Irawaddy - Dammingtheirrawaddy.in Burmese

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rmEdkifiH pkpkaygif;tus,ft0ef;. (61) &mcdkif
E_e;f udk v$r;f cHxm;onf?13 {&m0wDjrpfonf jrpf
a=umif;tv#m; (2170) uDvdkrDwmeD;yg;&Snf
v#m;+yD;/ wdkif;jynf. ta&;t}uD;qHk; ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fa&; a&a=umif;vrf;vnf;jzpfonf?
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tdik &f m0wD (Iravati) [laom
ooFu&dkuf bmompum;rS
qif;oufvmonf[k ,lq&
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jrpfEiS hf tdE,
dN 'm&D vmewf
orD ; i,f w yg;[k t"d y ` g ,f
&ygonf?
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
11
The Myitsone
Song of praise for the Kachin confluence
Memorable ever pleasant Kachin homeland
Mali hka and Nmai hka flow there with beautiful and colorful surroundings
Local residents enjoy their lives
This is the lovely natural homeland of the Kachin people
Dear loving brothers and sisters
Will you forget it due to long loss of contact?
Will you be looking forward to my return?
On the river banks of Mali hka and Nmai hka
The singers song spreads
The fascinating environment of Kachin homeland
Impressed my heart and nostalgia is felt
I will keep the music of my soul in my heart for you brothers and sisters
Photo: tab
12
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pwifp;D qif;onf? Tjrpfzsm;c&m jrpfEpS pf if;vH;k onf [dr0E mW awmifwef;. ta&S@awmif
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a&cJawmifxGf (Languela Glacier) rSm pwifay:xGef;onf? jrpfqHkonf ucsifjynf
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jref;cef; trSwf-30)
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13
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avh & S d = uonf ? Tae&monf {&m0wD . csuf j r K yf Z mwd a e&mjzpf a oma=umif h

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jcm;ordkif;0ifbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;vnf; T&GmY wnf&Sdae=uonf?
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(Hkrai Naw) wdk@ aexdkifvmcJh&m Zmwdt&yfa'otjzpfvnf; vltrsm;od=uonf?
'm&DyjkH yifu qd&k mwGif nDjzpfol cdik af emfonf raumif;qd;k &Gm; odr;f iSu}f uD;waumif
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{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
15
tydik ;f (2) {&m0wDjrpfqq

kH nf aqmufvyk af &;pDrcH suf
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OD;pGm) {&m0wD jrpfr}uD;ay:wGif qnf}uD;wckwnf aqmufEikd &f eftwGuf pDru
H ed ;f jyifqif
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a&; pDrcH suaf qmif &Gurf nfh a'owGif aexdik =f uaom jynfov
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f vufrsm;udv
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vkyrf nfh qnf. oabmobm0ESihf twdik ;f tqudk od&EdS ikd cf yhJ gonf? jrefrm v#ypf pf"gwf
tm; ay;vkyfief;ESifh/ pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh qnfajrmif;0ef}uD;Xmewdk@u a&;om;ypkxm;aom
(2002) ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv &ufpGJazmfjyxm;onfh {&m0wDjrpfqkHqnf bufpHka&tm;
pGr;f tif toH;k csa&; pDrcH suf (Irrawaddy Myitsone Dam Multipurpose Water Utilizing
Project) trnf&dS Ttaxmuftxm; pmwrf;Y pDrc
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tifrikd cf / rvdcjrpfq.
kH atmufbuf
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(5) qnftjrifh
16
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
18 000 pwk&ef;rdik f
980- ay (299-rDwm)
500-ay (152-rDwm)
(6) a&avSmifuef}uD; tjrifq

h ;kH xde;f Edik af oma&tjrifh
(7) a&avSiu
f ef}uD; trsm;qH;k xde;f xm;Edik af oma&xk
(8) yifrqnf.tvsm;
(9) txufqnf (awmifa=um) trSwf (1) tvsm;
(10) txufqnf (awmifa=um) trSw(f 2) tvsm;
(11) txufqnf (awmifa=um) trSwf (3) tvsm;
(12) qnftrsK;d tpm;
(13) owfrw
S x
f m;aom v#ypf pf"gwt
f m;
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34- {uay oef;
500-ay (152-rDwm)
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1850-ay (564-rDwm)
ausmufpD uGeu
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17
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ydk@ay;zdk@ ydkrsm;aew,f?21[k oHk;oyfygonf?
tu,fIv#ypf pf"gwt
f m; tcsKd @t0ufukd jynfwiG ;f od@k jzef@a0ay;rnfqv
kd #iaf omfrS ppft
pd;k &. v#ypf pf "gwt
f m; xkwv
f yk rf E_ iS hf jzef@a0r_ tpOftvmt& a'ocHjynfow
l @kd tzd@k
v#ypf pf"gwt
f m;udk aps;csKcd sKEd iS hf azmazmoDoD &&Srd nfh tvm;tvm r&Sad cs? Oyrmjy&yg
v#if u&ifejD ynfe,f&dS avmydw a&tm;v#ypf pf "gwt
f m;ay;puf&rkH S v#ypf pf"gwt
f m;udk
&efuek Ef iS hf rE aW v;od@k yd@k ay;+yD; a'ocHaus;&Gmom;rsm;udk tarSmifxYJ xm;ypfcyhJ gonf?
(1993) ckESpfu ucsifjynfe,fY wnfaqmuf+yD;pD;cJhaom }udrfc&rfqnfrS v#yfppf"gwf
tm; trsm;pkudkvnf; teD;tem;&Sd ppfpcef;rsm;odk@om ydk@v$wfxdefvif;apcJhygonf?
(azmfjyxm;aom uGif;twGif;udk =unfhyg?)
v#yfppf"gwftm;a&mif;csr_rS &&Sdrnfh cef@rSef;ajcwefbdk;
v#ypf pfprG ;f tm; 0ef}uD;XmeESihf qnfajrmif;OD;pD;Xme wd@k . (2002) ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v
D xkwf
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f rf;rsm;t& {&m0wDjrpfqq
kH nf. pDrcH suyf g v#ypf pf"gwt
f m; xkwv
f yk rf o
_ nf wESpf
v#if (16634) uDvdk0yf em&Doef;aygif; &SdEdkifygonf?
{&m0wDjrpfonf urBmay:wGif yOPrajrmuf EH;k ajr tenftESpt
f usq;kH jrpfjzpfygonf?
tenftESpfrsm;r_ a=umifh a&avSmifuef}uD;twGif; tenftESpf ydk@csr_E_ef; ydkjref+yD;/odk
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. v#ypf pf"gwt
f m; xkwv
f yk rf o
_ nfvnf; av#mu
h somG ;zG,&f adS eygonf? (qdv
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oGm;apEdkifygonf?)
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wnfaqmuf&mY wyfqifaom pGr;f tm; (1) rD*g0yfv#if tar&duefa':vm (1) oef;cef@
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f sEikd yf gonf? ajrae&m tvGeaf umif;ygu Txuf ukeu
f spm;&dwf av#meh nf;Edik +f yD;/
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kH nftwGuf &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS o
_ nf tar
&duefa':vm (36) bDvsHtxd&SdEdkifygonf?
18
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
tifrdkifc (arc) jrpfudkqnfzdk@jcif;

ppftpd;k onf {&m0wDjrpfay:&Sd yifrqnf}uD;tjyif/ jrpfqakH jrmufbuf&dS tifrikd cf jrpfay:Y
vnf; aemufxyf qnf (7)ck wnfaqmuf&ef vsmxm;aom pDrHudef;rsm;&Sdaeygao;
onf? (2007) ckESpf/ arv tpdk;&xkwf jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmyg aqmif;yg;wyk'fY
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44
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45
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46
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48
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k t
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{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
61
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aom jy\emyifjzpfygonf?66 a&$@ajymif;tajccs&jcif;a=umifh vltrsm;&kwfcsnf; b0
ysu=f u&+yD;/ use;f rma&;t&vnf; ydI
k xdcu
kd ef pfemzG,f tajctaeudk uHapygonf? urBmh
qnfrsm;qdik &f maumfr&Si.
f rSww
f rf;ycsurf sm;t& jyefvnftajccsaexdik &f ef ajymif;
a&$@cH&aomvlxkrsm;xJwGif aomufoHk;a&&&Sdr_jy\em/ usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufay;r_/
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f opf/ vlrt
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aomjy\emrsm;uHawG@=u&+yD;/ use;f rma&;tajctaetay:oufa&mufr&_ adS pygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH. yuGJaeaom usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufay;r_ pepf
urBmhusef;rma&;tzGJ@ (WHO) u jrefrmEd kif iH . usef ;rma&;apmif ha&Smufr_pepf udk
urBmay:wGif tcsKd@wJhtqdk;&Gm;qHk; EdkifiHwcktjzpf owfrSwfazmfjycJhygonf? ukvor*~
uav;rsm;qd k i f & m &ef y H k a iG t zG J @ (UNICEF) u azmf j ycJ h & mwG i f jref r mtpd k ; &u
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ud,
k cf t
H m;usa&m*g (HIV/AIDS) wdu
k zf suaf &; udpw
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f #if
67
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aeaom use;f rma&;apmifah &Smufrp_ epfukd =unfyh gu/ qnfwnfaqmufrnft
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jzpfay:vmrnfh a&m*gb,rsm;a=umifh vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;wckv;kH . use;f rma&;udk xdcu
kd af p
awmhrnfrSm aocsmonfhtcsufyif jzpfaeygonf?
rvdcjrpfESifh tifrdkifcjrpfurf;yg;rsm;wGif a&$wGif;wl;ae=u&mrS xGufvmaom tqdyfoifhypPnf;rsm;onf a&um

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vlxkrsm; xdcdkufepfem&ayrnf?
62
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
ppftiftm;wd;k cs@J csxm;jcif;?
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ajcv#ifwyf&if;rsm;ta&twGufrSm (26) &if;rS (41)&if;txd wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmcJhyg
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xd@k tjyif jynfe,ftwGi;f wGif ppfpcef;ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;onfvnf; ae&mtES@H tjym;wGif
ydkIwdk;csJ@ jzef@usufcsxm;vmcJhygonf?68
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rsm; ydrk w
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{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
63
tajcrJh ajymif;a&$@=u&jcif;ESihf vdiu

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pm-115)
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71
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64
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
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ajr,mudk twlwuG ydik q
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om;uom av#maf =u;aiGukd &&Sad vh&ydS gonf? tcsK@d trsK;d orD;rsm;u ajymjy=u
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rsm;wGif/ Oyrm-rkqdk;r wckvyfuJhodk@ aom trsKd;orD;rsm;u tdrfaxmifudk
OD;pD;=uaomfvnf; av#mfa=u;ay;&ef c|if;csefxm;onfrsKd;uH&ygonf? 72
ajymif;a&$@tajccs&r_rsm;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm;onf trsK;d om;rsm;xuf ydI
k xdcu
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vufa'oae trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm rr#rw ydkIxdcdkufepfemcHpm;=u&zG,f t
a=umif;&Syd gonf? tb,fa=umifq
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f ikd o
f nf[k owfrw
S x
f m;jcif;
73
r&Sdaomajrrsm;wGif &Sdaewwf=uygonf?
trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf txl;xdcu

kd ef pfemapEdik o
f nfh tEW&m,frsm;
jrefrmppfom;rsm;u usL;vGefEdkifonfh vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zuf apmfum;r_rsm;

jrefrmppfwyfz@JG 0ifrsm;u wdik ;f &if;om;a'orsm;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: rk'rd ;f usi/hf vdirf _
qdkif&mt& t=urf;zuf=uaom jzpf&yfrsm;udk tpD&ifcHpmtrsm;tjym;Y rSwfwrf;wif
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
65
azmfjyxm;=u+yD;jzpfygonf?69 jrefrm ppfwyfzGJ@0iftrsm;u usL;vGefaom rk'drf;r_rsm;rSm

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tvm;wl jzpf&yfrsm;rSm u&ifeDjynfe,fwGif avmyDwa&tm;v#yfppfpuf&Hk vHk cHa&;t
wGuf apmifh=uyf&aom ppfom;rsm;wGifvnf; jzpfay:usL;vGefcJh=uygonf?
(2007) ckESpf/ azaz:0g&DvwGif touf(14 rS 16) ESpftwGif;&Sd ausmif;ol (4) OD;udk
ucsijf ynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f / ylwmtd&k dS ppfwyft&m&Sd (3) OD;ESihf ppfom; (4)OD;wd@k u tkypf k
jzifh rk'drf;yusifhcJh=uygonf? Trdefuav;rsm;udk jynfhwefqmvkyfr_ESifh zrf;qD;xm;cJh+yD;/
EdkifiHwumu &_H@csjypfwifr_rsm; jzpfay:vmonfhtcgrSom jyefv$wfay;cJhygonf?70 Trk
'dr;f r_usL;vGeo
f rl sm;tay: ta&;,ltjypfay;cJjh cif; &S-d r&Su
d kd tao;pdwf rod&&dS yg? Tod@k
aom tjypf&o
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udk,fYu trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_rsm; cGifhyusL;vGefapaom tajctaewGif
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ppfom;rsm; ydI
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k txl;pd;k &drzf ,
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vdifazsmfajza&;vkyfief; }uD;xGm;vmapEdkifjcif;?
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f rf;ycJah om [l;aumif;
csKid 0hf rS ;f a'o&Sd a&$rikd ;f wl;azmf=uonfh a&$wiG ;f rsm;wGif ,m,Dtajccsvmonfh vkyo
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rsm; rsm;jym;vmjcif;/ xdkvkyfom;rsm;onfvnf; jzpfovdktaetxm;wGif aexdkif=u&
jcif;tjyif/ trsK;d orD;rsm;taejzifh vkycf vpmenf;onft
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&Sm;yg;onfhtwGufa=umifh Ta'orsm;Y vdifazsmfajza&;vkyfief; }uD;xGm;vmaeyHkudk
azmfjycJyh gonf? jrpfqq
kH nf wnfaqmufa&;uJo
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rnfah e&mwGiv
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vnf; cH=u&zG,&f adS eygonf? xd@k tjyif Tod@k aom trsK;d orD;rsm;udk vlrt
_ odik ;f rS z,f
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kd ;l puf
ysH@yGm;EdkifonfhtE W&m,ftwGufvnf; pdk;&drfzG,fjzpfygonf?
66
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
Our Homeland (Kachin Song)

The most pleasant and glorious homeland of ours,
The site where Mali hka and Nmai hka join together
It is surrounded by snow mountainous and green forest hills,
The mist and the cloud encompass this location
Here, beautiful flowers are blossoming
Rivers and streams flow eternally
Birds and cuckoos fly around,
Cool and pleasant is our homeland
Welcome every one, just for a visit
Unforgettable Kachin culture which can never be satisfied to observe,
Awesome scenic views and natural sights , precious jade and wildlife abound
All kinds of fruits and crops are abundant
As long as the Irrawaddy (Mali hka) river flows
The love of the ethnic Kachin will never cease
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
67
ti,fpm;a&tm;v#ypf pf xkwv
f yk if ef;rsm; (Small hydro power--SHP)
onf ydrk akd umif;rGeaf om tjcm; a&G;cs,pf &m enf;vrf; jzpfonf?
ti,fpm; a&tm;v#ypf pfxw

k v
f yk if ef;rsm;udk acsmif;i,frsm;/ tvwfpm;
ESihf t}uD;pm;jrpfrsm;rS a&udu
k ,
hJ I
l aqmif&u
G Ef ikd yf gonf? Tenf;onf
obm0ywf0ef;usif rysufpD;apaom pGrf;tifxkwf,lEdkifonfh enf;yif
jzpfygonf? ti,fpm;
a&tm;v#yf p pf x k w f
vk y f i ef ; rsm; (Small
hydro power--SHP)
[k q d k & mY rsm;aom
tm;jzifh pGr;f tif (10)
rD * g0yf xuf e nf ; I
xkwaf y; Edik af om pepf
rsK;d jzpfygonf? qd;k usK;d
tenf;i,fr#om jzpf
Inversin, A. R. Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook
ap+yD ; / a0;vH a cgif o D
aom a'orsm;wGif pGr;f tif axmufyahH y;&eftwGuf toH;k yEdik yf gonf?
Tti,fpm;a&tm;v#ypf pfxw
k f vkyif ef;rsm;wGif a&udk ajrmif; od@k r[kwf
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armif;wH&Sd a&cGufudk &dkufap+yD;/ wmbdkifpufudk vnfapygonf? Todk@
vnfaeaomarmif;wHudk rD;tm;xkwfay;rnfh *sifea&wmESifh qufoG,f
xm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh a&G@&Sm;r_rS v#yfppfpGrf;tiftjzpfodk@ ajymif;,ljcif;
jzpfygonf?76 Tvkyfief;rsm;wGif qnf}uD;rsm;/ a&umwm}uD;rsm; rvdk
tyfonft
h wGuaf =umif/h vltrsm;ajymif;a&$@&ap&ef/ opfawmrsm; a&jrKyf
ysufpD;ap&ef tajctaevnf;r&Sdapyg?
jrefrmEdik if EH iS hf ucsijf ynfe,f&dS vlxrk sm;onf olw@kd vt
kd yf=uaom v#ypf pf
pGrf;tif&&Sdap&eftwGuf/ ti,fpm;a&tm; v#yfppf xkwf,la&;vkyfief;
rsm;udk oifhav#mf&menf;vrf;rsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufae=u+yD; jzpfygonf?
trSefqdk&v#if w&kwf EdkifiHonf ti,fpm;a&tm;v#yfppfxkwfvkyfief;
(Small hydro power--SHP)wGif OD;aqmifaeonfah e&mu &So
d nf[q
k kd
Edik +f yD;/ (2006) ckEpS f pm&if;rsm;t& ti,fpm;a&tm;v#ypf pfxw
k f puf&kH
68
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
aygif; (43 027) ck &Sdaeygonf?77 rdrdbmom wnfaqmufEdkifaom/

rdrb
d mom xde;f odr;f pDrEH ikd af om/ rdrb
d mom toH;k yEdik af om ti,fpm;
a&tm;v#ypf pf puf&rkH sm;wnfaqmuf&ef w&kwEf ikd if u
H 1960 ckEpS rf sm;
uyif rl0g'csrw
S cf yhJ gonf? Tod@k A[dk OD;pD;csKyfuikd rf _ rxm;bJ jzef@cx
JG m;
aom pDrcH ef@crJG p_ epfEiS hf a'ocHjynforl sm;udk wd@k bmom pDrx
H ed ;f odr;f Edik f
aom a&tm;v#ypf pfxw
k f vkyif ef;rsm;wGif &if;ES;D jrKyfEaHS pjcif;ESihf toH;k y
apjcif;udk ydrk jkd riw
hf ifaqmif&u
G o
f ifv
h yS gonf? od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmEdik if &H dS
ppftpd;k &u qnf}uD;rsm;wnfaqmufa&;Yom tm;oefaeum/ w&kwEf ikd f
iHrS ukr%
` rD sm;u Tod@k aqmufvyk af &;twGuf ulnyD yHh ;kd ay;ae=uygonf?
tcef; (4)? tod&&dS jdS zifh oabmwlI tepfemcH-u&jcif;/ odk r[kwf tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m
enf;vrf;rsm; !$ejf ya&G;cs,fapjcif;r&Sb
d J vltrsm;u xdcu
kd ef pfem-u&jcif;?
wefz&Jaus; &GmrS &Gmom;wOD;u ajymjy&mwGif tpdk;&uawmh usaemfwdk@udk
w&m;0iftoday;wmawG r&Sad o;ygb;l ? at&Sm;a0g (ukr%
` )D uvmawmh &Gmvl
}uD;udk 'Dae&mrSm olw@kd tvkyv
f yk rf ,fqw
kd m today;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh &Gmom;
awGukd bmudpv
P yk rf ,f/ b,ftwGuaf =umifh vkyrf ,fqw
kd m &Si;f jywm r&Syd gb;l ?
[k ajymygonf? (awG@qHak r;jref;cef; trSw-f 14)
ppftpdk;&onf Tqnfwnfaqmufa&;ESifh ywfoufI a'ocH jynfolvlxkrsm;xHodk@
w&m;0if ta=umif;=um;jcif; r&Sad o;yg? od@k aomfvnf; aus;&Gmvlxrk sm;onf uGi;f qif;
wdik ;f xGma&;tzG@J rsm; oGm;vmaeonfukd jrifawG@ae=u&+yD; qnfwnfaqmufawmhrnfukd
odae=uygonf? *syefavhvmwdik ;f xGma&;tzG@J wcku pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; usecf +hJ yD;/ wd@k
rSwqifh wefz&Jaus;&GmteD; wnfaqmufrnfh qnfESifh tjcm;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
od&Sd=u&ygonf?
a&v$rf;rnfha'orsm; azmfjyxm;onfh ajryHktygt0ifjzpfaom taxmuftxm;rsm;udk
=unfhI wefz&Jaus;&Gmom;rsm;u ucsifvlrsKd;rsm;. OD;aqmiftzGJ@tpnf;wckxHodk@
Tqnf aqmufvyk af &; udpt
P ay: wm;qD;Edik &f eftwGuf vdt
k yfaom ta&;,laqmif
&Gurf r_ sm; yay;yg&efEiS hf oufqikd &f m tm%mydik rf sm;xH qufvufwifjyay;&ef (2004)
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
69
ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif awmif;qdkcJh=uyg onf? (2007) ckESpf/ arv (12) &ufae@wGif

&yf&mG vl}uD;rsm;ESihf vl&akd o &Si&f akd o vlra_ cgi;f aqmif (12) OD;u yl;aygi;f um Adv
k cf sKyf
rSL;}uD; oef;a&$xH qnfwnfaqmufru
_ pd EP iS hf ywfoufI uef@uu
G af =umif; tdyzf iG ahf y;pm
a&;om;ay;yd@k cJ=h uygonf? (aemufqufww
JG iG f =unfyh g?) od@k aomfvnf; ,ae@tcsed t
f xd
rnfonfhpmudkr# jyef=um;jcif; r&Sdao;yg?
urBmq
h nfrsm;qdik &f m aumfr&Siu
f t=uHyxm;onfrmS qnfwckwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf
qHk;jzwfcsuf rcsrSwfrDwGif a&/ tpm;tpmESifh avmifpmrnfr#vdktyfrnfudk aocsmpGm
oHk;oyfavhvmxm;&ef vdktyfygonf? tjcm;jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdaom a&G;cs,fp&mvrf;rsm;
udv
k nf; xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnfjzpf+yD;/ yxrOD;pm;ay; pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfoifah omtcsurf mS
vuf&dS wnf&adS eqJ pepfrsm;udk xda&mufpmG toH;k csEikd &f eftwGuf rnfo@kd w;kd wufatmif
aqmif&GufEdkifrnfudk pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfygonf? Twnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;a=umifh
tusKd;oufa&mufr_ cHpm;&rnfholrsm;udkvnf; qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfonfhae&mwGif yg0if
ywfoufr_ &Sad p&rnfjzpfonf? xd@k tjyif TpDrcH suaf =umifh &&Sv
d mrnfh tusK;d aus;Zl;rsm;
udk yxrOD;qH;k cHpm;=u&rnfo
h rl sm;onf Tvlxrk sm; jzpf=uygonf? tusK;d oufa&muf
cH&zG,&f adS om vlxrk sm;u vufcrH r_ &Sb
d J rnfonfq
h nfurkd # rwnfaqmufoihyf g? Xmae
a'ocHrsm;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm; &Sad eygu wd@k ukd txl;OD;pm;ay; pOf;pm;&rnf
jzpfygonf?74 w&kwEf ikd if .
H a&t&if;tjrpfOya'wGif pDrcH suu
f kd jyifqifa&;qG&J mESihf jyef
vnfoHk;oyfr_y&m tqifhrsm;tm;vHk;wGif vlxkrsm; yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifcGifh &Sdapa&;t
wGuf wdkufwGef;xm;ygonf?75 aocsmonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd {&m0wDjrpfqHkqnf wnf
aqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif a'ocHjynfolrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcGifh &&Sdvmap&ef
ta=umif;r&Sdyg?
70
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
atmufajcrSwpf rk sm;
1
5
6
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11
12
13
14
Valley of Darkness:Gold mining and militarization in Burmas Hugawng Valley,

KDNG,2007
Myanmar commits to building more hydropower, Xinhua, May 7, 2007. rD*g0yf (MW)
onf 0yf (watt) woef;ESifhnDr#aom v#yfppf"gwftm; wdkif;wma&;,lepf jzpfonf? Oyrm-uGefjyLwm tvHk;aygif;
(2 000) cef@onf v#ypf pf"gwt
f m; wpf rD*g0yfukd toH;k yonf?
http://www.energy.gov.mm/efficiency_conservation_sustainability.htm, Greater
Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment, Asian Development Bank, 2004.
"Legal aspects of hydropower projects in Myanmar, Hydropower and Dams, Issue
One, 2007.
Goodbyes gas for hydropower, The Myanmar Times, July 10-16, 2006.
Dams and Development-A new framework for decision-making, The report of the
World Commission on Dams, 2000.
Dam the consequences Big, bad dams return to South-East Asia, The Economist,
June 13, 2007. Taqmif;yg;wGif qnf}u;D rsm; txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdik if u
H oHviG jf rpfa=umif;wGif wnfaqmufaeaom
qnfrsm; ESifh rJacgifjrpfay:wGif wnfaqmuf&ef t}uHywifjyxm;aom avmEdkifiH. 'Gefqma[mif; (Don Sahong)
qnfuo
hJ @kd aom {&mrqnf}uD;rsm;udk a'ocHjynforl sm;tay:usa&mufrnfh ab;'kurQ sm;udak omfvnf;aumif;/ jrpfw@kd .
txd tcdu
k f rcHEikd af om a*[pepfrsm; xdcu
kd yf supf ;D r_ukd aomfvnf;aumif; yrmrxm;bJ/ rjzpfraewGe;f xd;k wnfaqmufomG ;
tvm;tvm &Sdaeayonf? urBmhb%f odk@r[kwf tm&SzGH@z;a&;b%f (at'DbD) wdk@u TpDrHcsufrsm;twGuf bmaiG
axmufyo
hH nfjzpfap/ raxmufyo
hH nfjzpfap/ wygwt
D m%m&Sit
f pd;k &rsm; tkycf sKyfae=uaom TEdik if EH pS cf u
k v#ypf pf"gwf
tm; txl;qmavmif rufarmaeaom tdrfeD;csif; EdkifiHrsm;/ txl;ojzifh w&kwfEdkifiHESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&Edkifa=umif;
odae=u&m/ Todk@w&kyfbufvSnfhI vkyfaqmifvm=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf [k az: jyxm;ygonf?
Myanmars push for Hydropower, Energy Tribune, February 23,2007, at
www.energytribune.com/
articles.cfm?aid= 400.
WCMC Biodiversity Series No. 8 Freshwater Biodiversity: a preliminary global
assessment, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1998. Tod@k zdp;D apaom ta=umif;wckrmS
qnfrsm; jzpfygonf? tpD&ifcpH mY az: jyxm;&mwGif qnfrsm;onf jrpfa&pD;qif;yHpk epfukd xdcu
kd af ponf? trsm;tm;jzifh
t}uD;tus,fxdcdkufaponfh tjyif/ owW0gwdk@. cdkatmif;&maexdkif&m a'o}uD;rsm;udkvnf; ysufpD;aponf?
om;ayguf&eftwGuf jrpfpepfxJwGif pHkqeful;vl;ae=uaom ig;rsm;tay:wGifvnf; txl;odompGm xdcdkufoufa&muf
aponf?
Watersheds of Asia and Oceania, As12 Irrawaddy, Water Resources eAtlas, http://
www.iucn.org/themes/wani/eatlas/pdf/as/as 13.pdf. Greater Mekong Subregion
Atlas of the environment, Asian Development Bank, 2004 Tpmapmif.az: jycsut
f & jrpfwiG ;f &Sd
ig;rsm;wGif **F gjrpfwGif;ae xdkif=uaom ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm;yg0ifr_&Sd+yD;/ rJacgifjrpfxJrSm rawG@&aom XmaecH ig;rsdK;pdwftrsm;
TjrpfxrJ mS &Sad e=uonf?
Irrawaddy Watershed, EarthTrends/World Resources Institute, 2002.
Amblyceps Carinatum, a new species of hillstream catfish from Myanmar(Teleostei:
Amblycipitidae), Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 2005 53(2): 243-249, December 31,
2005. {&m0wDjrpfrmS awG@&&dS aom tcsK@d ig;clrsm;ESihf ESihf rJacgijf rpfrmS awG@&&dS aom ig;clrsm;onf yHpk cH si;f rwl=ubJ/ wrlx;l jcm;ae
a=umif;/ ta=umif;rSm {&m0wDjrpfonf **F gjrpfEiS hf jrpfpepfcsi;f ydI
k wlaoma=umifjh zpfa=umif;udv
k nf; aqmif;yg;u az: jy
xm;onf? xd@k a=umifh {&m0wDjrpfonf rwljcm;em;aom ZD0 yx0Da'orsm; (biogeographic regions) . qHpk nf;&m
ae&mwck [kqdkEdkifonf?
Irrawaddy Watershed, EarthTrends/ World Resources Institute , 2002.
Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment, Asian Development Bank, 2004.
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"Irrawaddys bounty is its peoples curse, in The Nation, January 24, 1997.
http://www. Worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0116_full.html
T'&Dajymqd=k u&mwGif uGv
J rJG _ tcsK@d &ydS gonf? ewfrif;}u;D u vufwzufraS eI a&$cu
G jf zifah vmif;+y;D / tjcm;vufwzufrS
aiGcu
G u
f ikd I
f avmif;csonf[v
k nf; qd=k uygonf? xd@k tjyif jrpfrsm;ESihf ywfoufonfh xl;jcm;csut
f a=umif;rsm;wGiv
f nf;
uGJvGJajymqdkr_ tcsKd@&Sdygonf? Please see The Kachins: Religion and Custom, A. Gilhodes,
1996 and http;//www.pandaw1947.com/irrawaddy_river.htm
Myanmar Hydroproject, Report, China Power Investment Corporation Myanmar
Hydro Division, April 2007.
aemufxyfowif;tcsut
f vufrsm;udk China Southern Power Grid. website pmrsuEf mS www.csg.cn
wGif =unfhEdkifonf//
West-to-east Power Transmission Program Well Underway in SW China, Peoples
Daily Online, January 10, 2003.
China to Build Dams in Northern Burma, The Irrawaddy Business News, February
2007.
China eyes second dam on Thanlwin, The Myanmar Times, Volume 19, No.336, May
14-20, 2007, China firm to build Myanmar hydro-power plants, AFP, May5, 2007.
China eyes second dam on Thanlwin, The Myanmar Times, Volume 19, No.336, May
14-20, 2007.
Hydropower plays a leading role in Myanmars power development plans, International Journal of Hydropower and Dams, Issue Two, 2005.
Who rules the Ground? The power of Myanmars area commanders, at http://
www,asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/99/0903/nat_myanmar.html
http://eng.cpicorp.com.cn/channel.do?cmd=show&id=5
Myanmar Hydroproject Report, China Power Investment Corporation Myanmar
Hydro Division, April 2007.
http://eng.cpicorp.com.cn/channel.do?cmd=show&id=5
http://finance.mapsofworld.com/company/c/china-southern-power-grid.html ESifh
www.csg.cn tifwmeuf pmrsuEf mS rsm;rS owif;tcsut
f vufrsm; &,lygonf?
http://www.ymec.com.cn/en/about.htm
www.yndaily.com/html/20051201/news_88_714449.html
http://www,cjw.com.cn/index/civilization/detail/20070530/88736.asp
at&Sa0gvu
f rk %
` o
D nf ysO;f rem; r@awmfopf (aejynfawmf) . twGi;f ESit
hf jyif taqmuftOD;rsm; aqmufvyk af &; twGuf
tpd;k &ESihf uefxdu
k pf mcsKyf csKyfqx
kd m;aom t"duukr%
` }D uD;wckvnf; jzpfonf//
at&Sa0gvfESifh ywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk {&m0wDr*~Zif;rS cGefqrf (Hkun Sam) u okawoeyonf?
Hanging drug couriers but investing with their suppliers, in The Nation, October
20, 1997.
http://www.suntactechnologies.com/
htpp://www.japancorp.net/company_show.asp?compid=453
Dammed by Burmas Generals: The Karenni Experience with Hydropower Development
from Lawpita to the Salween, The Karenni Development Research Group, 2006.
(WCD p. 112)
Down River, The consequences of Vietnams Se San River Dams on Life in Cambodia
and their meaning in international law,The NGO Forum on Cambodia
The Mekongs Changing Currency, Montree Chantawong, in Watershed, Vol. 11,
No. 2, November 2005-January 2006.
72
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Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001,
p. 117.
w&kwfjynfol@orwEdkifiH/ a&ESifh pGrf;tif t&if;tjrpfrsm;tawG@tuHwGif qnfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom udpPrsm;udk
urBmhqnfrsm;qkdif&m aumfr&Sifodk@ wifjy&ef Professor R. Fuggle and W.T. Smith, 2000. ypkaom
w&kwEf ikd if t
H a=umif; wifjycsupf mwrf;rS &,lygonf?
http://asc-india.org/maps/hazard/haz-myanmar.htm, last accessed June 22, 2007.
Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001, p.
113-114.
vHk cHa&;0efxrf;rsm;ESihf tif*sief ,
D mwOD;rSm a&epfaoqH;k cJ&h ygonf? 'Dru
kd &ufwpf jrefrmhtoH xkwv
f i$ chf su?f (2006 ckEpS /f
Zlvdkif 12) Dam burst kills five in northern Burmas Kachin State.
jrpf}uD;em;a&}uD;r_owif;udk http://www.kachinstate.com/reporton_myitkyina_flood.html
tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS wGif zwf&E_ ikd yf gonf?
Down River, The consequences of Vietnams Se San River Dams on Life in Cambodia
and their meaning in international law, The NGO Forum on Cambodia, 2005, Death
toll rises in Indian dam tragedy, 12 April 2005, www.waterpowermagazine.com
From Myanmar: Investment opportunities in biodiversity conservation, Birdlife
international, 2005, citing Large-scale hydrological changes in tropical Asia:
prospects for riverine biodiversity, Bioscience 50 (9): 793-806, 2000, and The
ecology of tropical Asian rivers and streams in relations to biodiversity
conservation, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31: 239-263, 2000.
Large-scale hydrological changes in tropical Asia: prospects for riverine
biodiversity, David Dudgeon, in Bioscience, September 2000.
Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment, Asian Development Bank, 2004,
p. 37.
Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001
Tta&;ygaom a'orsm;ta=umif;udk a'guw
f m aemfref ar,m (Dr. Norman Meyers) u yxrOD;qH;k avhvmcJ+h y;D /
1988 ckESpfwGif yHkESdyfazmfjycJh+yD jzpfygonf? Tavhvmr_udk ESpfpOfxyfrHjznfhpGufcJh+yD; aemufqHk;pmtkyfrSm Hotspots
Revisited: Earths Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions.
[k trnf&ygonf/ udk atmufygtifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif zwf&_Edkifygonf? http://multimedia.con
servation.org/cabs/online_pubs/hotspots2/cover.html
http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0131_full.html
Myanmar: Investment opportunities in biodiversity conservation, Birdlife
international, 2005
Irrawaddy Watershed, EarthTrends/World Resources Institute, 2002.
Occasional Paper No. 23 Biology and Conservation of Asian River Cetaceans,
accessed at http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/publications/rivercetacean.htm
w&kwEf ikd if t
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Issue One, 2007.
Smith, B.D. & Beasely, I. 2004.Orcaella brevirostris (Malampaya Sound
subpopulation). In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
<www.iucnredlist>.org. Downloaded on 21 June 2007.
&Sppf wdq
k rkd aD ,;ppfa&m*gEiS hf ywfoufaom tcsut
f vufrsm;udk Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics
of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001. pmtkyfrS &,lygonf?
WCD, p. 118.
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rDemrmwm a&m*grmS *syefEikd if &H dS rDemrmwmr@wiG f 1956 ckEpS u

f yxrt}urd f pwifawG@&cdS &hJ jcif; jzpfygonf? cspq
f kd aumfyakd &;&Si;f
(Chisso Corporation) . "gwyk pPn;f puf&u
kH puf&x
kH u
G f rDoikd ;f vf rmusL&D"gwyf g0ifaom a&qd;k rsm;ud/k 1932 ckrS
1968 ckEpS t
f xd pGe@f ypfaecJ+h y;D aemuf jzpfay:cJjh cif; jzpfygonf? Tod@k tqdyjf yif;xefvaS om "gwrf sm;onf rDemrmwmurf;ajcESihf
&SD&maEG yifv,fatmf&Sd tcGHygaom c&k/ ykpGefrsm;ESifh ig;rsm;wGif pkyHkaecJh=u+yD;/ a'ocHvlxkrsm;u rsm;udk pm;oHk;um
jy'g;qdyo
f ifch =hJ ujcif; jzpfygonf? (2001) ckEpS /f rwfvtxd vlaygi;f (2265) jy'g;qdyo
f ifo
h nfh '%f cHpm;cJ=h u&+y;D / (wd@k txJrS
1784 OD;rSm toufqHk;&_H;cJh&ygonf?) vlaygif; (10 000) ausmfrSm epfemr_twGuf av#mfa=u;aiG &&SdcJhygonf?
av#mfa=u;aiG&&Sda&;twGuf awmif;qdkr_rsm;/ w&m;pGJqdkr_rsm;rSm ,ae@wdkif qufvuf jzpfay:aeqJ jzpfygonf?
rDemrmwma&m*gudk *syefEdkifiH. pufr_npfnrf;r_rS &&Sdaom a&m*g}uD; (4) rsKd;teuf wrsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;cJhygonf?
a&m*gvuQ%mrsm;rSm ud,
k cf E<m[efcsurf nDbJ xde;f r&jcif;/ vufEiS hf ajcwd@k wiG f xHu
k sijf cif;/ taxGaxG uufom; tm;enf;
csKd@wJhjcif;/ rsufaphjrifuGif; usOf;jcif;/ t=um;ESifh pum;ajymEdkifonfh pGrf;&nf csKd@wJhjcif;rsm; jzpfygonf? ydkIjyif;xef pGm
tqdyo
f ifch &H onfh tajctaewGif &l;oGyjf cif;/ avjzwfjcif;/ owdvpf arharsmjcif;ESihf Ta&m*gvuQ%mrsm; ay:+yD;aemuf
&ufowW ywfrsm;twGi;f aoqH;k jcif;wd@k jzpfwwfygonf?
Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001.
At What Price: Gold Mining in Kachin State, Burma, Images Asia and Pan Kachin
Development Society, 2004.
Smith, B.D. & Beasley, I. 2004, Orcaella brevirostris (Malampaya Sound
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<www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 21 June 2007.
Oyrmtm;jzifh awmiftmz&duEdik if &H dS um&DbmqnfwiG f qnfwnfaqmufpOfumvwGif vlprd ;f rsm; 0ifa&mufvmjcif;ESihf
twl r@jy tjzpfajymif;vmjcif;a=umifh vdiq
f ufqrH a_ =umifh jzpfaom a&m*grsm; wd;k yGm;vmapygonf? r=umao;rDumvwGif
tdycf st
f ikd Af -GD attdik 'f t
D ufpaf &m*g jzpfEe_ ;f jrifv
h m+y;D / txl;ojzifh a'ocHtrsK;d orD;rsm;udk txl;qd;k usK;d oufa&mufapygonf?
vDqo
kd Ekd ikd if /H uke;f jrifah 'o pDrcH suw
f iG v
f nf; a&m*gys@H ymG ;r_Ee_ ;f rSm/ ywf0ef;usiaf 'orsm;xuf ydI
k jrifrh m;aecJyh gonf? Dams
and Development - A new framework for decision-making, The report of the World
Commission on Dams, 2000.
Aid and sanctions in Burma, Boston Globe, June 16, 2007.
Valley of Darkness: Gold mining and militarization in Burmas Hugawng Valley,
KDNG, 2007.
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&Srf;trsKd;orD; v_yf&Sm;r_ uGef&uf tzGJ@ (Shan Womens Action Network) rS xkwfa0aom License to
Rape: The Burmese Military Regimes Use of Sexual Violence in the Ongoing War in
Shan State (rk'drf;usifhcGifhvdkifpif? ? &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif; qufvufjzpfyGm;aeaom ppfyGJwGif;Y jrefrmppftpdk;&u
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xkwfa0aom Shattering Silences (wdwfqdwfaer_udk csKd;zsufvdkufjcif;) tpD&ifcHpm/ rGefjynf vl@tcGifhta&;
azmifa';&Si;f (Human Rights Foundation of Monland) ESihf trsK;d orD;ESihf uav;qdik &f m tcGit
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(Women and Child Rights Project) wd@k yl;aygi;f xkwaf 0aom Catwalk to the Barrack (ppfwef;vsm;od@k
tvSjyvrf;av#muf=u&jcif;) tpD&ifcpH mrsm;wGif awG@&EdS ikd yf gonf? xd@k tjyif csi;f jynf trsK;d orD;tzG@J csKyf (The Women
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tr_ trSwf (MMR 090307.CC.VAW) nOf;yrf;ESdyfpufr_rsm; qef@usifa&;qdkif&m urBmhtzGJ@/ EdkifiHwum
twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;tzGJ@. 2007 ckESpf/ rwfv (9) &ufae@wGif wifjycsuf? Jailing of four minor girls gangraped by members of the military, Case MMR 090307.CC.VAW, the International
Secretariat of the World Organisation Against Torture, March 9, 2007.
The Impact of Dams and Resettlement on Womens Lives, Carol Yong,
www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/79/dams.html
Dams, Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities, Prepared for the World Commission
on Dams (WCD) by Marcus Colchester - Forest Peoples Programme, November
74
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av#maf =u;aiGrmS rqdpk avmufr#/ tenf;i,fom &&Syd gonf?
The Relocation Component in Connection with the Sardar-Sarovar (Narmada)
Project, World Bank, Washington DC, 1984.
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What is small hydro? from the International Small Hydro Atlas at http://
www.small-hydro.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=welcome.whatis
Development of Small Hydro, G. Baidya, presented at the Himalayan Small
hydropower Summit, October 2006.
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78
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
79
80
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
81
82
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
Villages in the food zone of Irrawaddy Myitsone Dam
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83
a&v$r;f cH&rnfh aus;&Gmrsm;rS vlO;D a&pm&if;

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Village name
anmfarSmf
avm0f*rf
Zefaemif;
*s0g,ef
a':rm,ef
*geef,ef
tif'ek ;f ZGyf
tlavmif,ef
atmf&m,ef
ZGy&f m,ef
cgeb
f ,f,ef
rZGyf
tifa':,ef
csaD zG
varmfZyG f (emarmfZyG )f
r*&rf,ef
&Seaf ig
c0rf,ef
rmefa'gif
'Grb
f efZyG f
qeDc;l
ref0ed ;f
qdkifavmf
vdi_ q
f ;D
qa*g0h rl ef
wefz&J
a*Gaxmif
a0&SD
zppfZyG f
aumhocg
remZGyq
f uef
tifqyG Zf yG f
tif*spf
&SDawG,ef
w,ef
rke,
f mZGyf
u&wf,ef
*sed rf m,ef
*smxl,ef
c&mZGyf
vwfZyG f
ra&mrfZyG f
v&ef*g;
tGrfv*Grf
'rfu
f axmif
Zeef
yavmif,ef
TOTAL
84
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Household
Population
21
113
13
58
72
386
18
87
10
57
14
73
15
77
32
179
42
401
60
51
54
292
11
109
218
1097
17
65
29
138
65
334
69
354
165
847
31
163
18
107
189
897
263
1294
25
30
173
1406
22
106
15
10
57
20
28
10
30
18
180
18
160
40
150
10
60
28
10
45
27
143
37
192
29
39
68
357
20
17
96
25
25
1904
10505

Irawaddy - Dammingtheirrawaddy.in Burmese

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Kachin Development Networking Group

Kachin Environmental Organization

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