KREBS CYCLE

Enzymes

rearange bonding within the four carbon molecule to become oxaloacetic acid, which combines with the acetyl CoA to restart krebs cycle.

THE KREBS CYCLE

After the glycolysis takes place in the cell's cytoplasm, the pyruvic acid molecules travel into the interior of the mitochondrion. Once the pyruvic acid is inside, carbon dioxide is enzymatically removed from each three-carbon pyruvic acid molecule to form acetic acid. The enzyme then combines the acetic acid with an enzyme, coenzyme A, to produce acetyl coenzyme A, also known as acetyl CoA. Once acetyl CoA is formed, the Krebs cycle begins.

Step 1
The acetic acid subunit of acetyl CoA is combined with oxaloacetate to form a molecule of citrate

Step 2 Citrate is rearranged to Isocitrate. This is an isomerization reaction that is catalyzed by an isomerase.

Step 3
Isocitrate is converted to (alpha) keto glutarate. One carbon atom is lost as CO2. NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

Step 4 (alpha) - keto glutarate is converted to Succinyl - CoA. Again, a Carbon atom leaves as CO2, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

STEP 5
Succinyl

- CoA is converted to Succinate. In this step, ATP is formed by Substrate - level phosphorylation. A phosphate group from the matrix displaces CoA from Succinyl - CoA. The phosphate group is then transferred to Guanosine di phosphate (GDP), forming Guanosine tri phosphate (GTP). Next, the phosphate group condenses with ADP, forming ATP.

STEP 6

Succinate

is converted to Fumarate. 2 H atoms reduce FAD to FADH2.

STEP 7

Fumarate

is converted to Malate with the addition of a water molecule.

STEP 8
converted

to Oxaloacetate. Two H atoms reduce NAD+ to NADH. This Oxaloacetate is further used in forming the cycle.

Overall

reaction of the Kreb's Cycle >>> oxaloacetate + acetyl - CoA + ADP + Pi + (3NAD+) + FAD >>> CoA + ATP + 3NADH + 3(H+) + FADH2 + 2CO2 + oxaloacetate.

OXIDATIVE PHOSPORYLATION;ELECTRON
TRANSPORT CHAIN

THE

END