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Multipath propagation causes several peaks in matched filter output

All values are complex i.e. both amplitude and phase information is available.

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transmitted symbol received symbol Modified with combined (Pilot) Channel symbol estimate

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A Matched Filter (IRM)

Received Wideband signal N times oversampled Z-1 Z-1 Z-1 N Delay elements Z-1 Z-1 Z-1
When data in the delay line aligns with the code there is a peak in the output, this corresponds to a multipath.

Code generator N + Yields both timing and phase information of the channel, hence the name Impulse Response Measurement (IRM) Length of MF determines the total delay spread that can be resolved. The code used is usually a special pilot code. Together with some averaging and thresholding, the channel estimator is complete. Requires a lot of processing (= high current consumption).


Impulse Response

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The RAKE receiver has to know

multipath delays phases of multipath components amplitudes of multipath components number of multipath components

time-delay synchronization carrier phase synchronization amplitude tracking RAKE allocation

The time-delay synchronization is based on correlation measurements

delay acquisition delay tracking by feedback loops (delay-locked loops, DLL)

Due to fading channels the conventional PLL cannot be used in carrier phase and amplitude tracking The main challenges for RAKE receivers operating in fading channels are in receiver synchronization

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In practical RAKE receivers the following functionality for synchronization are needed:

Automatic Gain Control (AGC) loop to keep the receiver at the dynamic range of A/D converter Automatic Frequency Control (AFC) loop to compensate for the drift of the local oscillator and possibly to compensate for high Doppler shifts Channel impulse response acquisition and scanning to allocate RAKE fingers Channel delay tracking to fine-adjust and track multipath components Complex channel coefficient tracking to obtain coherent reception

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High bandwidth (5MHz) and interference (with large dynamic) inherent to CDMA requires that the RF and IF parts have to operate linearly with large dynamic range AGC must be fast and accurate enough to keep the receiver at the linear range

In 3rd gen. W-CDMA systems the data rate is allowed to change frame-by-frame basis, which may set additional requirements to AGC and A/D converters.

The high sampling rates (few tens of MHz) and high dynamics of the input signal (up to 80 dB) require fast A/D converters with high resolution. The core of spread spectrum receivers are correlators needed for signal despreading.

RAKE requires 4 correlators for signal despreading and 8 correlators for delay tracking

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The techniques to obtain variable data rate in WCDMA systems and possible problems caused to RAKE receivers:

Variable spreading factor to increase the data rate only a piece of spreading code is used in spreading, processing gain becomes smaller low processing gains will introduce inter symbol interference like in TDMA system ISI can be combated to some extent by using spreading codes longer than one symbol interval ISI is randomized. Multicode operation to increase the data rate several spreading codes are used in parallel, multiple receivers are needed to demodulate data, multiple parallel data channels (spreading codes) will create multiple access type of interference.



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