An Introduction to BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY

CONTENT

Overview of Bluetooth History The Bluetooth Specifications Typical Bluetooth Scenario Protocols Profiles Security Comparison with other technologies

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Future of Bluetooth
Summary
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Example : The Networked Home

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What is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for a
low-cost, low-power, short-range radio technology for ad-hoc wireless communication of voice and data anywhere in the world.
One of the first modules (Ericsson) A recent module

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Ultimate Headset

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Cordless Computer

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Bluetooth Goals & Vision

Originally conceived as a cable replacement technology Short-Range Wireless Solutions Open Specification Voice and Data Capability

Worldwide Usability
Other usage models began to develop:
Personal Area Network (PAN)

Ad-hoc networks
Data/voice access points Wireless telematics
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Overview of Bluetooth History

What is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communications technology.

Why this name?

It was taken from the 10th century Danish King Harald Blatand who unified Denmark and Norway.

When does it appear?

1994 Ericsson study on a wireless technology to link mobile phones & accessories.

5 companies joined to form the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) in 1998. First specification released in July 1999.
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Timeline
1994 : Ericsson study complete / vision 1995 : Engineering work begins

1997 : Intel agrees to collaborate

1998 : Bluetooth SIG formed: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia & Toshiba 1999 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0A
SIG promoter group expanded: 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft & Motorola

2000 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0B, 2000+ adopters 2001 : First retail products released, Specification 1.1 2003 : Bluetooth Specification 1.2 2005 : Bluetooth Specification 2.0 (?)
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Special Interest Group

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Technical features
Connection Type Spectrum Modulation Transmission Power Data Rate Range Supported Stations Data Security Authentication Key Data Security Encryption Key Module size
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Spread Spectrum (Frequency Hopping) & Time Division Duplex (1600 hops/sec) 2.4 GHz ISM Open Band (79 MHz of spectrum = 79 channels) Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying 1 mw 100 mw 1 Mbps 30 ft 8 devices 128 bit key 8-128 bits (configurable) 9 x 9 mm
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Bluetooth FHSS
Employs frequency hopping
spread spectrum

Reduce interference with

other devices

Pseudorandom hopping 1600 hops/sec- time slot is

defined as 625 microseconds

Packet 1-5 time slots long

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Time-Division Duplex Scheme

Channel is divided into consecutive slots (each 625 s) One packet can be transmitted per slot Subsequent slots are alternatively used for transmitting and receiving
Strict alternation of slots between the master and the slaves
Master can send packets to a slave only in EVEN slots Slave can send packets to the master only in the ODD slots

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Classification
Classification of devices on the basis of Power dissipated &
corresponding maximum Range.

POWER
CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III 20 dBm 0-4 dBm 0 dBm

RANGE
100 m 10 m 1m

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Typical Bluetooth Scenario

Bluetooth will support wireless point-to-point and
point-to-multipoint (broadcast) between devices in a piconet.

Point to Point Link

Master - slave relationship Bluetooth devices can function as masters or slaves

Piconet
It is the network formed by a Master and one or more slaves (max 7) m
Each piconet is defined by a different hopping channel to which users synchronize to

Each piconet has max capacity (1 Mbps)

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s
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Piconet Structure
Master Active Slave

Parked Slave
Standby

All devices in piconet hop together. Masters ID and masters clock determines frequency hopping sequence & phase.
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Ad-hoc Network the Scatternet

Inter-piconet communication
Up to 10 piconets in a
scatternet

Multiple piconets can operate

within same physical space

This is an ad-hoc, peer to

peer (P2P) network

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Bluetooth Protocol Stack

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Baseband

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Baseband
Addressing
Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR)
48 bit IEEE MAC address

Active Member address (AM_ADDR)

3 bits active slave address all zero broadcast address

Parked Member address (PM_ADDR)

8 bit parked slave address

This MAC address is split into three parts

The Non-significant Address Part (NAP) Used for encryption seed The Upper Address part (UAP) Used for error correction seed initialization & FH sequence generation The Lower Address Part (LAP) Used for FH sequence generation
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Packet Structure
72 bits 54 bits 0 - 2744 bits

Access Code

Header

Payload

Voice

Data

CRC

No CRC FEC (optional)

ARQ FEC (optional)

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Connection State Machine

Inquiry

Page

Standby Transmit data

Connected

Park
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Hold

Sniff
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Channel Establishment
There are two managed situations
A device knows the parameters of the other It follows paging process No knowledge about the other Then it follows inquiring & paging process

Two main states and sub-states

Standby (no interaction)

Connection State Machine

Connection (working)
Seven more sub-states for attaching slaves & connection establishment
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Channel Establishment (contd.)

Seven sub-states
Inquiry Inquiry scan Inquiry response Page Page scan Master response

Slave response

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Link Manager Protocol

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Link Manager Protocol

The Link Manager carries out link setup, authentication & link
configuration.

Channel Control
All the work related to the channel control is managed by the master The master uses polling process for this The master is the first device which starts the connection This roles can change (master-slave role switch)

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L2CAP
Service provided to the higher layer:
L2CAP provides connection-oriented and connectionless data services to upper layer protocols Protocol multiplexing and demultiplexing capabilities Segmentation & reassembly of large packets L2CAP permits higher level protocols and applications to transmit and receive L2CAP data packets up to 64 kilobytes in length.

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Middleware Protocol Group

Additional transport protocols to allow existing and new applications to operate over Bluetooth. Packet based telephony control signaling protocol also present. Also includes Service Discovery Protocol.
Audio
Middleware Protocol Group
SDP

Applications
IP RFCOMM

Data
L2CAP Link Manager

Baseband RF
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Middleware Protocol Group (contd.)

Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)
Means for applications to discover device info, services and its characteristics.

TCP/IP
Network Protocols for packet data communication, routing.

RFCOMM
Cable replacement protocol, emulation of serial ports over wireless network.

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IP Over Bluetooth
IP over Bluetooth v 1.0

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IP Over Bluetooth
IP over Bluetooth v 1.1

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File Transfer Profile

Profile provides:
Enhanced client-server interactions: - browse, create, transfer folders - browse, pull, push, delete files
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Headset Profile

Profile provides:
Both devices must provide capability to initiate connection & accept/terminate calls. Volume can be controlled from either device. Audio gateway can notify headset of an incoming call.
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Core Bluetooth Products

Notebook PCs & Desktop computers Printers CD Player

TV/VCR/DVD
Access Points Telephone Answering Devices Cordless Phones Cars

PDAs
Other handheld devices Cell phones

Wireless peripherals: Headsets Cameras

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Other Products
2004 Toyota Prius & Lexus LS 430
hands free calls

Digital Pulse Oximetry System

Toshiba Washer & Dryer

Nokia N-gage

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Security
Security Measures
Link Level Encryption & Authentication. Personal Identification Numbers (PIN) for device access. Long encryption keys are used (128 bit keys). These keys are not transmitted over wireless. Other parameters are transmitted over wireless which in combination with certain information known to the device, can generate the keys. Further encryption can be done at the application layer.

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A Comparison

WLAN

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Bluetooth vs. IrD

Bluetooth
Point to Multipoint Data & Voice Easier Synchronization due to omni-directional and no LOS requirement Devices can be mobile Range 10 m

IrD
Point to point Intended for Data Communication Infrared, LOS communication Can not penetrate solid objects Both devices must be stationary, for synchronization Range 1 m

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Bluetooth: Today & Tomorrow

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Will Bluetooth become a household name?

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Future of Bluetooth
Success of Bluetooth depends on how well it is integrated into
consumer products
Consumers are more interested in applications than the technology

Bluetooth must be successfully integrated into consumer products

Must provide benefits for consumer Must not destroy current product benefits

Key Success Factors

Interoperability Mass Production at Low Cost Ease of Use End User Experience
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Summary
A new global standard for data and voice Eliminate Cables Low Power, Low range, Low Cost network devices Future Improvements
Master-Slave relationship can be adjusted dynamically for optimal resource allocation and utilization. Adaptive, closed loop transmit power control can be implemented to further reduce unnecessary power usage.

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Things that think

dont make sense unless they link.

- Nicholas Negroponte, MIT Media Laboratory

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Thank You

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