are presented.
Keywords : Distributed generation, Micro'grid, Battery energy storage system, Renewable enerry, Grid interconnection

t.

Iutroduclion
Renewable energies such as wind power and solar power

electric power network to meet regional expansion of the area

electricity demand and supply

eleckicity-cluster.
Cluster-Oriented Network.

by the addition of It is called here, the Electricity

resources are valuable enerry rcsour@s which can contribute to

improvement

of

selEsufficiency rate

of

energr and can bo

expected as a global warming mea.sure. However, when there is

The authors developed dynamic models of renewable energy generators and battery energy storage system by

a large amouut ofpenetration ofrenewable energy generalions

MAILAB/Simulinh performed computer simulations to

investigate the fundamental capabilities, that is, capabilities to maintain both frequenry and voltage in the grid-independent

into grid, some problerns will arise in the present distribution power network due to instability of power ouput and large rever$e power flow caused by the renewable enerry generation On the other hand, in study ofrecent new elecficity supply system there is a way of thinking of local production for local
consumption by the so-called micro-grid which supplies the area

networh and the extension capability aimed at flexible and

scalable network.

This paper presents a proposal ofcluster-oriented network

aud shows results ofthe feasibility study to evaluate its technical

demand

by the aea electric power resour@s, and

the

possibility.

demonstrations have been also perforrred at home and abroad.

From the viewpoint

studied the possibility

of

local production

for

local

2.

Proposed ElectricityCluster-Oriented Network

Feature of the proposed electricity cluster-oriented network

consumption of elechic power enerry, the authors proposed and

of a new distributed and autonomous

Table

isindicatedinTable

1.

Feature of Electricity Cluster-Oriented Network compared with the other grids

Itens
PowerSmrtss

Coanledi@slGrid
La rge'scale Foesil'fi rea Eydro and l.Iuclear Pumped ttonge Eydro
Sm

Micfo'pd
(Anchored

Eleetrisity ehrsbr0riefod Netpo*

Eenewebh Eaergy euch ar PV, WiEd Micro'bydro BESSplays a dominaat rcle supply
N

atsired
B

IV and Wind, etc by Codnll$le Generatiors)

GE, tr'C;

aD(t

attery Eneqry Storase System EBSS) is cucial for the svetem

Sae4y$tsage

BESSis coopemtiw iathe qrcrationwith the

otherge*ratione

fu

power

Intcrmlectim
Scale ScalabiiliB

Betweon utilitiee

Normally irterconMed
ind epeodeut

Lare
Poor
(Long-rage

qleratiu ia emergency Miilille

Good

withuti[ty, but

ormally independefr

4eratim

Smdl
(Scaledup autonommsly dependiry on +L- --^;\ For un'elecirified area su.h as remo0e area or developing couutries

Ercellent

Plx.ni-g)

(Short'range Pluains) Distdbuted networt frr next gonerafion

Applieatiu

targe-scale social

infnstrudure

(Eigh ercrgl efficienEyby

Cff)

The features

(a) (b) (c) (d)

ae summarized as follows. Electric power is produced locally

for local

power

consumption, mainly by renewable energies

Bdter),energy storage system (BESS) is a stable supply source ofthe eleclric power
Expansion

Control of Frcquency and Voltages in the Cluster voltage (reactive power) control, the control method according to the VA reactive supply capability of the equipment is ernployed like a case of conventional micro-grid

3.1

As for

of

scale

is done by addition of

electricity

clusters coupled with DC interconnection Grid-independent and autonomous network is assumed for

ryplications in remote area

The feature of the proposed cluster-oriented network is

supplemented below.

(l)

the

BESS plays as a supply source

ofelectric power, and

not as a compensation of difference in demand and supply.

(Comparison
compensation

is illushded in Fig. I (a) and (b).) ln of difference in demand and supply, kW

Fig. 2 Reactive power control ofvoltage.source inverter

(electic power) is a control taxget. However, when BESS is

regarded as supply resource, kWh (tlrc ereryJi) is more

imporhnt in the control rather than kW. In additioq when forccasting system is considered for output power of
renewable energr generatioq a prediction of kWh becomes more importantto than aprediction of kW.

As for frequency control, since there are no synchronous

gererarors

with tlrc inertia like present r.[ility grid

and

micro-grid but only the inyerter-interfaced generation, the

following conhol method is proposed (a) Freqtrency in a cluster is determined by inverter controller
implemented

wiadGmeration

l*l
.t " i t..* {,f,+.-: [r

k--, L it****''ir*TriT f
Photovoltaic Gaeration

il

the BESS.

(b)

Inverter implemented in the BESS is operated by conshnt voltage and constant frequency (CVCF) mode @efer to
Table 2).
FV Generation

#-,i
(a)

*ffi

fi

PowuSrpply

BESS in cnnventional micro-grid

Powcr

Dmad

(b) a)

BESS in the proposed cluster-oriented network Fig. 1 Role of BESS (Two cases are presented)

The intercorrrection between clusters is DC link tkough &e battery. Therefore, when ifs necessary, different
frequency is allowable in rated frequency ofeach cluster. Thus, supply of elecfic power for different quality as well

Fig 3 Configuration of single

cluster

Table 2 Control scheme of inverter forBESS

Control Mode

as DC distribution is also
development.

Application
Grid-dependent

Control Active Powor @) and

Reactive Power (Q)

considered

as

futurc
ACRmode

Stqbility of the Grid-independent Network and the Way of Interconnection between Clusters

CVCF mode

Grid-independent

Voltag{V)ard
Frequenry(f)

2t6

3.2 Thc Method of Interconoection between Multiple

Clusters When expanding the scale due to increase of electricity

chalged enerry of batteries (SOC)

of cluster A and B with

high accurary in control ofthe inverter. (d) The amount of the charged enerry of battery (SOC) is
reflected in frequenry of &e voltage wave produced by the

deman( there is choice ofexpansion by addition ofclusters well as expaasion inthe single cluster.

as

inverter. That is, in a case with a lot of cbarged energy, frequenry of the cluster is maintained rather high within allowable range, and in a case with little chalged energ5r
conversely, &equenry of the cluster is maintained low. (e)

By leveling clnarged enerry (Stafe Of Charge, SOC) in the

BESS among the whole clusEr group, tho merit of expanding by

addition of clusters, is the capability of avoiding the lack of supply in advane which may occur in the specific cluster, and then, contributing to improvement ofthe zupply reliability. An additional inverter for interconnection between clusters
is installed in one BESS as shown in Fig. 4 and tie-line power is controlled by the inverter. ACR control rnode listed on Table 2 is
applied as control ofthe inverter.

When doing this, ftequencies

detected and compared in control

in cluster A md B me oftb inverter dedicated

for interconnection, and it is decided to flow power into a cluster of low-freguency from a cluster of high-frequency. Frequency is a global signal in AC system, and then,
tie-line power

ontol

is performed only by detecting local

frequency without arry special communication lines.

BESS (CVCF Operatiqr) Main

Lvertd

Wind

G$satis

lricelty&o

Gerdid

lryertor for

Int*mrectim

.ft
Tmnsfar

Pmar

{}
Invertr for Iderc@nrtion (Power Router)

BESS (CVCF Opeation)

liraiD

livortor

(a) Contol

method of tie-line power

flow

\r-'

Lt?1
cluster Lo.ds

n
I

I I

Fig. 4Interconrrection between ClusterA and B

A way of thinking for control of ttre tie-line power

described below

is

(a)

Control of the tie-line power, that is, direction and amount

of flow, is
mode).

performed

interconnection which

by the inverter dedicated for is implemented fu BESS (ACR

power may flow from the

(b)

An exanple of ft,equency setting depending on SOC Fig. 5 Confrol oftie-line power

(b) It is controlled so that the tie-line

side with a little

Furtlrer, without limitation

to the specific form,

the

cluster side with a lot of SOC of BESS to another cluster

interconnection among clusters can be flexibly composed of the

S@. This

radial consfuction or the cascade construction.

is the same analory as transfer

ofsynchronous energy between the synchronous generators in conventional grids.

4.

Simulation &udies using MATLAB/Simulirk

(c)

To make this scherne achieve(

it is necessary to

grasp

Elecficity cluster-oriented network which consists of two

3/6

electricity clusters, a dynamic model of the network was built and the operating characteristics were simulaed using MAILAB/Simulink. The pupose of the simulation studies are
validation ofthe operating stability offrequency and voltage by
proposed method and also
the tw'o clusters.

Table 3 Outline of Cluster

Cluster Generation Photovoltaic
BESS

Inverter for lnterconnection

of interconnection control between

Gen.33kW

100krv,6.7kwh
Frequenry control: 0.3(t{2y40%SOC

Power
100kvA

cmrci8:

Wind
3OKVA

Gen.

PID Controller
Cvain :

4.1 Simulation Model Dcveloped

The whole construction of the network model which consists oftwo clusters (Cluster 1 and 2) is indicated oo Fig. 6. ctM2

300kw,50kwh
.,

667

(pukWpullz)

ditto

Frequenry conEol:

Time Constant :
10 second

ditto

El,'.-,^*"

4.22 Demand Curves in Clusters The demand curves in the two clusters were assumed as indicated in Fig. 7 in order to expect unbalance of supply and dema{d between two clusters. TIE unit of vertical axis is p.u of
IOOkVA base. The change ofdemand in Cluster
25%o comyared

is large about

with that in Cluster 2, showing that Cluster I has

larger change in demand than Cluster 2 with srne generation capacities. Thus, maintaining frequency

in Cluster

I will be

expected more difficult thao that in Cluster 2.

Fig. 6 MAILAB/Simulink model of network with two clusters

a

42 Simulation Conditions
4.2.1 The Outline of the apparatus in the clusters

(J

As renewable energy generatiorq photovoltaic generation

(inverter-interfaced system) and wind power generafion (direct

Ac-link system) were considercd Both cluster I and 2 are same in composition. The outline of cluster componeots is listed on
Table 3.

(d

Demand eurve for Cluster

As for photovoltaic generation, amount of solar irradiation

lkWm2 was

assumed as a basis during the simulations, but

tlle

t:

scenario assumes that it falls down to 0.5kWm2 bmporarily at

minute after beginning of simulation and gets

soon at 2 minuie, and the condition is kept

I back in lkWh2
the

-r.sdo+

urril the end of

simulation. As for wind generatiorq it was assumed that wiod velocity

increases linearly from

initial 5nr/s to final lOm/s in 200 second,

and then, wind speed is kept 10m/s after the 200 second to the end ofthe simulation

lm

2@

300 th<,

r(x)

5q,

600

The rated capacrty of battery enerry stomge (kWh) in Cluster 2 was assumed three times larger than the capacity of thet in cluster l. The time rating of the both BESSes were
assumed small as

(b) Demand curve for Cluster 2 Fig. 7 Assumed demand curves for Cluster I and 2

l0 minutes in this study considering computer

simulation time elapsed. BESS

43 Simulation Results
The following hvo cases were simulated.

kwh in Cluster l=100kw x 10 minute=l6.7kWh BESS kwh in Cluster 2=300kW x 10 minutr 50 kWh

N6

r"

JO.I

-icluss

I
3

^
E

50,0J

-:Cluns

!o-o;

-C1Grq --:Cloffi.:

t 3-

= a
io

!T

!0

U
{9_g 0

! .too!
=

teo

:ss

M0
Tar(r!

ro0

100

-t{0 fh{rl

{00

Fig. 8(a) Cluster freqtrency

*(1u*{
l.ol 1.tl
I

Fig. 9(a) Cluster frequency

-alo*s1 ---Clan rl
1.0t

: ;r
u
E
U,VY

rl

$o,
lt0 -ttt rl*iri
l{'B
6{m

100

104

100
rkd$

,100

fig.

8(b) Cluster voltages *clt$s

I

Fig. 9(b) Cluster voltages

s 31r
x

ft
o l{n 38 J&!
Tia.(rl

{m

5m

],

100

:90

Fig. (ci'State ofcharge (SOC) in BESS Fig. 8 Results ofcase for no-interconnetion
o.5 0.1 0.3

rl'{r}

.{00

{r}o

500

Fie. 9(il State oicharge (SOC) in BESS

(1) Case without the interconncction between two clusten

This is ttre case that cluster I and 2 are

operated

ol g i.t i ,,. F

The change ofdemand curve in cluster 1 is

larger and smaller battery energy storage capacity is

assumed ratlrerthan cluster 2" so stable control

ofsupply and

['
-n..1

&mand is more difficult than clustr 2. (2) Case with the interconnection betwcen two clusters

-o.S

trE

:s0

Both

fte

frequencies and

tlre charged energy in

BESS(SOC) in two chrsters are expected to be leveled with

-* irii. s(d) ril:rnJfi;A

shown

100 rh{l}

t{ro

5os

6r*

power mosfer between clusters confolled by inverter dedicated for cluster-inisrcoonction (Here, we call as an
electric power router).

dirm Ciuser t t" z Fig. 9 Results ofcase for in0eroonnection

in Fig. 8.

Simul*ion results with interonnection

Simuldion results of each case re shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9. The orlput (P, Q) of elecnic power router slrows power flows Aom cluster I to cluster 2 in positive directioa Simulation
results of the cases without interconnestion bet! ,een cluslers arc

between clusters by an electic powr router are shown in Fig. 9.

Both ttre initial amoufs of charged pouer of tb BESS were assumed as 50plo at each rded capacity. The simuldion period is
600 seconds. 616

4.4 Discussion The followings are found from the simulafion results.

(1) In the both cases with

and without interconnection by power router between clusters, frequency and electrical voltage can be kept stable. With CVCF control of main
inverter for BESS, inverter-interfaced generatioo, zuch as photovoltaic generation, or direct Ac-link rotary generator

less than the target value, frequency set value should be kept at slightly higher than raled frequency, on the other hand when the SOC is more than the target value, frequency set value should be kept at slightly Iower than rated frequency. The @ntrol of interconnection power flow between clusters (d) The inverter is equipped in addition to the main inverter BESS for interconnection between clusters.

in

such as wind generatioq ilequency can be maintained

stable. The proposed control scheme in which the set value

(e) The

of Aequency is variable according to the battery charged enerry 6OC) can be achieved with no problem. Further, the frequency falls a lot for cluster I than cluster 2 because
there is a lot of battery discharged caryacily, and this yields more reduction of SOC in Cluster

inverter for interconnection detects frequencies in adjment two clusters for control of tieJine power flow
according to the frequenry difference. By doing this, power

flow from higher-frequenry cluster to

lower-frequency

cluster can be achieved. Based on the assumpion of local production for local consumpion ineach cluster, the power

l.

(2) The leveling of both

&equencies and battery chmged

flow between clusters will be just compensation for excess

and deficiency in each cluster. And so, required roverter capacity for interconnection purpose
the main inverter capacity.

energies (SOC) in two clusters were achieved in the case

wfth inerconnection between clusters by electric power

router, and the validity of the proposed control method for power flow between clusters was dernonstrated.

will

be srraller than

It can be said that the proposed Electricity Cluster-Oriented Network is the aggregation of the loosely-coupled, autoromous and independent local networks for demand and supply called cluster, and that expansion in the scale is possible as the need
arises.

(3) The leveling

effect is seen in freqr:ency crwes in two interconnected clusters. On the other hand there are no changes in voltages betweenthe two cases. This is because
active power flow and the power factor of power flow is kept unity (reactive power is zero) by the electric power router. Voliage is a local variable whereas frequency is a

the electric power router applied in this study controls only

utility-gri( it

Even for the case of interconnection with the large-scale is the nahral expansion form since tlre utility-grid

can be regarded as a large cluster.

global variable, and this makes proper voltage control difficult only by the signal detected at ttrc terminal ofthe power router. Voltages in clusters should be controlled locally by the other proper reactive power control
equipment such as SVC. This is the same as conventional AC erid.

Charging to, or discharging from the plug-in hybrid vehicle @[IEV) at the time of peak dernand (V2G), that is expected as the next generation caf,, can be regarded as interconnection between clusters, PIIEV being direct-current
distribution cluster.
The authors intentl to advzrirce research on highly accurate

5.

Summary
Elecfficity cluster-oriented network was proposed and the

detection method of SOC, and to perform laboratory or field tests

in

fi.rture for demonstration

of the

proposed Electricity

Cliister-Oriented Network.

feasibility study to gmsp its technical possibility was performed by computer simulations using MAILAB/Simulink.

Reference

Ill
of
the

Jiro Sumita, Kojiro Nishioka, Yasuhiro Noro, Yozo Ito,

Masanori Yabuki and Noriko Kawakami, "A Verification

As for supply and

demand coatrol and the control

interconnection power flow between clusters adopted

are summarized as follows.

to

Test Result
Improvemeirt

of of

Isolated Operation

of a

Microgrid

proposed Electricity Cluster-Oriented Networh the main points Suoolv and demand control in each cluster

Configured with New Enerry Generations and a Study

Vol. 129, No. 1, W.57 -66, 2009.

of

Voltage Control", IEEJ Trans. PE,

(a)

Renewable energy generation (solar, wind or micro hydro generation) are controlled so as to get most nafural energy,

t21

K.De Brabanderc, B.Bolsens, J.Van den Keybus, A.Woyte,

(b)

ihat is, maximum power point tracking control MPPT). BESS such as NAS banery is required in each cluster and the inverter (main inverted is operated under CVCF mode
(constant voltage and frequency control).

J.Driesen and RBelrnans, "A Voltage and Frequency Droop Control Method for Parallel Inverters", 2004 35th Annual IEEE Power Elechonics Specialists Conference,
pp.25Al-2507,Aacher1 Germany, 2004.

(c)

I3l

The frequency in CVCF mode should be variable according

RH.Lasseter, *Control of Distributed Resowces", Paper presented at Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control IV

to the chargpd energy of BESS (SOC). When the SOC is

- Resfucturing,

August 24-28, Santorini, Greece, 1998.

616