KREB CYCLE

GROUP 5
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
- Refers to the first molecules that forms during the cycle’s reaction-
citrate, or, in its protonated form, citric acid.

TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE

- For the three Carboxyl groups on its first two intermediaries,

KREB CYCLE
- After its discoverer, Hans Kreb.
WHAT IS KREB CYCLE?
The Kreb Cycle, also called the citric acid
cycle, is the second major step in oxidative
phosphorylation. After glycolysis breaks
glucose into smaller 3-carbon molecules, the
Kreb Cycle transfer the energy from these
molecules to electron carriers, which will be
used in the electron transport chain to produce
ATP.
The importance of Kreb cycle
- Is at the center of cellular metabolism, playing a
starring role in both the process of energy
production and biosynthesis.
• The reduced electron carriers-
• NADH AND FADH2- generated in the Krebs cycle will
pass their electrons into the electron transport
chain (ETC) and, through oxidative phosphorylation.
LOCATION
• In eukaryotes, the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of the
mitochondria, just like the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.

• In prokaryotes, these steps both take place in the cytoplasm. The

citric acid cycle is a closed loop; the last part of the apathway reforms
the molecule used in the first step. The cycle includes eight major
steps.
 How, exactly, are those molecules made? We’ll walk through the cycle
step by step, seeing how NADH, FADH2, ATP/GTP are produces and
where carbon dioxide molecules are released.
 KREBS CYCLE STEPS
It is an eight-step process. The
krebs cycle takes place in the
matrix of mitochondrial
aerobic conditions.
STEP 1
• The first step is the condensation of acetyl CoA with
oxaloacetate (4c0 to form citrate (6C), coenzyme A is
released. The reaction is catalyzed by citrate synthase.
• Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetrate (a four-carbon
molecule) in a reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase.
• this reaction also takes a water molecule as a reactant,
and it releases a SH-CoA molecule as a product.
STEP 2
•Citrate is turned to its
isomer, isocitrate. The
enzyme aconitase catalyzes
this reaction.
STEP 3
•is oxidized into a-ketoglutarate ( a five carbon
molecule) is a reaction catalyzed by isocitrate
dehydrogenase.
•An NAD+ molecule is reduced to NADH + H+ in
this reaction, and
•A carbon dioxide molecule is released as a
product.
 STEP 4
• a-ketoglutarate is oxidized to succinyl CoA (unstable four
carbon molecule) in a reaction catalyzed by a-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase.
• An NAD+ molecule is reduced to NADH + H+ in this
reaction, which also
• Takes a SH-CoA molecule as reactant
• A carbon dioxide molecule is released as a product.
STEP 5
•Succinyl CoA is converted to
succinate by the enzyme succinyl
CoA synthetase. This is coupled with
substrate-level phosphorylation of
GDP to form GTP. GTP transfers its
phosphate to ADP forming ATP.
STEP 6
• Succinate is oxidized to another four carbon molecule fumarate in a
reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase.

• FAD is reduced to FADH2 in this reaction

STEP 7
• This reaction requires a water molecule as a reactant.

• fumarate is converted to malate in a reaction catalyzed by the

enzyme fumarase.
STEP 8
• Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate- the starting four-carbon
compound catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase.

• This reaction reduces an NAD+ molecule to NADH + H+.

PRODUCTS
• REMINDER: Everything is always multiplied by two as, two (2) acetyl
CoA were produced from Pyruvate Oxidation.
• 4 H20 molecules were used
• 2 ATP produced from step 5
• 4 CO2 were released
• 6 NADH were produced
• 2 FADH2 were produced
• Regenerated two (2) Carbon molecule OXALOACETATE
END…